The types and parameters of construction machinery and equipment were adopted when developing the technological part of the course project. The required number of machines of each type can be determined in the following ways:
1) Based on the machine intensity of the work:
N i = M i /T m * K ner,
Where: M i – machine intensity of work for each type of machine, machine-hour
T m – the estimated number of hours that the machine can work for a given period of time
Kner – coefficient of unevenness of work performance
2) According to the planned annual production rates of machines:
N i = V i /P i * K ner,
Where: V i – amount of work for the machine
P i – machine output per year
3) According to aggregated indicators for 1 million rubles annual program construction and installation work
Table No. 9: List of construction machines and equipment for system construction protective structures
In addition to what is listed in the table, you will need equipment for the following types of work:
Waterproofing
Assembly
Machine maintenance and repair
Loading and unloading in warehouses.
2.5. Stroygenplan and temporary base
When placing temporary objects on the construction plan, the following are taken into account: General requirements to design and construction documentation (SNiP 11-01-95), requirements for construction plans as part of PIC (SNiP 3.01.01-85), requirements of fire safety standards (SNiP 2.01.02-85), recommendations of reference books on the design of construction organization.
When placing temporary structures and communications, the following requirements are taken into account: maximum alienation of territory for temporary use, preservation of land and protection of water resources, interconnection and interaction of temporary objects.
Due to the short duration of construction (up to 3 years), inventory mobile trailers, container and prefabricated structures were used to accommodate temporary facilities. The main temporary construction site is planned to be located near the drainage pumping station.
The site for the temporary base contains: administrative and utility complex facilities, industrial facilities, parking lots for construction machines and repair facilities, open and closed warehouses and sheds, bases of subcontracting organizations.
In addition to the main temporary base, it is planned to create a temporary field camp near the quarry of soil extracted for filling the dam.
The composition of the main objects of the field camp: trailer-office for the foreman, trailers for workers and watchmen, trailer-warehouse for valuable equipment, etc.
After graduation construction work all areas allocated for temporary use must be cleared of temporary objects and structures, waste materials, construction waste and reclamation.
Rice. 6: Scheme of the construction plan for the construction of structures to protect the territory from flooding and flooding
1. Nagorny Canal
2. Crossing the canal
3. End discharge from
4. Dam embankment
5. Horizontal route
6. Manholes
7. Drainage pumping station
8. Site for a temporary base
at the pumping station
9. Road to the General Contractor’s base
11. Road to the quarry
12. Quarry of soil for the dam
13. Temporary dumps of plant soil
14. Field camp of machine operators at the quarry
The composition of administrative facilities and their number is determined depending on the number of workers of various categories and standards per 1 employee.
Organization of management of the construction of protective structures systems
The general contracting construction organization must be selected by the investor/customer on the basis of a competition (bidding) or through direct negotiations. Construction companies participating in the competition must meet the following requirements: positive reviews or characteristics of customers who have previously used the services of the proposed general contractor, experience in the construction of water and hydraulic structures, availability of licenses, capacity in value terms corresponding to the volume of construction and installation work in the accounting year according to the financing schedule, staffing with qualified workers (E&T) and administrative and managerial personnel, equipment of modern construction equipment and its condition, compliance of the production base of the construction enterprise with the level modern requirements, financial condition of the construction enterprise.
Taking into account the composition of the objects and the specifics of the work, we can recommend the creation of 3 construction sites. In accordance with the financing schedule construction company must correspond to a power of at least C g max 2000 * K 2012 = 10.8 * 6.74 = 72.8 million rubles.
Nature conservation and protection measures environment during construction work
During the period of any construction work, disturbances to the natural or formed anthropogenic landscape are inevitable and there is a high probability of contamination of the territory, open water bodies, groundwater and atmosphere.
When preparing, performing and at the completion stage of work in accordance with environmental protection requirements, the following measures are provided:
A) for protection and security land resources:
Minimum alienation of territory for temporary use for temporary objects: warehouses, parking lots;
Maximum preservation of existing vegetation cover and woody vegetation;
Removal and preservation of the soil layer from all areas disturbed during work;
Placement of quarries and permanent dumps of excess soil for reclamation and improvement of the topography of the adjacent territory by filling gullies, hollows, ravines;
Layouts of temporary roads in connection with existing land boundaries;
Construction of temporary roads with a gravel-sand surface to allow their use during periods of precipitation;
Maintaining temporary roads in good condition, which will save roadside strips from being allowed by escaping vehicles;
Leveling and restoration of all disturbed areas after completion of work with a layer of soil of at least 0.1 m.
In order to protect the area from contamination by waste and residues building materials provision is made for the collection and disposal of waste materials obtained by the way.
Refueling of vehicles with fuel and lubricants should be carried out at designated areas using special fuel-filling equipment, which will avoid contamination of the ground surface and soil cover.
B) for the protection of water resources:
In the protection zone of water sources, it is allowed to carry out work on objects located in it in accordance with the project;
Temporary bases, parking lots, material warehouses must be moved outside security zones;
It is not allowed to drain working fluids from used machines onto the surface of the entire territory.
B) for the protection of the atmosphere.
To avoid contamination atmospheric air provided:
Watering of earth transport roads to reduce dust;
Elimination of waste without combustion, but through recycling for fuel and other purposes;
Maintaining internal combustion engines in technically sound condition, which will reduce the emission of combustion product residues into the atmosphere in the form of oxides CO, CH, soot, soot, smoke, etc.
