Even at the design stage and during the construction of any structure, a water drainage system must be installed. Properly installed, it will reliably protect the foundation of a house or office and the territory of the site from the negative effects of precipitation. Internal, road, drainage and surface drainage must be combined into a single system; this is the only way they are guaranteed to cope with the task. It's not worth saving on them.
Video guide for installing surface drainage systems
Purpose of the water drainage system
The main task of the drainage system is to protect against storm water the foundation of the building, as well as all types of covering on the site and surrounding areas. The presence of a well-designed and assembled drainage system increases the service life of the building several times and reduces repair costs. Under the influence of constant precipitation, asphalt and concrete fall apart and crumble within a year or a year and a half. But if linear drainage is provided on the territory, then you will have to think about a new coating no earlier than in 6 - 8 years.
When drawing up a drainage scheme, it is necessary to think through all the details, take into account the characteristics of the soil and topography, the presence groundwater, the number of storeys of the building, the intensity of vehicle traffic and, of course, the possibility of connecting to the general storm sewer system.
The importance of drainage garden plot it's hard to overestimate
Regardless of whether a commercial development is planned or a project for an individual residential building is being drawn up, the first thing you need to pay attention to is not the cost of the drainage system, but the expected load.
What should be the drainage system on the site?
Firstly, water drainage on the site must be a comprehensive system. Its main components are:
- roof water drainage system;
- surface water drainage system;
- internal drainage;
- groundwater drainage system.
The latter is mandatory in areas where the groundwater level is high enough or there is a high probability of seasonal flooding. It is especially necessary if the house has a basement or underground garage.
Roof drainage, like surface drainage, is designed to combat the negative effects of rain and snow. In addition, it prevents the occurrence of perched water, which is usually a seasonal phenomenon. For houses with basements, water flow becomes a pressing problem: a leaky septic tank (“ cesspool") in spring and during the rainy season it fills up in a matter of days.
Roof drainage allows you to direct the flow of water from the roof to the right place
A roof drainage system is designed to collect all rainwater from the roof of a building and deliver it to drainage points. If during construction, drainage from the roof became an area where savings were made, then broken paths, crumbled steps and a dirty foundation will not take long to appear.
Surface drainage
The next mandatory element of the overall system should be surface drainage. Removal excess moisture from the site in this way is carried out by installing a system of point rainwater inlets and trays. It is not only effective, but also aesthetically fits perfectly into the overall appearance of the building and the surrounding area. Material benefits from operation surface drainage is felt already in the first few years. The greatest effect is achieved by combining surface drainage with underground drainage.
To organize a system for draining water from the surface, the following can be used:
- plastic trays (drainage channels)
Plastic trays are mainly used in private buildings
They are made of heavy-duty material
- concrete trays
They are used where there is a large load on the surface (roads, garages, entrance gate). The depth varies depending on the expected volume of water, the docking system guarantees reliable fastening and protects against shifting. The products are protected from above by gratings made of steel or cast iron.
Concrete trays have greater strength and relatively low cost compared to plastic ones.
- polymer composite trays
The material from which they are made is a carefully selected mixture of filler (granite or quartz chips, sand) and a binding mass, usually polyester or epoxy resin.
Polymer composite trays are the most promising substitute for plastic and concrete analogues
Main function surface drainage is the protection of the foundations of buildings, basements and ground floors from moisture. In addition, it prevents soil erosion and prevents waterlogging. The appearance of ice in winter period and puddles in the warm season can also be prevented with its help. Road drainage helps prevent soil subsidence and subsequent failures on roads, paths, and sidewalks. With it, you can keep the landscape of the territory unchanged, since it is a reliable protection of the soil from washing out. By participating in the overall improvement and creation of a unified style, drainage also influences the development of plants. It allows the root system to develop harmoniously, protecting it from excess moisture.
Linear drainage
Speaking about the surface drainage system, it is necessary to separately mention its types and, first of all, linear drainage, as capable of coping with the heaviest loads. To organize it, the trays are laid flush with the surface, with a mandatory slope of five millimeters per meter of length. This is achieved either by laying it at an angle, or by purchasing trays in which the inclination system is already installed. The drainage channel is usually directed to a storm sewer well. Each tray must be covered with a decorative lattice on top.
