Depending on the type of wood from which the product is made, its purpose and the requirements for it, finishing is carried out different ways. Finish can be
- - transparent,
- - opaque (opaque),
- - imitation (carving, inlay, modeling, etc.).
Transparent, or carpentry, finishing is used in the manufacture of products from valuable wood species or veneered products. Its main purpose is to create on the surface of wood a durable transparent colored or colorless, smooth, shiny or matte protective and decorative film that maximally reveals or improves the natural decorative qualities valuable wood species.
Opaque, or opaque, finishing creates a durable opaque colored smooth shiny or matte protective and decorative layer on the surface, hiding the natural texture of the wood. Opaque finishing is used for products made from low-value wood species that do not have a beautiful texture, for items used outdoors, as well as products special purpose(kitchen, hospital furniture, etc.).
Imitation finishing is used in the manufacture of products from low-value coniferous and hardwood species; its purpose is to create a new texture on the surface or color the wood fibers to match the color of valuable species. Protective and decorative film can be opaque or transparent.
Finishing largely determines the appearance of the product and the choice of the consumer, and finishing materials are designed to provide the product not only with attractiveness, but also with protection from various factors - mechanical damage, changes in temperature and humidity, etc. All protective and decorative coatings ( ZDP) can be divided into three groups: solid facing and finishing, liquid paints and powders. Industrial enterprises also produce combined ZAPs, which include paint and varnish materials (paint and varnish materials) along with facing materials.
To the group of hard facing- finishing materials include sliced or peeled veneer, plastics, polymer and paper-resin films. As a base for liquid paint and varnish materials Natural or synthetic film formers can be used. Materials of each group can be organosoluble and water-soluble. Water-borne products are divided into water-soluble and water-dispersible.
Paints and varnishes are multicomponent systems. The main part of all paints and varnishes are natural or synthetic film formers, that is, substances that, after being applied to the surface of wood in a thin layer, are capable of forming, under certain conditions, a thin and durable film that provides good adhesion to the surface of the part or product. Components of finishing materials also include film-forming solvents, plasticizers, coloring agents, fillers and, in some cases, substances that are necessary to accelerate curing processes.
Paints and varnishes are classified according to chemical and operational characteristics, coating structure, optical properties and state of aggregation. The basis chemical classification depends on the nature of the film-forming substance from which the coating is made. In this publication, we will not talk about the basics of forming a fire protection zone for wood and wood materials and consider their structure and structure, we are interested in the application in practice of enterprises of one or another type of coating materials used in finishing technologies.
Based on their operational characteristics or purpose, coatings are divided into weather-resistant, chemical-resistant, heat-, frost-, water-resistant, etc. Based on their structure, paintwork is divided into single- and multi-layer. For multilayer coatings, the following names of layers are accepted: the first one (in contact with the substrate) is primer, or primer, the next layers are intermediate, and the top one is cover.
Based on their optical or decorative properties, coatings are divided into transparent and opaque. Transparent ones are most often used for processing wood and wood materials with beautiful texture and color. To form transparent coatings, colorless nitrocellulose, polyester, polyurethane varnishes or films are used.
Opaque coatings completely hide the color and texture of wood and wood materials. This type of ZDP is used for processing coniferous or low-value deciduous wood. They are also used for products that have increased performance requirements (for example, kitchen furniture). To apply opaque coatings, opaque materials are used, which include paints, enamels, powders and films based on impregnated papers.
Depending on the appearance indicators, paintwork is divided into two subgroups: open-pore (A) and closed-pore (B). It allows you to distinguish paint coatings by the degree of gloss or dullness. simple classification: high-gloss (HG), glossy (G), semi-gloss (PG), semi-matte (PM) and matte (M).
For paint coatings two categories are established: in the first, surface defects are not allowed, in the second, individual surface defects in the form of single strokes, marks, punctures, bubbles, etc. are possible.
Depending on the type of main film-forming agent, paint and varnish coatings are divided into seven groups: polyester (PE), polyurethane (UR), melamine (ML), polyacrylic (AK), urea (UC), nitrocellulose (NC), pentaphthalic (PF).