Finishing construction machines
Plaster mixing units are designed to receive ready-made mortar brought from a mortar unit, maintain the mortar in a form suitable for use, transport it to work sites and apply it to the surface to be treated using special nozzles.
The plastering mixing unit (Fig. 71) is a cyclic bucket-mixer, a vibrating sieve with a hopper and a mortar pump mounted on a common frame.
The plastering mixing unit is controlled from a central console, which provides both autonomous activation of individual machines and integrated operation of the entire unit. To facilitate the movement of the plastering mixing unit, its frame can be mounted on pneumatic wheels.
Rice. 71. Plaster mixing unit:
1 - mortar pump, 2 - valve block, 3 - air cap, 4 - bypass valve, 5 - mixing bucket, 6 - receiving hopper, 7 - unit drive, 8 - drawbar, 9 - control panel
The productivity of the units is 2 and 2.4 m3/h.
The set of plastering mixing units includes solution pipes, a nozzle and the necessary tools.
Nozzles for application plaster solutions(Fig. 72) are divided into compressor systems, operating using compressed air, and non-compressor systems, operating due to the pressure developed by a mortar pump.
Compressor nozzles are available with both central and annular compressed air supply. Compressor nozzles with annular feed consist of a body, to the shank of which a solution line is connected using clamps. Air pressure pipeline attached with a clamp to the valve, connected by an elbow to the nipple and a gasket to the body. Air from the elbow is supplied to the nozzle through the annular groove P.
Non-compressor nozzles come in direct flow and with swirlers. The direct-flow nozzle produces a flat spray and allows you to work with more rigid solutions.
Nozzles with swirlers impart a rotational movement to the solution. The solution is discharged from the nozzle in the form of a cone-shaped torch.
To facilitate the design, the body of 13 nozzles is made of Eraser, the head is made of fiberglass, which resists dynamic loads well. Holes 15-33 mm long are made in the rubber diaphragm according to the type shown in the figure. Such nozzles make it possible to produce a torch up to 180 cm long with an exit angle of 30-40°.
Electrically and pneumatically driven plastering machines are used to grout a layer of mortar applied to the surface of a building structure.
Plastering machine: 1 - electric motor, 2 - gear reducer, 3 - ring, 4 - disk
Electrically driven plastering machines (Fig. 73) consist of a housing, on the upper part of which an asynchronous three-phase electric motor of high current frequency is fixed, and on the lower part there are several duralumin rings and disks rotating in different directions, lined with linings made of plastic, wood or felt.
Machine productivity is up to 50 m2/h at disc rotation speeds of 475/720 rpm. The power of the electric motors installed on the machines does not exceed 0.2 kW, the weight of the machines is 2.7 kg.
Plastering pneumatic pneumatic drive machines include a rotary pneumatic motor, gearboxes and working disks made of wood-laminated plastic or textolite. The surface to be treated is moistened with a spray.
The productivity of a plastering machine with a pneumatic drive is 40-85 m2/h with an engine power of 0.2 hp, an air flow of 0.4 m3/min, an idle speed of discs of 480 rpm and a weight of 1.5 kg.
The machine for grinding putty applied to a plastered surface is equipped with an electric motor with a power of 0.18 kW. Spindle speed 1000 rpm, weight 1.7 kg. Structurally, machines of this type are made like plastering and troweling machines.
The mobile painting station (Fig. 74) is designed for painting work. Semi-finished products in the form of chalk paste and lime paste are fed into a receiving hopper, from which they are fed using a vertical screw conveyor into a mixing tank equipped with a vertical paddle mixer driven by an electric motor. Water from the reservoir is supplied through pipes to both the mixing tank and the glue boiler. A twin-shaft mixer located near the tank allows you to prepare liquid putty, which is fed to the vibrating sieve. It is located above the receiving hopper of the mortar pump, with the help of which the putty and painting composition are supplied directly to the places of painting. Flexible hoses are connected to compressors that ensure simultaneous operation of several paint sprayers.
Dried putty waste is recycled by adding a glue solution using a millstone paint grinder installed on a workbench. Used for sifting dry constituent materials.
Rice. 75. Centrifugal mill:
1 - pipe with tap for water supply,
2 - casing, 3 - loading hopper, 4 - switch, 5 - electric motor flange
The prepared solutions in the painting station are heated using a heater 10. Other tools and equipment of the painting station include spatulas with steel and plastic tips, paint-pressure tanks, electric spray guns, machines for sanding spar-plastered surfaces, fishing rods for painting high-lying surfaces, paint sprayers, a diaphragm compressor, hose sets, paint rollers and brushes.
Centrifugal mills (Fig. 75) are designed for grinding chalk used for the preparation of paint compositions, putties and putties. The most common are rotary chalk graters, which process both dry and wet chalk. A finger rotor is mounted on the shaft of the electric motor 6, rotating in a cylindrical casing, to the cover of which a stationary rotor with conical slots is attached from the inside.
Rice. 76. Twin-shaft mixer:
1 - electric motor, 2 - pulley, 3 - flywheel, 4 - hopper with gearbox, 5 - steering wheel, 6 - frame
This rotor, with a clearance not exceeding 1 mm, is included in free space between the fenders mounted on the finger rotor. The chalk fed through the loading hopper 3 is captured by the inner fingers of the rotating rotor and, under the influence of centrifugal forces, is crushed and ground, gradually passes through the slots of the stationary rotor and is ground a second time between it and the outer fingers of the rotating rotor. To produce wet grinding, water is fed into the grinder through a special hose into the inlet pipe.