Linear drainage systems are most often used on the site.
To protect sewers from clogging, sand traps are installed in them, which also trap small debris.
Point drainage
Point drainage has also firmly found its niche. It is a system of stormwater inlets and underground pipes with access to the sewer system.
Conventional rainwater inlets are installed where heavy loads are expected. They are closed on top with plastic or metal decorative grilles.
Storm water inlets are installed in areas of main water flows
Rain collectors with lateral water drainage perform the function of purifying rainwater from foreign impurities. This is important in cases where water is collected for domestic and household needs.
The two-section drainage system allows you to monitor its condition and carry out timely cleaning.
A storm inlet with a vertical outlet is used to collect precipitation from the roof of buildings. They are connected to the gutters vertically. Their design includes a stale air trap, which prevents unpleasant odors from spreading.
Cast iron rainwater inlets are used to drain water from the road surface. This sewer hatches, which are installed in places of organized slopes and covered with gratings on top. Water entering this system flows directly into the sewer.
Depending on the purpose, the drainage system is installed in the lowest places, under drainpipes and watering units, in a word, where the use of a linear one is not necessary or is not possible.
Various types of point drainage systems
Volumetric drainage
And how separate species we can distinguish volumetric drainage, which is a kind of “ layered cake» from geotextiles, lawn or geogrid, gravel, sand and soil. By maintaining the natural looseness of the soil through the reinforced lattice, it is possible to ensure ideal water drainage from gardening areas, open areas and lawns.
Internal drainage
Internal drainage is used not only in food or pharmaceutical industries. In everyday life, the most striking example of its use is the bathhouse. The internal water drainage system consists of trays and drains made of stainless steel. It is designed for collection and disposal Wastewater to the general sewer network.
Groundwater drainage system
The groundwater drainage system is an engineering structure designed to collect and discharge infiltrated and groundwater. This is a branched structure of pipes (drains) and wells located around the entire perimeter and interconnected.
If drains are laid underground, a deep drainage system is formed. It allows you to remove water outside the site and lower the groundwater level. Such systems are used in swampy and excessively moist areas, as well as in the construction of basement floors.
When performing foundation drainage, preference should be given to polypropylene, polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride pipes.
Even before the construction of a building begins, several questions need to be answered:
- What is the groundwater level at the construction site? What is the soil structure? This determines, in fact, the very need for a deep drainage system when designing basements. For this information, it is best to contact geodesy specialists.
- Where will ground and surface water be discharged? Water can be discharged into a storm or mixed sewer system, as well as onto a drainage field, from which the water subsequently drains evenly into the ground in a specially designated area.
- Do you need a drainage pump and a well, or will the water drain by gravity? It is imperative to determine the slopes on the site, and set the release point at the lowest part.
- What is the size of the area from which water will be drained? Depending on this, a drainage system with appropriate throughput.
- What surface pressure must drainage systems withstand? That is, whether cars will drive along the linear drainage system, people will walk, or no one will step on it. For deep drainage, the load also needs to be determined.
Drainage and water collection systems with the right choice of materials, correct installation and timely maintenance work and protect buildings and the site for many years. Making drainage yourself is quite real challenge. However, if there is any doubt about own strength, it is better to invite professionals in this field. After all, the safety of basements and foundations is the key to the safety of the entire house, and therefore its residents.
An integral part of a private house or cottage is a storm drainage system, which provides an aesthetic appearance to the residential building and the area adjacent to it. It also prevents premature destruction of the foundations of buildings and the roots of plants growing on the site. For an inexperienced person in the field of "water disposal" this moment may seem like a dark forest. In this article we will analyze everything point by point: drainage of surface, storm and melt water from buildings and the site.
To create a storm drainage system, also known as a surface water drainage system, basic knowledge in construction and data about the area being developed are required. Storm sewerage is gravity-flow, i.e. is arranged at an angle and includes the following elements:
- Roof drainage;
- Drainage drainage system;
- A sewer or drainage discharge point.