Depending on the state of aggregation of paintwork materials, protective and decorative coatings can be formed on the basis of liquid paintwork materials, powders or film materials. Manufacturers of paints and varnishes today produce in increasing volumes water-based and powder materials, as well as compositions that do not contain volatile components and are applied in the form of melts - the so-called 100% varnishes and paints. IN furniture production the share of use of water-dispersed coatings has increased significantly. These are environmentally friendly materials that ensure production safety. The cost of such materials is low, and the coatings have physical, mechanical and operational properties are not inferior to organosoluble products.
Liquid varnishes are solutions of film formers in organic solvents or water. The range of produced varnishes for wood finishing is very diverse. In furniture production, nitrocellulose (nitrovarnishes), polyester, polyurethane, alkyd-urea, and acrylic varnishes are mainly used.
Nitrovarnishes are characterized by a low content of non-volatile substances (24...33?%). Nitro varnishes have quite a lot of advantages. These products are convenient and easy to use. They dry quickly and form coatings with high decorative and physical and mechanical characteristics. Varnishes are intended for finishing furniture and other products used indoors. Domestic companies producing paints and varnishes have developed nitro-varnishes containing a matting additive, used to obtain matte coatings, and nitro-varnishes intended for imitation finishing of chipboards and wood-fiber boards.
The advantages of polyurethane varnishes are low consumption, no need for grinding and polishing the treated surface to obtain a high-quality finish. Such coatings are characterized high degree gloss, abrasion, weather, water and moisture resistance. Two-component alkyd-urea varnishes are successfully used to provide a high-quality thin-layer transparent matte finish of panel parts of furniture with open pores and products of lattice structure. These inexpensive varnishes are also low in consumption. After applying alkyd-urea varnishes, the surface does not need to be refined - this is another plus that allows you to ensure high economic effect production.
Acrylic varnishes are ideal for finishing kitchen furniture, especially light colors, on the surface of which the change in color shade over time becomes quite noticeable. These varnishes are characterized by high physical and chemical resistance to scratches, exposure to water, coffee, alcohol and almost do not turn yellow over time.
Polyester varnishes
On the Russian market, polyester varnishes of Russian or foreign production can be purchased from the companies Technocolor, Lac-Premier, LIGA, TimberAL, BaltPromKomplekt, Industrial Paints, Trading House EuroChem-1, I.T.I.", "ART-Industry", "Phaeton", Tanzor-M, "TENDENT", "LKM ServicePlus", "Somek", "Trade and industrial company "INFRAHIM"", "Production association ""Paints for Everyone"", "Fibrolite", "CHELAK", FKP "Kamensky Plant", "VitaKhim". The advantages of polyester varnishes: large dry residue, excellent filling ability, high hardness and physical and chemical resistance. When dry, such varnishes form a hard film of great thickness, resistant to various reagents and water. Polyester varnishes are usually applied to the surface of products by pneumatic spraying or pouring (using a varnish-filling machine).
Polyester varnishes are divided into paraffin-containing and non-paraffin (hot or cold curing). Paraffin-containing varnishes are characterized by a high content of film-forming agents (93-97?%), which determines their high efficiency. Such varnishes are used to obtain coatings with a mirror shine or matte coatings for the front and facade surfaces of expensive furniture. Paraffin-containing varnishes can be applied in thick layers, since their shrinkage is small, and curing occurs faster and more reliably in thick layers than in thin layers, so a coating with a thickness of 300-400 microns can be obtained in one or two applications. Priming and filling the substrate are rarely used when finishing with paraffin-containing varnishes.
The main disadvantage of varnishes containing paraffin is their low adhesion to wood. These varnishes are characterized by low viscosity and high fluidity. Solutions of these varnishes have a short pot life (about 30 minutes). Due to their high fluidity, paraffin-containing varnishes are used mainly for finishing horizontal panel surfaces. When applied to vertical surfaces, special additives are introduced into them.
If, when preparing the wood surface for finishing, painting with aqueous solutions of dyes is not intended, it is permissible to treat rough surfaces with such varnishes, since the varnish does not cause noticeable swelling of the surface layer of wood. For the same reason, the operation of removing wood lint can be excluded from the technological process.