With a grinding fineness of 20-35 microns, the productivity of the center of the bean mill is 120 kg/h, the power of the electric motor is 2.8 kW, and the weight of the grinder is 90 kg.
Mixers are devices for preparing putties, putties and paint compositions, used both in paint shops and directly on construction sites. Both single- and double-shaft mixers are manufactured.
The double-shaft mixer (Fig. 76) includes a mixing hopper mounted on a frame, inside of which two shafts with spiral blades mounted on them rotate towards each other. The composition prepared in the mixer is unloaded from the drum using a rotating mechanism equipped with a steering wheel. Mixer productivity is 120 l/h with a volume of one batch of 40 l.
The mixer for the preparation of aqueous and paint compositions is a supporting ring frame, on the racks of which a cylindrical body is fixed in a vertical position. Under the housing there is an electric motor that drives a shaft with mixing blades attached to it through a gearbox. Mixer productivity is 350-400 l/h with a housing capacity of 63 l.
Paint grinders are used for preparing putties, chalk pastes and finely ground colors. By design, paint grinders are divided into disk, roller and millstone, and by type of drive - into manual and mechanical.
In disk paint grinders, the starting materials, under the influence of centrifugal force, fall into the gaps between the rotating and stationary disks and are ground. The productivity of disk paint grinders is 40 kg/h.
In paint roller grinders, the material is mixed and ground between two smooth rollers rotating towards each other.
Rice. 78. Vibrating sieve:
1 - hopper, 2 - frame, 3 - vibrator,
Millstone paint grinders are the most common in construction. They provide grinding fineness in the range of 20-35 microns. A millstone grinder (Fig. 77) with a capacity of 100 kg/h consists of a loading funnel, inside of which there are rotating blades that feed the mixed composition to the millstone. The blades and millstones are driven by a shaft connected by a gearbox to an electric motor. The materials are ground between a rotating millstone 6 and a stationary millstone, the distance between which (and therefore the grinding fineness) is adjusted by a flywheel. The prepared composition is dispensed through the unloading tray.
Vibrating sieves (Fig. 78) with a capacity of up to 720 kg/h are used to improve the quality of paint compositions. They consist of a support frame and a vibrator 3 located on it, connected by a bracket that transmits vibrations to the sieve body.
The installation for applying liquid putty (Fig. 79) with a pneumatic drive consists of two identical sealed tanks connected to a source of compressed air. The putty displaced from the tanks is fed through a hose into the nozzle of the fishing rod, into which compressed air is additionally supplied. When using low-viscosity compounds, an additional compressed air supply is not necessary. The installation provides puttying up to 200 m2/h at an air pressure of 0.7 MPa.
In installations with a mechanized drive, the composition is sprayed due to turbulence in the nozzle channel. The complexity of installations of this type is compensated by their greater efficiency, since the loss of material during dispersal is reduced.
Rice. 79. Installation for applying liquid
putties: 1 - tank, 2 - neck, 3 - air duct, 4 - fitting for supplying air to the fishing rod, 5 - connecting hose, 6 - safety valve, 7 - cover, 8 - lever, 9 - distributor, 10 - fishing rod
Spray guns are used to apply low-viscosity water-chalk and water-lime compositions to surfaces prepared for painting. They produce spray guns with both manual and electric drive. Paint compositions are supplied to nozzles, where they are sprayed under a pressure of 0.5-0.6 MPa and applied to the surface to be painted.
Rice. 80. Hand spray gun:
1 - filter, 2 - sleeve, 3, 4 - valves, 5 - housing, 6 - pump, 7 - reservoir, 8 - hose, 9 - tap, 10-12 - pipes, 13 - nozzle
Spray gun with manual drive(Fig. 80) consists of a reservoir in which the pump is located; suction and discharge valves; a suction hose with a filter lowered into a container with a paint composition. When the pump operates, the paint composition is sucked into the tank, forming the necessary pressure in it. The paint composition is supplied to the nozzle through hose 8 and pipes 10-12. Spray gun productivity up to 200 m2/s
Electric spray guns allow you to create the pressure necessary to supply the paint composition using an oscillating diaphragm driven by a connecting rod mechanism. The productivity of electric spray guns (when working with a fishing rod) is 250-260 m2/h with an engine power of 0.18-0.27 kW and a weight of 16 to 25 kg.
Pneumatic paint sprayers are widely used for the production of local painting works and make it possible to obtain both conical and wide flat torches. The productivity of paint sprayers when working with paint and varnish compositions is 20-50 m2/h, when working with putty up to 85 m2/h, when working with paint compositions up to 400 m2/h.
In a pneumatic paint sprayer (Fig. 81), compressed air emerging from the nozzle sprays the paint composition.
Paint sprayers are available in two versions - for working with paint-pressure tanks or removable tanks.
Rice. 81. Pneumatic paint sprayer:
1 - tank, 2 - body, 3 - needle spring, 4 - needle regulator, 5 - fitting, 6 - valve spring, 7 - rod, 8 - trigger, 9 - needle, 10 - nozzle, 11 - head, 12 - adapter , 13 - union nut
Paint injection tanks are designed to supply paint to paint sprayers. Using compressed air supplied from the compressor, a pressure of 0.4 MPa is created in the tanks. The capacity of paint spray tanks is 16-63 liters.
Air purifiers are used to remove oil, moisture and particulates from the air entering paint sprayers. Their weight is up to 4 kg. They operate at compressed air pressure up to 0.5 MPa.
Painting units are used for complex production of painting works and consist of a compressor, a paint injection tank and a paint sprayer.