Roof drainage receives precipitation at the roof level, through trays, gutters, funnels and sends it to the surface drainage system.
Design of a surface water drainage system
For design you need to know:
- the average amount of precipitation (both in the form of rain and in the form of snow, melt water), you can find this out in SNiP 2.04.03-85;
- roof area;
- the presence of other communications and facilities in the territory being developed.
For design, it is necessary to decide in what places they will be located. drainpipes and how many there will be. A diagram is drawn up that shows the differences in elevation of the surface of the site and the buildings on it. The diagram shows the location of all storm sewer elements, including pipes, inspection wells and water discharge points. During design, the amount of required materials and their costs are also calculated.
Drainage of water from the roof
The roof drain material is varied: steel, copper, steel with polymer coating, aluminum, etc. Plastic is especially popular. It is economical, resistant to damage, is a sound-insulating material, airtight, and light in weight and installation. To properly design a roof drain you will need:
- Metal bracket;
- Hairpin with a special nut;
- Adjustable mount;
- Gutter bracket;
- Tip;
- Connecting coupling;
- Knee;
- Funnel plug;
- Gutter plug;
- Corner element;
- Funnel;
- Gutter connector;
- Gutter;
- Drain pipe.
The quantity and type of each element depends on the perimeter of the roof and the amount of pumped liquid, because too powerful a drainage system is irrational from the point of view financial costs, and a weak one will not cope with the task. Need to find best option. The figure shows the required dimensions specific to middle zone Russia.
Installation of a water drainage system from the roof of a house
Installation is carried out after developing the design of the entire drainage system and reading the instructions supplied by the supplier store (each system has its own design features that must be taken into account). General installation sequence and work performed:
- Installation begins with attaching the bracket from the side of the rafter wall or frontal board, taking into account the slope of the gutters.
- Then the gutters themselves are laid using special plates and fastened to each other using cold welding or rubber seals. The cold welding method is preferred for joining gutters due to its resistance to deformation.
- An additional bracket is installed in corner connections and connections with funnels.
- The pipes are installed, maintaining a distance of 3-4 cm from the wall. The vertical brackets are attached at a distance of 1.5-2 m. The drain itself should be located half a meter from the ground surface.
Tips from the professionals:
- The gutters begin to be laid from the funnel so that the edges of the gutter are below the edge of the roof.
- If you use a pipe to collect gutters from three directions (if the roof has a non-standard shape), it is necessary to provide tees instead of standard funnels.
- The distance between the brackets should be no more than 0.50-0.60 m.
- It is recommended to mark the slope of the gutters in advance. For example, a guideline can be a rope stretched from the starting point to the ending point.
- Plastic ebbs are mounted at a temperature of + 5°, otherwise the material will crack when cutting. Flashings made from other materials can be installed at any ambient temperature.
Construction of a surface water drainage system
Surface water drainage system or surface drainage consists of point drainage systems and linear channels.
Point drainage represent small wells locally connected to the roof drain. The trays are laid below the freezing level of the pipes. The installation of such drainage is similar to the installation of a roof drain. A trench is being prepared (lower than the freezing depth of the pipes, you can find out everything in the same SNiP) at a slope towards the collector. Sand is poured in a layer of 20 cm. Pipes are laid using fittings. If the sealing is maintained, the pipes are backfilled.
Linear channels come in two types - open or closed, equipped with grates or meshes to retain large debris. The gratings should be predominantly made of metal, because... withstand heavy loads (especially in places at the entrance to the garage).
Advice from professionals. To effectively collect surface water, a comprehensive arrangement of stormwater and point drainage. In case of heavy precipitation, the bulk of the water will be drained by surface drainage.
You can see what the process of installing a surface water drainage system looks like in the video:
Deep drainage system is provided if the area where the site is located is prone to prolonged rains. Such a system will protect the site from erosion, protect trees from premature death (due to rotting roots), and protect the foundation from the destructive effects of water.