Paraffin-free varnishes contain about 70?% film formers. The pot life of working solutions of these varnishes is at least 20 hours. Coatings based on paraffin-free varnishes, in contrast to coatings based on paraffin-containing varnishes, are characterized by higher elasticity and adhesion to various substrates. Wax-free polyester varnishes are easy to use. They are often used in combination with polyester primer plus polyurethane varnish or enamel."
Domestic manufacturers of paints and varnishes produce many brands of polyester varnishes. For example, varnishes of the PE-246, PE-265, PE-2136 brands are suitable for forming high-gloss coatings on panel furniture parts lined with natural, synthetic veneer or materials based on impregnated papers. They also produce PE-2136U ultraviolet-curing varnish, which ensures the formation of high-gloss coatings on panel furniture parts lined with natural, synthetic veneer or materials based on impregnated papers. Varnish PE-2311 is intended for obtaining matte coatings with a finished effect on panel furniture parts lined with natural veneer or materials based on impregnated papers, and varnish PE-2315 is intended for obtaining glossy coatings of a similar effect. For finishing wood products used indoors, followed by polishing, as well as for painting musical instruments High-gloss varnish of the PE-232 brand is in demand. Varnish PE-251 is intended for obtaining transparent glossy coatings. It is used primarily for high-quality finishing of chairs, armchairs and other solid wood products. Manufacturers produce grades PE-251A and PE-251 B.
Illustration:
etnografiavko.kz
All people try to make their home individual, unique, and cozy. Today there is great amount ways to obtain unique color and comfort, but the most attractive thing over the years has been decorating the house with processed wood products. In this article we will talk about which artistic wood processing is the most popular.
Kinds artistic wood processing
The main types of artistic wood processing include:
- carving
- mosaic
- turning
- burning
- embossing
Mosaic is the creation of ornaments or plots using individual elements. Such an image is assembled from small pieces of one or several types of wood on any surface.
To create a mosaic pattern, a wide variety of types of wood are used, differing in shade and texture. Wooden mosaics can be classified as works of decorative and applied art. It is used to decorate rooms and household items: furniture, jewelry and souvenir boxes, paintings.
The mosaic contains the following varieties:
- inlay
- intarsia
- block mosaic.
Inlay is the decoration of a surface with pieces of wood cut into them. When the inserts differ from the main color or texture, the inlay is called intarsia. Decorative pieces of veneer of different types of timber are used in the design of mosaic canvases. In this way, you can get a solid, as if painted canvas, called marquetry. Block mosaic is distinguished by the presence of thin plates with the same pattern, which are glued to the surface to be decorated. Mosaics will be easy for those who have carpentry skills, namely, creating pieces of furniture. Furniture decorated with mosaics looks very beautiful and compares favorably with standard furniture. Certain compositional and technological methods, which are used to create a mosaic pattern, will be useful when laying parquet.
Wood carving is the process of creating a design using cut out elements. This type of processing can be called the most ancient. But today many artists and craftsmen are engaged in wood carving. Flat notched, for example, outlines the contours of the design using notches, and contour - creates a pattern using straight lines. The most interesting effect can be achieved using relief carving; the resulting pattern will be voluminous.
Slotted thread can be called the most simple type thread, it is performed using a jigsaw or jigsaw. Carved carvings with a relief pattern are used to decorate pieces of furniture in the Baroque and Rococo styles.
One of the most popular and easiest methods of processing timber is burning. Using heated metal pins, a pattern, ornament or inscription is applied to the wood. It's a shame that not many people know about wide possibilities this type of artistic processing.
Some timber species have very soft wood that is easy to cut. The main type of wood cutting is sawing with a jigsaw. This is a simple type of processing that does not require expensive tools and great experience. It is with this type that the training in artistic processing begins.
At the end of the last century, the scope of use of laser technologies increased significantly. Scientists have invented different devices, the operating principle of which is based on the operation of laser radiation. Lasers are also used in cutting and engraving machines. different materials. Laser machines can cut a wide variety of materials, including wood.
The laser beam has whole line interesting properties. It is characterized by great heat and is capable of punching a hole in any material.