Compressor units are designed to produce compressed air, develop a pressure of about 0.3-0.6 MPa and provide a capacity of up to 30 m3/h.
A machine for planing wooden runners (Fig. 82) includes a working element in the form of a rotating knife drum. The position of the drum relative to the floor is adjusted by turning lever 6. Planing width is 200 mm, productivity is up to 35-40 m2.
A machine for cutting parquet staves (Fig. 83) uses a small circular saw with a diameter of 200 mm, mounted on a frame with a table.
Rice. 83. Machine for cutting parquet staves:
1 - circular saw, 2 - table
Machines for sanding parquet and other floors wooden floors(Fig. 84) are produced with a productivity of 35-60 m2/h. Grinding is carried out using a drum 6 or the end of a disk installed relative to the floor with an inclination of approximately 3°. This provides good conditions both for cooling the disk and for suctioning out dust generated during operation. Dust is sucked out centrifugal fan, built into the machine.
Polishing machines (Fig. 85) are used for the final finishing of wooden floors and are equipped with three or six rotating brush disks located in the working body. The grinding width per pass is 200-250 mm. With an engine power of 1.1 kW, the productivity of the polishing machine is 100 m2/h.
Rice. 84. Machine for sanding parquet floors: 1 - control lever, 2 - handle, 3 - linen dust bag, 4 - electric motor, 5 - housing, 6 - sanding drum
Mosaic grinding machines(Fig. 86) are intended for grinding and polishing floors made of hard materials (marble, mosaic, granite). The working body is two runner blocks with three abrasive stones inserted into each of them. Circular rotations of the runner blocks and the axes of the stone holders provide complex movement of the abrasive stones.
Grouting machines cement screeds, smoothing and ironing concrete floors produced with a productivity of 40-50 m2/h.
The working body of the machine consists of two rotating opposite sides trowel discs.
Rice. 85. Polishing machine
Rice. 86. Mosaic grinding
The machine for applying primers to floors (Fig. 87) is a mobile hopper with spray rods powered by a compressor.
Vibrating rollers (Fig. 88) for smoothing linoleum laid on mastic consist of two drums and a vibrator mounted on a frame. The productivity of such a vibratory roller is 100-150 m2/h with a processed strip width of 450 mm.
A semi-automatic machine (Fig. 89) for welding linoleum sheets together is produced with a productivity of up to 16 m/h. The sheets are welded using heated compressed air, which melts the edges of the sheets and the supplied PVC welding rod.
Wallpaper trimmers cut off the edges of the wallpaper during the rewinding process.
Mechanisms for spreading wallpaper with paste are set in motion when the wallpaper is pulled between the control and spreading rollers.
Machines for cutting facing tiles are equipped with fast-rotating emery and diamond cutting wheels.
Automatic guns for fastening glass with triangular plates and syringes for applying putty allow you to mechanize glass work.
Thermoses are used for receiving, storing, heating and distributing hot bitumen at roofing works. A thermos is a vessel with double walls, between which there is a layer of heat-insulating material. At the bottom of the thermos there is gas-burner, running on liquefied gas.
Compressor units (Fig. 90) are designed to supply heated to 180-200 °C
Rice. 87. Machine for mechanized application of primer: 1 - hopper, 2 - spray rod
Rice. 88. Vibrating roller for smoothing linoleum: 1 - frame, 2 - drums, 3 - vibrator, 4 - electric hose
Rice. 89. Semi-automatic machine for welding linoleum: 1 - frame, 2 - handle, 3 - guide tube, 4 - feed roller, 5 - welding rod, 6 - gearbox, 7 - electric motor, 8 - handle, 9 - power supply cable, 10 - fitting with tap, 11, 13 - guide and rolling rollers, 12 - heating element
Rice. 90. Scheme compressor unit for transporting hot bitumen:
1 - installation for supplying bitumen, 2 - pipeline, 3 - thermos for storing hot bitumen, 4 - compressor, 5 - valve for dispensing bitumen to the floors
Rice. 91. Device for rolling and rolling roll materials:
1 - roll holder, 2 - lever, 3, 4, 7 - axles, 5 - oiler, 6 - frame, 8 - handle, 9 - knife, 10 - pressing element
bitumen on the roof. Such an installation allows, with an installed power of 44.1 kW, to supply up to 10 m3 of heated bitumen or mastic per hour to the roof.
The machine for cleaning and rewinding rolled roofing materials is equipped with a 2.2 kW motor. Its productivity is 600 m/h.
The device for rolling out and rolling rolled materials (Fig. 91) consists of a frame 6, rolling elements 10, levers 2, roll holder / and knives 9. The productivity of the device is 400 m2/h.
The machine for removing water from the base of the roof is equipped with a receiving tank with a capacity of up to 20 liters. By creating a strong vacuum in the tank, you can intensively suck the water on the roof into it through fishing rods.
A machine for drying the roof base provides heat generation of up to 60-80 thousand kcal/h, which is enough to process 50 m2 of roofing per hour. After removing the ice, the machine's productivity doubles.
TO Category: - Design of construction machines
Plastering.
Mortar mixers (mortar mixers): drum volume up to 60 l, productivity up to 2 m3/hour, electric motor power up to 1.5 kW, weight up to 200 kg.
Mortar pumps: capacity 1-6 m3/hour, weight 120-500 kg, delivery range - horizontally 50-300 m, vertically 15-100 m, electric motor power 1-7.5 kW.