Groundwater drainage system
Groundwater drainage differs from the systems described above in that it is installed at a greater depth and in the case of groundwater close to the surface of the earth, which can flood a basement or underground garage. Drainage is combined with storm water, and storm water pipes are laid higher than the drainage. It is necessary to understand the difference between stormwater and drainage. Storm drainage for drainage of rain, melt water and floods, and deep drainage for drainage of groundwater and possible flooding. Surface and deep drainage are connected using special nodal connections for accumulation excess water in one place and its subsequent disposal, recycling or reuse. Drains are installed parallel to each other.
This is important: with heavy rainfall, water in large quantities a short time passes through the storm drain. When such a flow of water enters the groundwater drainage system, this water flows from the pipes into the ground, thereby not draining it but flooding it, that is, it begins to perform the opposite function. Therefore, the surface water drainage system should be connected to the groundwater drainage system no earlier than the places where the water drainage and not drainage pipes pass, if you look at the direction of water movement into the systems. Soil drainage is carried out in places where perforated pipes are laid. Water is drained through sealed pipes.
According to the method of groundwater extraction, they are divided into: vertical, horizontal and combined drainage. Vertical drainage consists of vertical ribbed wells lowered into the groundwater layer. They are equipped with pumps and filters, respectively, for cleaning and pumping groundwater outside the territory. This scheme is quite complicated both in installation and in operation.
Horizontal drainage consists of perforated pipes laid at the optimal pumping outlet depth in dug ditches lined with crushed stone. Ditches are dug throughout the site in a herringbone pattern.
The installation of drainage, regardless of the type of site, begins with the arrangement drainage well in the farthest part of the site, away from the house. You can use ready-made plastic wells.
In places corner connections inspection wells are installed to facilitate communication maintenance.
The depth of drainage is selected based on its objectives: if the goal is to collect groundwater to protect the basement, then the depth should correspond to the level of the basement floor; if the goal is to drain abundant water that sinks into the ground, the depth corresponds to the depth of the foundation.
The pipes are wrapped with a special material () to prevent sand and gravel from getting into the pipes, with which the pipe is covered with a layer of 20-30 cm. After this, the pipe can be covered with ordinary soil. Unlike vertical drainage, water collected through holes in pipes is discharged by gravity and not by pumps.
Horizontal drainage is more popular than vertical or even combined drainage due to its cost-effectiveness and ease of installation.
You can read more about the design of the groundwater drainage system in the article:
Discharge of collected water
Excess water is removed outside the site, into a ditch or reservoir. If this is not possible, then a well or reservoir is installed within the site, from where the water can be reused.
Advice:
It is recommended to lay drainage in ditches with V-shaped walls with a wall slope of 30◦ in the cross section of the ditch. Width 50 cm. Recommended ditch slope1-3 cm per meter of length. Wells can be equipped from any material that is not subject to corrosion.
Maintenance of drainage systems
Maintenance of the above systems is not difficult if they are properly designed and constructed. Main points in service:
- Once every ten years, use a pump to thoroughly flush the pipes to prevent deposits on their walls.
- Regular visual inspection of wells, collectors and cleaning if necessary.
The shelf life of a properly designed, installed, and maintained drainage system is on average fifty years, or even much more.
Tips from the professionals:
- Be sure to check that the pipes are laid on a slope. The slope should be away from the house.
- If it is impossible to install a gravity drainage system, a pressure outlet equipped with a pump is installed.
- Do not forget about optimal design and price = quality.Very often you want more, better, but the budget does not always allow you to realize your plans. That's why It is recommended to design, compare the project with prices, make purchases and install in accordance with the recommendations given here.
Let's be honest: most of us would not want to have a plot of land with a large slope. This is understandable - the unknown is scary. Let's sort everything out together and then draw conclusions.
Opportunities and disadvantages of a site with a slope
First of all, let's consider possible troubles:
- the choice of location of both the house itself and buildings is noticeably limited;
- there are problems with watering, since water will not remain in the soil for long;
- movement around the territory is complicated, especially in icy conditions;
- it is difficult to organize sufficient space for games and entertainment;
- the need to combat landslides and soil erosion;
- a steep slope is a source of increased danger for children;
- poor orientation of the slope of the site relative to the sun can lead to either excessive or insufficient illumination of the earth's surface;
- the movement of air masses along the slope can lead to drying out of the soil at the top and frosts at the bottom of the slope;
- landscaping a site with a large slope requires increased costs;
- difficulties with access roads are likely;
- securing water can be challenging.