The laser is used for artistic decoration of souvenirs, burning emblems and trademarks from expensive types of timber, as well as artistically inlaid parquet boards.
Turning is attractive due to its ease of processing and the ability to obtain a product with a smooth surface and a beautiful surface appearance. This method is most often used to make children's toys. Create turned objects lathe, which was invented by ancient Egyptian masters. The very first machines worked in such a way that the master’s workpiece had to be rotated using a rope, one edge of which was fixed to the string of a bow mounted on the ceiling of the workshop, and the other to a wooden pedal. In the process of evolution, the machines were constantly improved. Today they are equipped with an electric drive, and there are even mechanical and automatic controls.
The turning technique makes it possible to achieve a rounded section with different profiles. You can also get twisted columns and hollow parts.
The choice of wood material is determined by the purpose, parameters, design, as well as the conditions of use of the item. Most often, craftsmen use pear, apple, maple, ash, oak, linden, pine, and spruce timber.
Embossing can also be called an important method for creating relief decor. This process involves extruding a design onto the soft surface of the timber. The ornament is created in conditions high pressure and temperatures in special molds.
In order to soften the wood, it must be steamed or treated with a solution of hydrochloric acid. After this, a mold, most often metal, containing an engraved negative of the pattern is placed on the surface. Next, the pressing process occurs under a pressure of 200-250 N per 1 cm2. For embossing, beech, spruce, birch, linden, and oak wood are used.
Products prepared in this way are not sanded; for this reason, they can be treated with urea-melamine film.
The very last stage of working with wood is always its decorative processing, which includes cleaning and painting. Without this, the wood quickly absorbs liquid and changes shape.
So, the last two stages of working with wood are cleaning and painting. Initially, the wooden workpiece must be thoroughly cleaned of debris, dust, shavings, grease and any other type of dirt. When using even a perfectly sanded but unpainted wooden object, the likelihood of a splinter is high. In addition, untreated items become dirty faster and can become moldy, resulting in a significantly reduced service life. Cleaning and painting can radically change the shade of wood, focusing attention on the texture.
The main types of decorative processing include:
- burning
- whitening
- waxing
- painting
- staining.
The structuring procedure makes it possible to focus on the natural beauty of the wood. The main conditions are the low density of the material and pronounced growth rings. Upon completion of drying and cleaning, specialists begin firing.
It is performed in a special way gas burner, which is held at an angle of 45, without stopping in one place. At the end of this process, the resulting surface is cleaned with a stiff brush in the direction of the grain. This procedure is very inexpensive, but the appearance is very unusual.
Wood bleaching involves the oxidation of compounds that give it its natural color. The main task of bleaching is to change the color, eliminate flaws, and smooth out the pattern. The result will be improvement decorative properties and increasing the service life.
The process of changing the shade of wood to a lighter one can be carried out in several stages. The result is a white layer a couple of millimeters thick, through which the dark core is visible. Whitening is also carried out at minimal cost.
After cleaning or even bleaching, the wood shows off its structure perfectly. However, you can emphasize it even more with the help of waxing. The material for this procedure is selected according to the further use of the item. For example, for kitchen utensils must be used environmentally safe means, such as beeswax. Before applying wax, the object must be thoroughly soaked, after which additional protection is created for the top wooden layer and the wax will not be absorbed.
Usually craftsmen use as impregnation vegetable oils. Impregnation is applied in several layers, after which the item can be covered with purchased mastic or wax solution. Both oil and wax must be heated to approximately 82 - 91C, it all depends on the type of material.
Provided that the execution rules are strictly followed, this process can significantly improve the appearance of the item and also increase the service life.
Various paints and preparatory solutions are used to paint objects indoors and outdoors. Wood is not a capricious material, but observe certain rules still necessary:
- before painting, impregnation with an antiseptic is required
- avoiding contact with direct sunlight
- Painting is carried out in a dry room with normal or low humidity.
You can use oil for painting. It creates a protective layer, but leaves the natural color of the wood, prevents darkening, and highlights the texture. Before applying oil, the object is thoroughly sanded sandpaper, then an antiseptic is applied, after which it has dried, you can begin painting.