Plastering stations (for large volumes of work);
The plastering unit (for small volumes of work) prepares and supplies the solution itself;
Vibrating sieves for sifting the solution - on the cover;
Before the mortar pump;
Plastering and troweling machines: productivity up to 50 m2/hour, weight 2-2.5 kg, electric motor power 0.2 kW;
Shotcrete installations (to obtain a layer of increased density -
waterproof);
Electric-pneumatic hammer (for notching surfaces, etc.);
Crumb thrower complete with compressor;
Unit for applying shagreen plaster;
Installation for using gypsum dry mixture (grout, putty);
Delivery of mortar to the site by dump trucks, mortar trucks;
Supply (transport) of solution to the workplace
vertically: lifts, small cranes (for small volumes);
horizontally: hand carts (one-, two- and three-wheeled), motorized carts, motor scooters, Rioni type tractors, walk-behind tractors, etc.
Facing.
Machine for cutting facing stone (with water supply for cooling);
Hand-held drilling machines (for drills Æ 6,8,10,13,23 and 32);
Hand grinders (straight, angle and flexible shaft) with different grinding wheels(divided by abrasive material,
grain size of the material and binder - ceramic, bakelite and vulcanite);
Electric pneumatic hammers;
Manual machine for sawing facing stone (“Bulgarian”);
Mortar mixer with drum volume up to 60 l;
For vertical and horizontal transportation of materials - the same as for
Painting.
Hand spray guns - productivity up to 200 m2/hour, weight 5 kg, fishing rod - 1 pc.;
Electric spray gun - 2 fishing rods and a color pump pump;
Shepelenko unit - for 4 or more fishing rods - electric spray gun;
Painting station - productivity up to 1500 m2/hour, delivery range up to
vertical up to 50 m, horizontal up to 120 m;
Painting units (portable, mobile, pneumatic, guns and without
air spray - high pressure);
Putty units (putty is applied by spraying or using a hollow spatula),
productivity up to 700 l/hour, works in conjunction with a compressor;
Grinding machines;
Painting workshop (or on-site station) consisting of:
Paint grinders - productivity 100-400 kg/hour, weight 100-200 kg, power
electric motor 2-5 kW;
Drying devices (for chalk);
Grinders - productivity up to 300-400 kg/hour, weight up to 120 kg, power
electric motor up to 6 kW;
Vibrating screens - productivity up to 700 kg/hour, weight up to 10 kg, power
electric motor from 2 kW;
Glue maker;
Mixers (for putty and putty) - capacity up to 500 l/hour, weight 60 kg;
Emulsifier pump O-58;
Vortex disperser SO-128;
Acoustic installation of water-oil emulsions (no serial ones) - (ultrasonic emulsifier);
Dispensers (capacitive manual and automated);
A monorail with a hoist or a light beam crane or a light electric forklift for transporting materials in containers and containers around the premises and loading and unloading from vehicles;
Compressor.
Wallpaper.
Glue trucks with pumps for supplying floors;
Roller with a tray for applying glue to wallpaper;
Trimming machines;
Upholsterer's table;
Glue boilers;
Containers for transporting cut wallpaper (small - for a set of wallpaper for a room - apartment, large - for small containers);
Mobile station for wallpaper work: cutting capacity 600 m/hour and trimming capacity 600 m/hour.
Glass
Vacuum suction cups with one, two and three plates, incl. on the traverse;
Guns for driving pins or nails;
Syringe for applying putty;
Glass cutting table;
Container for cut glass;
Machines for washing and wiping glass;
Putty units for making putty and applying it to the folds of bindings.
Carpentry and joinery.
Carpenter's table included;
Electric Shaper;
Hand-held circular saw;
Planing machine;
Looping machine;
Electric planer;
Electric jointer;
Electric sharpener.
Floor installation.
Monolithic floors:
Installation for vibration vacuuming of concrete consisting of: a vacuum compressor with oil
water separator, hoses and mats with mesh, as well as a vibrating screed and smoothing
Installation for self-leveling floors included: plaster-trowel or
grinding machines, vacuum cleaners, industrial pneumatic primer sprayers,
putties and covering layers;
Mosaic grinding machines: single-spindle, multi-spindle,
mounted several single-spindle on the basis of a wheeled tractor, auto- or
electric forklift, vibrators, compressor, hand grinders and sludge removal machine;
Rolled (linoleum) floors:
set consisting of: grinding machines, industrial vacuum cleaners, installations for straightening waves on linoleum (electric iron), differential rollers and pillars, bees, etc. for welding joints of rolls.
Piece wood floors:
set consisting of: a carpenter's table (circular saw, jointer, planer, drilling machine, slotter), planing machine, hand-held electric: saw, planer, jointer, industrial vacuum cleaner, sharpener.
for a deeper study of the topic:
1. A.V. Meshaninov and others. Equipment, accessories and means of small-scale mechanization for finishing works 1989-240 pp. / code in the library OGU 69.002/03M-56/.
2. D.M. Weinzweig Lecture materials /lecture notes/ on the section “Fundamentals of Automation construction production” in the discipline “Mechanization and automation of construction production”, 1997-16 p. Orenburg, OSU.
3. V.A. Sukhachev, R.A. Kargamanov Means of small-scale mechanization for the production of construction and installation work
M.: Stroyizdat 1989-384 p. / code in the library OGU 69.002/03/S-91/.
4. D.M. Weinzweig Manual on mechanization and automation of construction production for the specialty 03.29.00.PGS Part 5 Specifications basic construction machines, OSU Orenburg, 1998-152 p.
/ code in the library OSU 69:65.011.54/075.8/B14/.
