AT 2 involves the ability to find words in given sentences different parts speech, in particular adjectives.
Sample wording of assignments
Find in sentences 15-18 quality adjectives.
From sentences 12-16, write down relative adjectives.
From sentences 2-7, write down possessive pronouns.
Extract from sentences 1-4 brief adjectives.
Write out adjectives from sentences 20-23 V comparative degree
.
Write out adjectives from sentences 8-11 V superlatives
comparisons.
Find adjectives in sentences 12-16 in short form.
What is required to complete tasks B2
- Distinguish adjectives from other parts of speech: participles, pronouns, numerals.
- Distinguish between qualitative, relative and possessive adjectives.
- Distinguish between degrees of comparison of adjectives.
- Distinguish between full and short forms and not confuse the latter with short participles.
Material for reference
Examples of adjectives: red, bad, cheerful, exquisite, dark red, table, forest, fox, bird, bear, river, cold, Russian, birch, morning, evening
Large lists of adjectives can be found in SOS-e - Consolidated Educational Dictionary. Cm.:
Examples of pronouns: which , which , whose , any , some , no , every , every , other , any , most
Complete lists of pronouns can be found in SOS-e - Consolidated Educational Dictionary. Cm.:
Examples of numerals: one thousand nine hundred and forty-five, thirty-first, second, sixteenth, twenty-first, six hundredth, one hundred twenty-fifth
Large lists of numerals can be found in SOS-e - Consolidated Training Dictionary. Cm.:
Examples of qualitative adjectives: scary, simple, young, dark, big, small, straight, round, heavy, light, hot, warm, bluish, greenish, beautiful-beautiful, heavy
Examples of relative adjectives: comic, special, enthusiastic, joyful, national, test, golden, spy, technical, tomorrow, adventure, fantastic , real , genre , fashionable , royal , boyar , historical , luxurious
Examples of possessive adjectives: mother, Olgin, lisitsyn, fathers, bear, bird, Tatyanin
For details on how adjectives are divided into categories, see:. Those aspiring for a high test score must definitely figure out which adjectives with the meaning of belonging are possessive.
Examples of comparative adjectives: more fun, easier, worse, better, thinner, fatter, smarter, higher, lower, older, less old
Examples of superlative adjectives: the most cheerful, the tallest, the smartest, the most beautiful, the best, the worst, most interesting, most correct, best of all, the best
Examples of adjectives in short form: cheerful, sad, small, great, smart, bad, good, interesting, touching, kind, reasonable, attractive, sick, healthy, round, dark
Training No. 1
Find all the adjectives in the text: just point the words with the mouse
Theatrical director Dmitry Krymov conducted a master class at the Moscow Art Theater School-Studio on the technology of preparing a performance. Reason - annual festival acting schools around the world "Open lesson: Stanislavsky continues." Krymovskie performances are one endless parade stage tricks, so master class boring was not .
(Based on materials from the magazine " Big city" №18 (307) 17.10.12)
Training No. 2
Find all the adjectives in the text:.
As we already wrote in the first volume of this guide, St. Petersburg is mystical city . And first of all, because there is not one city, but several at once. Petersburg, created by Peter's genius and imagination great writers and poets, "midnight countries of beauty and wonder", Petersburg by Pushkin. Brilliant the capital where they lived proud autocrats, brave generals, brave travelers, brilliant scientists and talented engineers. City magnificent palaces, spacious avenues, embankments encased in granite, majestic monuments, richest museums Imperial capital!
(According to Vl. Malyshev)
Training No. 3
On the Lieutenant Schmidt embankment near Blagoveshchensky bridge installed modest granite obelisk The inscription on it says that from this place in September 1922 on the so-called "philosophical steamship" went to eternal exile expelled by Lenin are the best Russian scientists, writers, philosophers, historians. . . .different Russians people, some of whom were waiting in a foreign land special fate .
(According to Vl. Malyshev)
Training No. 4
Find all the relative adjectives in the text.
The long period until Cambodia became a colony of France was for a country that had lost everything economic And military power, an era of major intrigues, coups, conspiracies and hopeless attempts to preserve the remnants of territory in the fight against stronger neighbors - Siam and Vietnam. In the 12th century, the ruler of Vietnam agreed to provide military assistance in the fight against Siam strict conditions what Cambodia will allow Vietnamese population to settle in the rich territory of the Mekong Delta. As a result Cambodian The village of Prey Nokor became the property of Vietnam. Today it is Vietnamese Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon).