Now about the positive aspects of placing a house on a slope:
- you will get a building plot at a lower price, and the increased costs of its arrangement can be partially offset by your own creative work;
- drainage problems are easily solved: the yard area will be dry, it will be possible to equip ground floor in the house or cellar;
- problems with groundwater on such lands it is a rare occurrence;
- the hillside always protects the house from the wind from one direction;
- the cost of constructing the basement floor of a building is noticeably reduced, since the entire excess volume of land is easily used to partially level the relief;
- the windows of the house, located high, offer a wide view;
- when placing a site on south side the slope can increase the insolation of the courtyard, on the contrary, if the site is located on the north side, solar activity will be weakened;
- an area located on an eastern or western slope will have average illumination;
- apparently the most important thing: the use of a huge list of landscape design techniques (retaining walls, terraces on the slope of the site, alpine coaster, winding paths, pond, dry stream, special ornamental plants etc.) will allow you to obtain a natural, organic and unique design of the land plot.
As you can see, the pros and cons gradually flow into tastes and preferences. The following video examines some of the features of planning a site with a slope.
Thus, by spending more effort and money on developing a site with a slope, you get a more interesting and unusual result.
Of course, the degree of significance of the above circumstances is directly related to the magnitude of the difference in ground level. To calculate it, you need to divide the difference in heights of the extreme points of the site by the distance between them and convert the result into percentages. For example, if the maximum height difference is 3.6m, and the distance between the difference points is 20m, then the slope will be 3.6: 20 = 0.19, that is, 19%.
It is believed that a slope of up to 3% is flat terrain, but a site on a steep slope of more than 20% is not suitable for construction.
Features of placing buildings on a slope
Development plan for a site on a slope Firstly, it should be noted that the underground and basement parts of the house on a site with a slope will inevitably have characteristics. This also applies to other buildings. Usually the house is located on the highest and driest place. Thus, the issue of drainage from the main facility is resolved. Toilet, compost pit, the shower should be located below the house and no closer than 15-20m. Recreation area - gazebo, barbecue, etc. It is better to do it on the same level as the house. It is better to place buildings between which the most frequent movement is expected on different sides of the site. In this case, the length of the paths increases, but the slope to be overcome decreases. In the idealistic version, buildings are placed in a checkerboard pattern. The garage is conveniently located at the bottom of the plot. In this case, the garage building can be used as a means of compensating for the steepness of the slope.
Strengthening terraces on a sloped area
There are two fundamentally different methods for planning an uneven plot: without changing the landscape or with maximum leveling of the ground surface. In my opinion, a compromise version of all possible methods of leveling the territory, as well as masking differences in ground level, should be used.
In this case, there is no point in achieving complete leveling of the site.
When planning an inclined surface, several tasks are set: preventing soil sliding; ease of use of the earth's surface for recreation and cultivation fruit crops; ease of movement around the compound. First of all, the relief is leveled as much as possible by moving the soil. It is quite possible that it would be profitable to remove part of the land from the plot or, on the contrary, to bring in the missing soil. A reasonable technique is to use the land obtained by digging a pit for a basement or cellar. 
Creating terraces using stones
The second, most common method is terracing, that is, creating flat areas located at different heights. How more terraces, the smaller their height, and, therefore, the simpler the arrangement of the slope. With a terrace height of up to 70 cm, it is possible to create retaining walls. The best material- natural stone. For such a design, you need to make a base of crushed stone 10-20 cm high. If the terrace height is small, the stone can be laid without a binder material. However, in such a situation, there is a danger of soil being washed away by water during rain or irrigation. It’s safer to make masonry retaining wall on cement mortar. The use of brick to create terraces is considered inappropriate, since repeated exposure to moisture and low temperatures leads to its fairly rapid destruction.