5. Machines for finishing work Reference manual on construction machines 1984 / code in the library. OGU 69.003/03/M17/.
6. Builder's Handbook Construction of floors.
7. Builder's Handbook Finishing work in construction.
8. Standard catalogs of standard kits for a team: plasterers, painters, upholsterers, etc. /in methodological cabins MASP and TSP audit. 3134a OSU/.
Manual machines.
A manual machine is a machine equipped with a built-in engine, during operation of which the weight of the machine is fully or partially perceived by the operator’s hands. The main movement is carried out from the engine (feed, mode control and operation duration are performed manually).
Manual machines allow:
Increase labor production (5-8 times or more);
Reduce labor intensity (and significantly);
Improve the quality of operations performed;
Improve working conditions for workers.
Manual machines are classified:
By appointment.
Processing of various materials (wood, metal, stone, etc.);
For various types works (installation, stone, roofing, finishing, etc.);
Universal with a set of attachments.
By type of drive.
Electrical;
Pneumatic;
Motorized (from internal combustion engines);
Hydraulic;
Pyrotechnic (mounting powder pistols).
According to the method of converting food energy.
Electromagnetic;
Mechanical (between the engine and the working body there is an intermediate
conversion mechanism);
Compressor-vacuum;
Spring.
According to the principle of action.
Continuous power (drilling, circular saws, grinding);
Pulse-power impact (hammers, concrete breakers, shock-surface
hammer drills, etc., rotary impact).
According to operating mode.
Light (drilling machines, etc.);
Average;
Heavy;
Super heavy (impact machines).
According to the class of protection against electric shock.
Class 1 - rated voltages more than 42 V and at least one metal part, accessible by touch, is separated from live parts only by working insulation.
Class 2 - the same as class 1, but has double or reinforced insulation (the sign must be present).
Class 3 - rated voltage less than 42 V, powered from autonomous sources or from a converter or transformer with separate windings.
By design.
(machines with rotating working bodies)
Direct (the axes of the rotating body and the drive coincide or parallel);
Angular (the axes are located at an angle).
On execution and speed regulation.
Reversible;
Not reversible;
Single speed;
Multi-speed.
According to the nature of the movement of the working body.
With rotary motion (circular saws, drilling machines, slotters, etc.);
With reciprocating motion (scissors, jigsaws, rammers, hammers, etc.);
With complex movement.
Manual machines are assigned an index consisting of alphabetic and digital parts.
Using the index, you can determine the type of drive, the group of the machine by purpose and its design features.
The letter part of the index of driven manual machines characterizes the type of drive:
IE - electric
IP - pneumatic
IG - hydraulic
ID - with internal combustion engine
IR - for attachments, tool heads and auxiliary equipment regardless of the type of drive.
The digital part of the index has four digits:
The first one indicates the group number,
The second is the number of the subgroup of the classification table.
The letters after the digital part of the index indicate the serial modernization of the machine and the type of its special design.
Manual machines should, as far as possible:
Electrical, noise, vibration and mechanically safe;
Have low weight and overall dimensions;
Meet the requirements of technical aesthetics;
Delivered, stored and issued as a set;
Ensure manufacturability and high level unit-by-unit unification (which improves their technical and operational qualities, including labor intensity and cost).
FGOU SPO
Lipetsk College of Construction,
Architecture and industry technologies
Guidelines for performing practical work No. 10
Specialty 270103
"Construction and operation of buildings and structures"
Discipline: “Construction machines and small-scale mechanization”
spray guns"
Reviewed
cycle commission special 270103
Etc. No___from_______2009
Chairman:
Marchenko A.I.
Teacher Aleshina T.V.
PRACTICAL WORK No. 10
Topic: “Machines for finishing work. Spray guns and
spray guns"
Goal of the work: 1. Get acquainted with the types, purpose, structure of machines
for finishing work.
2. Study the types, purpose, device, principle of operation
Visual and educational aids: guidelines for practical work, full-scale models, videos, educational literature.
Work order:
· familiarize yourself with the procedure for performing the work;
· get acquainted with the types, purpose, structure of machines
for finishing work;
· study the purpose, structure, principle of operation of paint sprayers and spray guns using models and materials from educational literature or methodological instructions;
· answer security questions:
1) What machines are used in construction for plastering work?
2) What machines are used in construction for painting work?
3) What machines are used in construction to finish floors?
· using the given diagrams and models, study the design of paint sprayers and spray guns;
· provide in the report a description of the purpose, device, operating principle of paint sprayers and spray guns;
· protect practical work:
problem, answers to security questions, description
purpose, device, operating principle
paint sprayers and spray guns.
Finishing machines
Finishing works include plastering, tiling, painting, parquet, mosaic, glass and wallpaper.
To mechanize plastering work, plastering stations and plastering units are used.
Plastering stations designed primarily for preparing and pumping solutions to construction site. They are usually carried out mobile in the back of a trailer or in a van on skids. Such a station consists of a skip hoist, a mortar mixer and a mortar pump with a hopper and a vibrating sieve. The solution is supplied to the floors through solution conduits, which in turn consist of metal or rubber-fabric risers, rubber-fabric hoses and connecting parts.
Plastering unit consists of a mortar mixer 5, a vibrating sieve with a hopper and a mortar pump 1, mounted on a trailer. The unit is designed for receiving and processing the solution delivered from the mortar unit, as well as for supplying it to workplaces and applying it to the surface to be treated, for which it is equipped with solution pipes and a nozzle.