(According to A. Cherkasov)
Training No. 5
Find all the quality adjectives in the text.
Vladimir Zvorykin was born in 1889 in the epic Russian city of Murom. Still preserved old stone house, built by his father, a merchant of the first guild. IN big strong The Zworykin family had seven children. Father wanted smart Jr son went into trading and inherited family company and bank. But stubborn Volodya decided differently: to continue his studies and become an engineer. He went to St. Petersburg, entered the University, but, at the insistence of his father, later transferred to the Technological Institute.
(According to V. Malyshev)
Training No. 6
Find all the quality adjectives in the text.
The eye is very Beautiful organ We have the most clean surgery, most big requirements for it. Seams thinner female hair, the tools look like a manicure set. In general, aesthetics is my Achilles heel.
(Based on materials from the magazine "Big City" No. 18 (307) 10/17/12, Interview with Elizaveta Kasparova)
Training No. 7
Find all adjectives in the text in short form
Gradually, Leontiev was overcome by melancholy. His books were silent, his dream of becoming a great writer did not come true, his family life turned into drama, and his beloved mother died in Russia. He became seriously ill. And then something happened that he himself later began to call a miracle. Waking up one night, he suddenly unexpectedly discovered that is ill. He felt that he was dying. An elegant diplomat and admirer of Turgenev cried out: “Mother of God! It's early! Lift me from this deathbed!" And exhausted, he fell asleep. A
Famous linguist Yu.S. Stepanov believed that the difference quality And relative meanings of adjectives is one of the most difficult. This division is carried out not even in all languages. There are already students in Russian high school learn to distinguish between these categories of adjectives.
As you probably remember, adjectives answer questions Which? which? which? which?
Which? –small yard school teacher, bear claw.
Which? –a wonderful weather, wooden bench, fox face.
Which? –excellent mood, pearl necklace, horse hoof.
Which? – polite students, regional competitions, bunny ears.
Each row contains examples qualitative, relative and possessive adjectives. How to distinguish them? As has already become clear, simply asking a question about an adjective will not give a result; the category cannot be determined in this way.
Grammar and semantics(meaning of the word). Let's consider each category of adjectives by meaning .
Qualitative adjectives
It’s already clear from the name what these adjectives mean. quality of the item. What kind of quality could this be? Color(lilac, burgundy, bay, black), form(rectangular, square), physical characteristics of living things (fat, healthy, active), temporal and spatial features (slow, deep), general qualities, inherent in an animate object ( angry, funny, happy) and etc.
Also, most (but not all!) qualitative adjectives have whole line grammatical features, by which they are quite easy to distinguish from other adjectives. These features may not necessarily be a whole set for each quality adjective, but if you find that at least some attribute is suitable for this adjective - you have a quality adjective. So:
1) Qualitative adjectives denote a feature that can appear to a greater or lesser extent. Hence the ability to form degrees of comparison.
Thin - thinner - thinnest. Interesting – less interesting – the most interesting.
2) Form short forms. Long is long, short is small.
3) Combine with adverbs of measure and degree. Very beautiful, extremely entertaining, completely incomprehensible.
4) From qualitative adjectives you can form adverbs on -o(s) And nouns with abstract suffixes -ost (-is), -izn-, -ev-, -in-, -from- :magnificent - magnificent, clear - clarity, blue - blue, blue - blue, thick - thickness, beautiful - beauty.
5) You can also form words with diminutive or augmentative suffixes: angry - angry, dirty - dirty, green - green, healthy - hefty.
6) Can have antonyms: big - small, white - black, sharp - dull, stale - fresh.
As you can see, there are many signs, but it is absolutely not necessary to use all of them. Remember that some quality adjectives have No degrees of comparison, some abstract nouns do not form, some cannot be combined with adverbs of measure and degree, but they fit according to other criteria.
For example, adjective bay. This adjective does not fit any grammatical criteria, but it means color = quality of item, - that means it quality.
Or adjective beautiful. You can't tell very beautiful, but you can form an adverb Wonderful. Conclusion: adjective quality.
Relative adjectives
Designate a sign through an attitude towards an object. What kind of relationship could this be - signs? Material, from which the item is made ( iron nail - iron nail, stone basement - stone basement, velvet dress - velvet dress); place, time, space (today's scandal is a scandal that happened today; intercity bus – a bus between cities; Moscow region – Moscow region); appointment(parent meeting – meeting for parents, children's store– children's store) and etc.