For terrace heights up to 2 meters, reinforced concrete structures are suitable: foundation blocks, slabs and monolithic concrete. It often makes sense to create concrete retaining walls with some slope, taking into account the squeezing effect of the soil. IN difficult situations You can’t do without a reliable and complete foundation. There is no point in additionally finishing retaining walls with decorative tiles or stones on adhesive or cement based. Frost and water will quickly ruin your work.
Concrete retaining wall Structurally, “ventilated facades” are suitable here. However, in a decorative sense, such a technique is hardly appropriate. It is much simpler and more efficient to place a corrugated surface with a special pattern into the concrete formwork. Subsequently, you can decorate the concrete with durable water-based paints.
It is very effective to use a French invention - gabions - to strengthen terraces. Gabions are rectangular mesh structures filled with natural stone. You can purchase ready-made modules from special durable wire or make it yourself. Gabions are not afraid of soil erosion, as they do not have absolute rigidity. They are also resistant to water, as they do not retain it. When filling gabions with stone and crushed stone, you can add a certain amount of earth, in this case greenery will soon sprout, which will disguise the wire and give the retaining wall a natural look.
The simplest method of strengthening a slope is an inclined embankment. It is better to strengthen the embankment from crumbling plastic mesh and geogrid. Being planted with a lawn, special grass and shrubs, such an embankment surface will be quite reliable and aesthetically pleasing.
Gabion retaining wall Water disposal - two sides of the coin
It’s good that in an area with a slope, the water will run away quite quickly in both rain and flood: it will be dry underfoot. However, quickly receding water can take with it a noticeable part of the soil and destroy something. The conclusion is clear: you need to think about how to properly make drainage on an area with a slope.
The optimal scheme seems to be when water is collected from different areas by separate conduits extending outside the yard. Moreover, each terrace should ideally be equipped with a drainage system.
The simplest solution is to lay open concrete trays. The trays are laid on a pre-prepared base: a layer of crushed stone about 10 cm, cement-sand mixture(in a ratio of 1 to 10) about 5 cm. The trays are easily cut and adjusted to each other using an angle grinder. Relatively cheap trays have disadvantages: they interfere with pedestrian paths and their cross-section is insufficient when placed on common drains in the lower part of the site. The last obstacle can be overcome by making drainage channels yourself from concrete. To form channels, you can use pipe sections of suitable diameter. There are also closed-type storm drain options that are manufactured by industry. Top part Such drains are closed with special gratings to receive water. Such structures look aesthetically pleasing and do not create obstacles for the movement of people. However, they are noticeably more expensive and more difficult to install. In addition, the problem of insufficient cross-section in the lower part of the steep section remains relevant.
Drainage using trays Another drainage option is drainage channels. The system is closed and saves space. To organize drainage, trenches with a depth of 0.3-1 m are opened. The bottom of the trench is covered with sand; a layer of 10 cm is sufficient; it must be compacted. The sand is covered with geotextile, on top of which medium-sized crushed stone is poured. The thickness of the crushed stone layer is up to 20 cm. If a small flow of water is expected in this area, then it is enough to cover the crushed stone again with geotextiles, and then successively fill it with sand and soil. If there is a large flow of water in the channel, an additional perforated plastic pipe. The rules for laying pipes are the same as for installing a sewer system: slope of at least 3%; fewer turns and sudden changes in level to prevent accumulation of debris in problem areas; reliable pipe connection.
Paths and stairs - decoration of the site
It is clear that traveling over uneven terrain can be difficult and even dangerous. Hence the requirement to approach the arrangement of all routes for people’s movement with special care. Please note that even a relatively flat path with a slope of about 5% can become an insurmountable obstacle during icy conditions. This means that the coating of all paths and stairs should be as rough and ribbed as possible. The steps of the stairs should correspond as closely as possible optimal sizes: tread width 29cm, riser height 17cm. The slope of the stairs cannot exceed 45%. It is better to avoid flights of more than 18 steps and provide rest areas.
Staircase made of stone It is very convenient if the height of the steps of all stairs is the same. This is quite real. For example, when building our own house with our own hands, we were able to ensure the same parameters for the steps on both floors of the house, including the basement, as well as on the porch and in the garage. The provision of handrails on steep slopes is absolutely necessary, and even on quite flat sections handrails will be fully justified.