Rice. 1 Plastering unit:
/ - mortar pump; 2 - valve block; 3 - air valve; 4 - bypass valve; 5 - bucket mixer; 6 - receiving hopper; 7 - drive; 8 - drawbar; 9 - control panel
Injectors. Two types of nozzles are used: mechanical (non-compressor), operating due to the pressure developed by the mortar pump, and pneumatic action.
Rice. 2. Injectors:
a - compressor room with central air supply; b - the same with an annular air supply; c - without compressor; g - diaphragm; 1 - solution pipe; 2- clamp;
3 - pipeline; 4-valve; 5 - knee; 6 - nipple; 7 - gasket; 8, 15 - nozzles;
9 - ring groove; 10 - bushing; 11, 13 - housings; 12 - nozzle; 14 - pipeline
Diameter of rubber hoses or steel pipes 32-85 mm.
The plaster layer is processed using a troweling tool, which is made with a pneumatic and electric drive.
Pneumatic plastering and troweling machine consists of a pneumatic motor 1, a gearbox 4 and replaceable working disks 5. The motor and gearbox are mounted in an aluminum housing, which also serves as a handle. To wet the surface to be smoothed, the design of the machine is equipped with a tap and a rubber tube 3 for supplying water. The engine power of the machine is 0.15 kW, the idle speed is 8.0 s -1, the weight is 1.5 kg.
Fig.3. Pneumatic trowel: 1 - pneumatic motor; 2 - handle; 3 - rubber tube for water supply; 4 - gearbox; 5 - disk; 6 - shoulder blades; 7 - air duct fitting
Plastering and troweling machines with electric drive consist of an asynchronous three-phase electric motor of high frequency, a gearbox, large and small disks rotating in opposite directions.
Painting works include the preparation of painting compositions, preparation of surfaces for painting and application of painting compositions.
Painting compositions and semi-finished products for painting work in the form of concentrates, pastes and dry mixtures are prepared in factories or in central workshops. At sites, mobile painting stations are used to bring the compositions to the required consistency. In some cases, on-site coloring workshops are equipped, equipped with grinders, paint grinders, mixers, etc.
Mobile painting station. The mobile painting station includes a receiving hopper for chalk paste and lime paste, a mixing tank, a twin-shaft mixer, a vibrating sieve, compressors and a mortar pump for supplying putty and paint composition to the painting site. To process dried putty waste there is a paint grinder, a glue maker and a heater. The station is equipped with spatulas, paint injection tanks, electric spray guns, painting rods, paint sprayers, hose sets, paint rollers and brushes.
Kraskoterka. Of the paint grinders, the most common are millstones. The paint grinder shown in Fig. 4 is designed and operates as follows: the material from the loading funnel 1 is fed by a screw feeder 2 to the grinding elements, the first stage (pre-grinding) of which contains a disk 3 with holes and a knife 4, the second stage (final grinding) - flat interchangeable millstone 5. The crushed material falls into bowl 6, from where it is unloaded under the action of centrifugal forces created by the blades of disk 7.
Specified degree grinding is ensured by pressing the millstones, which is carried out by rotating the flywheel 8 mounted on the housing 9. The rotation drive of the working parts of the paint grinder is carried out from the electric motor 10 through a V-belt
transmission 11.
Fig.4. Millstone grinder
Meloters designed for grinding chalk. The grinder consists of an electric motor /, on the shaft of which a rotor 7 is mounted, equipped with two rows of breaker pins 3 and 4, a stationary rotor with pins 6, a cylindrical casing 2 with a pipe for the outlet of ground chalk, and a loading hopper 5.
Fig.5. Meloter
When the finger rotor rotates, the chalk in it is crushed when rubbed through the slots of the stationary rotor.
Grinders have a capacity of up to 350 kg/h of dry chalk with a grinding fineness of 0.02-0.035 mm, largest diameter pieces of loaded chalk 60 mm.
Vibrating sieve used for filtering various colors. It consists of an electric motor, an eccentric coupling 6 and a connecting rod 5 connected to a bracket 2 on which a housing 4 with a set of sieves 3 is mounted. The filtered solution is fed into the housing 4.
Fig.6. Vibrating sieve
When the electric motor shaft rotates, the connecting rod provides an oscillatory movement of the bracket 2 with sieves 3, as a result of which the paint poured into the body is filtered. Vibrating sieve productivity is 660-720 kg/h, sieve vibration frequency is 2800 min-1, vibration amplitude is 0.8 mm.
Mixer. To prepare putty, putty and paint pastes, use a two-shaft mixer. The trough-shaped bunker contains two horizontal
parallel shafts with helical blades. The shafts are driven by an electric motor through a V-belt drive and two pairs of gears.
Fig.7. Twin shaft mixer
Emulsifier pump Emulsions are prepared, paint compositions are mixed and pumped. It is made in the form of a screw pump placed in a vertical pipe. The pipe has holes that, when turned, can align with the holes in the pump housing or block them. In the first case, the paint composition is mixed, in the second - it is pumped.
Surfaces are painted using painting units, which include a compressor, a paint injection tank, a paint sprayer and hoses for supplying air and paint.
Compressor. Painting units use piston and diaphragm compressors. The operating pressure of piston compressors is up to 0.7 MPa, air supply is up to 30 m 3 /h.