Signs of this 
and not temporary, but permanent, That's why all the features inherent quality names adjectives, relatives do not have. This means that they do not form degrees of comparison(not to say that this house is wooden, and that one is more wooden), cannot be combined with adverbs of measure and degree(can't say very gold bracelet) etc.
But phrases with relative adjectives can be transform, replacing the adjective. For example, villager - village resident, milk porridge - porridge with milk, plastic cube - plastic cube.
We hope that it has become clearer to you how to distinguish between qualitative and relative adjectives. We’ll talk about possessive adjectives and some pitfalls in the next article.
Good luck in learning Russian!
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An adjective is independent part speech, which denotes a sign of the subject being discussed in the sentence. Adjective answers questions Whose? or Which? For example: red (rose), huge (territory), iron (shovel), mother's (car).
An adjective is associated with a noun and agrees with it, that is, it changes according to cases, gender and numbers. Examples: Interesting story (masculine), interesting book (feminine). Interesting stories (plural), interesting story (singular).
Qualitative and relative adjectives
Adjectives are divided into two types: qualitative and relative adjectives. Qualitative adjectives always indicate quality characteristics an object, as well as the characteristic that an object may have to a greater or lesser extent. Examples of qualitative adjectives: tasty, strong, beautiful, small, tall. From such adjectives we can create a degree of comparison: more delicious, very beautiful, very small.
Relative adjectives indicate the relationship of one thing to another. Relative adjectives very often indicate the material from which an object is made. For example: iron bed, porcelain dishes.
Relative adjectives indicate the state of an object at a certain point in time. For example: winter day, evening sun, morning work-out. In this case, adjectives are formed on the basis of a noun: morning - morning, winter - winter.
The category of relative adjectives also includes possessive adjectives. Such adjectives indicate that one object belongs to another person (or object). For example: sister's brooch, dad's car, bear's den.
Full and short adjectives
Qualitative adjectives are divided into the following subtypes: full and short adjectives. Examples full adjectives: handsome, kind, young. From such adjectives we can create short adjectives by shortening the word, which does not change its essence. Examples: handsome, kind, young.
Full adjectives in a sentence, as a rule, they act as a definition. For example: Beautiful house stood at the edge of the forest. Brief qualitative Adjectives in a sentence are usually the predicate. For example: The breeze is fragrant and fresh.
Relative adjectives are never short.
It should be remembered that short adjectives that belong to the masculine gender, the stem of which ends in a hissing letter, are written the same way as masculine nouns - without adding a soft sign at the end. For example: skinny, good, fresh, hot.
In Russian the adjective plays very important role. This part of speech gets its name from the fact that it is usually “attached” to a noun. In other words, the adjective depends on the noun and denotes its attribute. These signs can be different: the quality of the object (which?), the material from which the object is made (which?) and the identity of the object (whose?).
Adjectives are divided into three categories, depending on what attribute of the subject they denote. So, for example, relative ones - “wooden”, “glass”, “brick”. Possessives – “mother’s”, “grandmother’s”, “dog’s”. But most of all in the Russian language there are quality adjectives. They are widely used in fiction as epithets. They are also notable because they have degrees of comparison. Relative and possessive adjectives do not have degrees of comparison, because you cannot say “the brickiest” or “the most motherly.”
How to define a quality adjective
This part of speech can denote a variety of characteristics of objects, for example:
- Positive character qualities (“kind”);
- Negative qualities character (“cruel”);
- Age("old");
- Shades (“dark”);
- Taste and aroma (“sweet”).
It is quite easy to identify it in the text. In order to find out which category an adjective belongs to, you need to try to put it in the degree of comparison. If it works (for example, “kinder - kinder - the kindest”), then it belongs to the category of quality.
Signs of a name
The signs of qualitative adjectives help to easily determine whether this part of speech really belongs to this category. They vary depending on the gender and number of the noun. This is done using endings. Among the main features are the following:
- Have a gender(male, female or average). In a phrase or sentence, they take the gender of the noun with which it is associated. Examples: “dark dress”, “ a dark room", "dark window";
- Have a number. The number also depends on the number of the noun. Examples: " tasty candy", "delicious chocolate";
- Agrees with the noun in case, has case endings. For example, “I see a kind mother” - accusative case, “I am pleased with my old grandfather” - instrumental case;
- In a sentence they serve as a definition, at parsing are emphasized by a continuous wavy line.