Materials for arranging paths and stairs can be very different: crushed stone, stone, concrete, wood, artificial turf and plastic gratings. Stairs, separate steps, winding paths - all these attributes should be considered as elements of decoration and individualization of the yard area. At the same time, I consider it necessary to remind General requirements: Travel paths should not become slippery or dangerous during inclement weather. It may be necessary to provide special handrails for children.
Wonderful landscaping and landscaping opportunities
Alpine landscape design on a site with a slope can be called a pleasant necessity. It is based on natural stones, flowers and other plants. All this together and various options application serves to counteract soil erosion on a slope and at the same time is a decoration. Since water does not retain water well on a slope, plants may require frequent watering. Thus, for vegetable garden beds and fruit trees It is necessary to select the best areas: well-lit, protected from the wind. Sloping beds located at the base of the slope may be exposed to accumulated cold air.
Strengthening the slope with plants Ideally, the entire area should be planted with various plants. On the slopes, unpretentious creeping plants are used that do not require much moisture and have a branched root system. Different climatic regions may have their own preferences. As for central Russia, the use of shrubs is appropriate here: ivy, barberry, lilac, Japanese quince, elderberry, turf, etc. Coniferous plants will wonderfully decorate the site: juniper, spruce, cedar, pine. Deciduous trees are well suited: birch, hazel, willow (in damp places). For arranging a rock garden, tenacious plants, sedums, cinquefoils, bells, alpine carnations, sedums, etc. are well suited. It is quite appropriate to arrange areas of the lawn.
In order to visually level the terrain, tall plants planted at the bottom of the slope. Sometimes it becomes necessary to block buildings located at the top of a slope from view, and then the strategy for placing tall and low-growing varieties changes.
A low fence along the retaining wall will cover unsightly surfaces and beautify the landscape. It is extremely appropriate to create a rock garden on a site with a slope. To do this, stones are laid out on the slope different sizes and in no particular order. It is interesting to use stones of different composition and texture. Free areas are filled with crushed stone, marble chips, etc. The spaces between the stones are planted with the plants described above. Thus, with your own hands you can create the most unusual and amazing creative compositions. Of course, plants will grow only on soil that is quite suitable for this.
You can decorate a mountain garden with figurines made by yourself, or purchased at a store for summer residents.
Stream bed made of stones Landscape composition“dry stream” was invented in Japan almost specifically for surfaces with a slope. The idea is to simulate water using small stones and/or plants. At the site of the future channel, it is necessary to dig a shallow trench of the intended shape of the stream. The bottom of the groove is covered with geotextile to protect against weeds. Then drainage is laid in the form of small crushed stone, and the bed is covered with soil on top. The “stream” is planted with blue and blue flowers or filled with any crushed stone, preferably blue. Then you can plant flowers along the “shores”. A “dry stream” can exist on its own, or originate from a clay jug partially buried in the ground. It would be interesting if the path passing nearby would “throw” a small bridge over the “stream”.
On a site with a slope, it is very interesting to use the following technique: a channel for draining water is designed in the form of a “dry stream” made of stones. When it rains, the stream will fill with water, which will flow into small pond at the bottom of the slope. Quite functional and beautiful!
Arches on a sloped area will be very functional in combination with a bridge and stairs. Of course, the arch should be decorated with climbing plants.
Having familiarized yourself with the above material, you probably already understood: there are a great many possibilities for decorating a site on a slope! In one of the articles we will talk about a specific example. We wish you creative success in realizing the plan. Perhaps the following video will help you.
Surface runoff is formed by rain and melt water, etc. water from road washing that flows into low areas.
The objectives of organizing surface runoff are: collection, protection and removal of water from the city territory.
Institutional drainage systems:
Open
Closed
Mixed
Most appropriate closed system drainage or storm drainage.
Based on the nature of drainage, they are divided into:
All-alloy
Separate
Semi-separate
Combined
Most developed separate system when water is removed from the surface by an independent network.
A closed drainage network consists of elements:
Trays along the side stone PCH.