Fig.8. Compressor
a - diagram; b - general form: 1 - air collector, 2 - oil-moisture separator; 3 - pressure regulator; 4 - cylinder block; 5 - piston; 6 - pressure gauge; 7 - air cleaner; 8 - pipeline; 9 - safety valve; 10 - electric motor; L - compressor crankcase
Paint injection tank provides supply of paint compositions under compressed air pressure to the pneumatic sprayer. It is a hermetically sealed vessel consisting of a cylindrical body 1 with a spherical bottom and a removable lid 3. The tank is equipped with a stirrer 2 with a drive. A reducer 4 for pressure regulation, taps 5, a safety valve and a pressure relief valve are mounted on the tank lid. Capacity of paint injection tanks 0.02; 0.04; 0.06; 0.10 m 3, maximum operating pressure 0.4 MPa.
Rice. 9. Paint injection tank
Spray gun Designed for painting work using air spraying. Air enters through pipe 8 through nipple 7, pressing the trigger opens the air valve and air enters the head through the channels of the housing. Air flow is changed by regulator 6.
In addition to the considered paint sprayer, paint sprayers with suspended tanks are also used.
Fig. 10. Spray gun: 1 - head; 2 - fitting; 3 - body; 4 - needle assembly; 5 - needle regulator; 6 - air regulator; 7 - nipple; « - air tube; 9 - handle; 10 - trigger; L - air valve; 12- nipple for paint; 13- nozzle; 14 - replaceable tip
To apply low-viscosity paint compositions to the surface, electric spray guns and hand-held spray guns are used.
Electric spray gun has a diaphragm compressor and works as follows. When the connecting rod 9 moves downwards, the solution is suctioned. During the reverse stroke of the connecting rod, the solution is squeezed out through the discharge valve 14 into the hose 16 to the fishing rod 11, which sprays the paint. To regulate the maximum operating pressure, safety valve 12 is used.
Electric spray guns have a productivity of up to 250 m2/h, a drive power of 0.18-0.27 kW, and a weight of 21-25 kg.
Rice. 11. Electric spray gun:
a - general view; b - kinematic diagram: / - electric motor; 2 - diaphragm pump; 3- suction hose fitting; 4 - bypass hose fitting; 5 - pressure hose fitting; 6 - filter; 7 - suction hose; 8 - crankshaft; 9 - connecting rod; 10- bypass hose; 11- fishing rod; 12 - bypass valve; 13 - suction valve; 14 - discharge valve; 15 - diaphragm; 16 - pressure hose; 17 - gear coupling; 18 - coupling
Hand spray gun. The design of a hand-held spray gun is shown in Fig. 12. At the beginning of work, the filter 5 is lowered into a vessel with a painting composition and the tank 1 is filled with a small amount of the composition by pump 2. Then the filter is removed from the composition and, after making 15-20 double strokes of the pump rod, the spray gun is filled with air. After this, the end of the suction hose 4 with filter 5 is lowered into the paint composition and the pump creates the necessary pressure in the tank, which ensures the supply of the paint composition to the nozzle 9.
The productivity of a hand-held spray gun is 200 m 2 /h, operating pressure is up to 0.6 MPa, tank capacity is 3.0-10~3 m 3, weight is 5.0 kg.
Fig. 12. Hand spray gun:
1 - reservoir; 2 - pump; 3 - suction valve; 4 - suction hose;
b - filter; 6 - discharge valve; 7 - tap; 8 - fishing rod; 9 - nozzle
Parquet and mosaic floors are treated after installation to give them a smooth surface. Parquet floors are planed, rubbed and sanded, while mosaic floors are only sanded.
Machine for sharpening wooden floors consists of a knife drum 4 with two knives 5, a running gear including a front 2 and two rear 8 rollers mounted on a traverse 1, and a control mechanism. An electric motor 3 is built into the drum. The thickness of the removed chips is adjusted by raising or lowering the traverse 1 using a nut 6 and a rod 7. The machine productivity is 15-25 m 2 /h, the electric motor power is 1.5 kW.
Parquet sanding machines the parquet floors are finally finished. The machine consists of sanding drum 4, electric motor 5, vacuum cleaner 2, running wheels and control mechanism. The grinding drum and fan are driven from an electric motor by V-belts 3. Sanding paper is installed on the drum, which is secured with clamping rollers. To lift the drum during startup, control lever 1 must be placed in its uppermost position. The required surface cleanliness is achieved by adjusting the pressure of the grinding drum on the surface being treated.
If the machine leaves uneven spots on the floor, then they change the position of the side wheels, for which they turn the car upside down, determine which of the wheels is lower, and, moving them, set both wheels to the same position. If even after this the machine remains uneven, determine which end of the drum the skin heats up the most and raise the corresponding running wheel. Using a converter attachment, the machine can be connected to a single-phase network.
The parquet grinding machine has a productivity of 40-60 m 2 /h, a drum rotation speed of 27.5 s-1, an electric motor power of 2.2 kW, and a weight of 70 kg.
Polishing machine Designed for cleaning and polishing parquet floors. The main parts of the machine are an electric motor 5, a gearbox 4 with a flange 3 and a removable disk 2 with brushes /. Machine productivity is 100 m 2 / h, electric motor power is 1.1 kW.
Mosaic grinding machine used for grinding and polishing floors made of marble, mosaic, granite and other materials. The working body of the machine is six triangular abrasive wheels 5, fixed in holders 4 on two traverses 6. Rotation to the wheels is transmitted from an electric motor 2 through a gearbox 1. For uniform pressure on each abrasive wheel, the traverse 6 is connected to the faceplate 7 through a shock absorber 3. Machine performance 12 m 2 / h, electric motor power 3.0 kW.
Fig. 16. Mosaic grinding machine
Related information.