Adjectives are very important for literary Russian. Without them, the idea of an object or phenomenon will be incomplete. For example, rain can be “strong” or “weak”, a person can be “smart” or “stupid”, and a story can be “boring” or “interesting”. Proper use of adjectives in oral and written speech makes speech figurative, beautiful, and expressive. It is especially important to use them correctly in poetry and prose. The type of text in which qualitative adjectives predominate is traditionally called “description”. The purpose of the description is to create the most complete picture of a specific phenomenon or object, so that readers can “see” this image and imprint it in their minds.
The attribute of an object denoted by this part of speech, for example, “age”, “shade”, “character quality”, can be expressed strongly or weakly. For this in Russian and many others Indo-European languages There is such a thing as degrees of comparison. There are two types of degrees of comparison: comparative and superlative.
The formation of degrees of comparison can occur in two ways: by adding a special comparative suffix or by adding the words “more”, “less”, “most”. For example: “kind - kinder - kinder” or “kind - more (less) kind - the kindest.” Most adjectives can be used both ways successfully.
However, the first method is more often used in oral speech, and the second method in written speech, especially in scientific, journalistic and formal business style. IN artistic style both methods are used. Also, both methods are considered correct and acceptable from the Russian point of view literary language. Adjectives that belong to other categories (relative and possessive) do not have degrees of comparison.
Qualitative adjectives: examples
“Cheerful”, “boring”, “sad”, “fragrant”, “sweet”... The list goes on and on. In any literary text, from a school textbook to poems by classics of Russian poetry, there are sure to be at least several such adjectives. But relative and possessive adjectives are not found in every text.
Almost every adjective has many synonyms– different words denoting the same characteristic. These synonyms form synonymous series. Here is an example of such a synonymous series: “happy - cheerful - joyful.” Or, for example: “angry - cruel - harsh - ferocious.” In such rows, synonyms can be arranged in ascending or descending order of the degree of expression of a particular trait, for example: “boring (the trait is expressed slightly) – tedious (the trait is expressed more strongly) – dreary (the trait is expressed most clearly).
The competent use of synonyms and knowledge of their gradations depending on the degree of expression of a particular quality makes written and oral speech capacious, figurative, and expressive. Such synonyms are very often used in literary descriptions.
Qualitative adjectives in fiction
The most expressive artistic means can appear in poetic and prose fiction as epithets. An epithet is an artistic definition. Usually, with the help of an epithet, a poet or prose writer expresses his unusual view of familiar things. For example, the word “pale” in the phrase “pale moon” can hardly be called an epithet; it is simply a definition of color.
However, a poet or writer, describing the moon, can choose such epithets for this subject as “magical”, “young”, “wise”. Epithets help to look at many familiar things from an unusual point of view. Many works of art, which contain long, detailed descriptions, are characterized by a large number of different epithets. Well-chosen epithets help describe a person’s appearance and character, features of a natural phenomenon (for example, rain, thunderstorm or snowfall), place (village, city or room).
Classical Russian poetry and prose is characterized by the active use of various epithets. It is epithets that give poetry and prose naturalness and brightness, and help the reader to visualize in his mind this or that phenomenon (or object, place, image of a person).
But also modern speech unthinkable without adjectives. They have great importance in modern Russian language. Without their use, it is impossible to get a complete picture of an object (phenomenon, person). In order to develop literate oral and written speech, teachers of Russian language and literature should pay attention Special attention on the correct use of all parts of speech. You should also consider in detail the problem of epithet in the Russian language using the example of fragments from the works of Russian classics.
Adjective - significant part speech, which, unlike, does not mean a process, does not name an object (like a noun). The adjective enters into certain syntactic and morphological connections with the noun, defining their qualitative characteristics.
In contact with
What are adjectives used for?
Without adjectives, speech activity, literary creativity impossible to imagine. Describing an object or phenomenon, adjective gives him full description, reveals quality, highlights distinctive features.
It's hard to describe what a day might be like without using adjectives.
When describing a day, adjectives give it a certain emotionally charged characteristic. The day can be warm, cold, boring, interesting, ordinary, difficult, successful, sad, funny, special, etc.
Let's take the word "morning". Let's consider what morning is like if we describe it using adjectives. It can be gloomy, sunny, summer or winter, autumn, spring, rainy and cloudy, frosty, cold or warm.
Depending on the adjective, subject noun can be personified, look bright, alive, animated.
Attention! Translated from Latin, the term adiectivum means “adjacent”, “adjacent”. The meaning fully characterizes this.