Water intake wells.
Gutter branches.
Pipeline forming a drainage network (for more than 1.2 m - collectors)
Inspection wells.
Structures on the network (transition wells, rotary wells and chambers)
Treatment plants
Design of a closed drainage network
The drainage network is designed using a gravity system. On streets near watersheds, free flow of water is provided through street gutters to the nearest water intake well.
Watercourses are placed along the streets and, in some cases, in neighborhood areas. The longitudinal slope of the gutters is designed to be the same as the slope of the street. Drainage collectors are located below the soil freezing zone.
22. Factors influencing traffic safety, their consideration when designing highways.
The coefficient method is based on a generalization of traffic accident statistics. It is especially convenient for analyzing sections of roads that are in use and are subject to reconstruction.
A variation of this method is the sometimes used method of “relative traffic safety coefficients,” which are the inverse values of accident rates.
Characterizing the degree of traffic safety in fractional quantities makes this The method is not very intuitive.
The degree of danger of road sections is characterized by the final accident rate, which is the product of partial coefficients taking into account the influence individual elements plan and profile:
Partial coefficients representing the number of incidents for a particular value of the element and profile in comparison with a reference horizontal straight section of the road with a carriageway 7 - 7.5 m wide and reinforced wide shoulders.
Intensity of traffic - width of the roadway, - width of the shoulders, - longitudinal slope
Radius of curves in plan, - visibility, - width of bridges, - length of straight sections,
Type of cross profile, - intensity at the intersection, - visibility at the intersection,
Number of traffic lanes, -building, -length of the settlement, -approaches to the settlement. point - the characteristics of the surface, - the dividing strip, - the distance to the ravine.
From Fedotov’s directory, up to 15 is normal, from 15 to 30 is repair, more than 30 is a complete redo of the road.
23. Modern methods of design and survey A.D. Automation system Design.
Computer-aided design systems for highways (CAD-AD) using a variety of automation tools and computer technology process initial information and offer ready-made complete solutions for highway design.
The design engineer, during a dialogue with the computer, analyzes design solutions and selects the best option. Composes computer programs, which are a sequence of commands written in the codes of a given computer. To obtain design solutions and solutions to problems, there are application software packages.
For information support of CAD-AD, digital information about standard design solutions for the subgrade, road pavement, bridge spans and supports, pipes and road conditions is recorded on magnetic tapes or disks.
All this information is stored in the machine's memory. When designing at the CAD-AD level, the connection between the design of individual elements and the entire object as a whole must be ensured at all stages of calculation
Particularly difficult is the design of route options in plan. In order to correctly evaluate the route option, it is necessary to design all road elements, including artificial structures and longitudinal profile. If, according to some indicators, the resulting option does not suit the designer, the route plan is adjusted and the computer recalculates all elements of the road.
The screen of a cathode ray tube - display - is used to input and output information and form an image. The completed design solution is issued in the form of text, alphanumeric information or graphic image(for example, route plan, longitudinal profile).
Plot plotters are used to display images from a computer. If necessary, the resulting image can be corrected by the designer in order to obtain a new graphic image. Plot plotters are designed to display graphic and text information on paper, tracing paper, and film with high accuracy.
Roll plotters EC-7052 and EC-7053 are used to obtain drawings of a route plan, longitudinal profile, various graphs, diagrams; tablet plotters EC-7051 and EC-7054 - for obtaining drawings of elements highway and artificial structures. One plotter can replace the work of 20-25 qualified draftsmen.
The initial information is entered into the computer memory through magnetic tape drives after deciphering the aerial photograph and determining the coordinates of the route points using a stereo model.
During ground surveys, electronic tacheometers and light rangefinders are used, recording information on magnetic tapes, which are immediately entered into a computer for further processing.
The technological line for designing a route plan has 35 application programs. At the same time, the computer processes materials from aerial surveys and ground survey results; draws up topographic plans; generates a digital terrain model; performs sketch tracing of highway options using topographic plans or stereo models; designs the route plan using the reference point method with calculation of the coordinates of the main and intermediate points; on the plotter draws the plan, longitudinal and transverse profiles of the route.