Adjective closely related with a pronoun or noun. Here it is appropriate to recall Mitrofanushka’s explanation from Fonvizin’s famous comedy. "The Minor" argued that the door belongs to the adjective because it is attached "to its place." Despite the grammatical nonsense regarding “fit,” there is a certain logic in Mitrofanushka’s reasoning.
Adjective categories
What kind of adjective there is in , you can determine it by its lexical and grammatical features.
How to define a quality adjective?
Quality denote quality, properties, characteristics. They answer the question: what? which? which? and point to:
- Color - blue, purple;
- Shape - oval, square;
- Parameters: low, wide;
- Temperature - hot, warm;
- Weight - heavy, light;
- Size – tiny, huge;
- The sound is shrill, weak;
- Space – left, far;
- Physical and intellectual properties – smart, healthy;
- Character traits - arrogant, kind;
- General characteristics: negative, reliable.
Important! Qualitative adjectives are words that characterize objective features inherent in a particular object, living being, or phenomenon.
Relative answers the same questions as qualitative. Indicates:
- Material: iron, wood;
- Purpose, properties - folding, mobile;
- Status – military, civilian;
- Time – morning, evening;
- Unit of measurement – one-story, two-meter;
Possessives indicate that an object belongs to another person (animal), answer the question whose? whose? whose?:
- Grandma's table;
- Fathers jacket;
- Squirrel hollow;
- Cat bowl.
Sentences with adjectives will help to consider the role of this part of speech in the descriptive characteristics of quality. Let's study examples of combinations with the word “estate”:
- Big estate is a qualitative adjective denoting a certain size. Answers the question which?
- Landowner estate - possessive adjective indicates ownership. Answers the question whose?
- Wooden estate - this relative adjective denotes material and answers the question Which?
Important! The meanings of all types of adjectives are expressed in the morphological categories of gender (masculine/feminine/neuter), cases, and number (singular/plural)
.Borrowed nouns foreign origin, Having passed into the Russian language, they agree with adjectives in case, gender, number, without changing the form. For example: In the bedroom there were new beautiful blinds.
The concept of what happens jury, give adjectives: the jury can be city, local, school, strict, incorruptible, etc.
Attention! Sentences with adjectives combined with borrowed words show changes.
Foreign words remain static:
- I found myself in clean compartment.
- There was a cup on the table hot coffee.
- There were new riding breeches.
Variety of quality
A real polyphony of characteristics can be expressed by evaluative adjectives.
Let's take the word "forest". What is it like if we use adjectives to characterize it?
The forest can be green, deaf, young, old, mysterious, dense, dense, fabulous, mysterious, distant, etc.
Evaluative adjectives are able to interpret a characteristic by generalizing it. Examples of evaluative interpretations:
- Rationality (harmful, beneficial);
- Quality (good, bad);
- Emotionality (satisfaction, pleasure);
- Communicativeness (agreement, disagreement, approval, etc.).
Important! Evaluative adjectives are qualitative adjectives that carry a special, generalized semantics of quality.
- Useful class, "live" food (rationality);
- Fiery speech, fabulous landscape (emotionality);
- Filthy sidewalk, spoiled product (quality);
- Friendly meeting, closed person (communication).
Evaluative adjectives play a big role in language. Depending on the meanings, they are used in everyday speech, business, literary, and the media.
Qualitative or relative?
Having found out what adjectives are, you can consider their differences.
How to determine which adjective is qualitative and which is relative or possessive? What adjective happens will help determine the meaning of the word and its grammatical properties.
Let's look at what morning is like, describing it using adjectives.
- Morning has appeared cold.(quality)
- Morning autumn brought coolness. (relative)
- Petino the morning started poorly. (possessive)
In the first example, a quality indicator (temperature). Qualitative adjectives capable of giving comparative characteristics: yesterday morning colder; With the coldest morning this week. They give shades of quality: they reduce properties or enhance them. For example: the water seemed coldish. In addition, adverbs are formed from them: Cold, Beautiful etc.
In the second case - relative adjective. It carries constant sign. Differs from quality topics, which does not provide a comparison. It cannot be said that tomorrow morning will be more autumnal. In addition, these adjectives can be replaced with phrases: autumn leaves- autumn leaves, autumn signs - signs of autumn.
In the third example possessive adjective Petino means belonging. Answers the question whose?
Adjectives are qualitative, relative and possessive
Russian 6 Places of adjectives Qualitative adjectives
Conclusion
The specific nature of adjectives is especially clearly manifested in the Russian language, revealing the richest variety of its semantic properties.