During decorative processing, you need to paint the material very carefully. Acrylic coatings are excellent for painting. Today, construction stores offer a wide range of such materials. As finishing material varnishes are used - often colorless, but tinted ones are also used.
Giving timber a certain shade is possible with the help of stain. Light-colored timber is easier to tint.
Staining is carried out using two methods:
- deep
- surface.
Deep staining of wood is carried out for individual parts, before they are combined into one. Often oppression is used for this purpose. The workpieces are completely immersed in paint and kept there for some time, after which they need to be hung to drain excess liquid. This procedure can be easily performed even at home. This method is often used to imitate valuable timber species. Experts achieve the required shade even with the help of fabric dyes. A deeper color is obtained after repeated staining.
Today the most ancient construction material- wood can be modified beyond recognition and used in a wide variety of industries. increases the service life and creates a unique appearance.
Joinery products are used in conditions of variable humidity and temperature, therefore, in order to protect the wood from the harmful effects of air, moisture, pollution and light, they are painted or varnished. In addition, painted or varnished products have a more elegant appearance; they are easier to keep clean.
Finishing the surface of wood consists of covering it with a thin film of paints and varnishes. For finishing wood, coatings are used that create an artificial texture, airbrushing, and lining with textured paper. To give products a good appearance, artistic finishing is widely used: carving, inlay, applied decorations, burning, etc.
The most famous types of finishes are: transparent - the wood texture is preserved; opaque or opaque - the wood texture is closed; imitation and decorative.
At transparent wood surface finish covered with a transparent shiny or matte coating that clearly shows the wood texture; used for finishing furniture and high-quality building products (panels, doors, etc.) made from valuable wood. Transparent finishes are obtained by varnishing, polishing, waxing and covering products with transparent films (hot pressing). There are glossy (or shiny), semi-gloss and matte varnish coatings.
At varnish finishing they use varnishes that contain film-forming substances in organic solvents, solvents, etc. Most often, nitrocellulose, polyester and urea-formaldehyde varnishes are used for wood finishing; less often - oil and alcohol varnishes. Nitrocellulose varnishes dry well, produce a strong, elastic, transparent and fairly weather-resistant film that can be sanded well. Varnishes based on urea-formaldehyde resins form a film with a shiny surface that is quite transparent.
At finishing wood surfaces with oil varnishes the film is elastic, durable, weather-resistant, but not decorative enough; alcohol varnishes produce a film with insufficient strength, weather resistance and low gloss.
According to the quality of finishing, varnish coatings in accordance with GOST 9894-61 are divided into four classes: first, or highest, second, third and fourth.
Coatings of the first, or highest, class have a flat and smooth surface without visible defects; Second class coatings also have a flat and smooth surface, with individual, barely noticeable defects.
Coatings of the third and fourth classes have a smooth surface, but with noticeable irregularities caused by insufficient preparation of the wood surface before finishing.
Transparent finish obtained by polishing. The main material used is alcohol polish, which is a solution of resin (shellac) in ethyl alcohol. The polish is applied repeatedly in a thin layer to the surface of the wood, which results in high-quality products: furniture, doors made of valuable wood, panels, pianos, TV cases, etc.
At waxing, i.e., when a mixture of wax and volatile solvents (white spirit, turpentine) is applied to the surface of the wood, a transparent film is also obtained, formed by a thin layer of wax (volatile solvents evaporate during the drying process). The wax coating is usually applied to porous wood (oak, ash). The wax film is soft, so it is covered with an additional layer of alcohol varnish. The wax coating has a matte surface.
Opaque coating. With this type of coating, a film is created on the surface that covers the wood texture. To obtain an opaque coating, oil or enamel paints diluted with solvents are used. When painting with enamels with high content Film-forming substances produce glossy coatings, with a smaller amount - semi-glossy, and when painted with oil paints - matte.
Opaque coating is used for finishing white wood products: school, kitchen or hospital furniture, doors, windows, etc.
Based on quality and appearance, opaque coatings are divided into four classes: coatings of the first and second classes are formed when painted with nitro enamels and enamels based on synthetic resins; coatings of the third and fourth classes - when painted with enamels or paints.
Simulation and decorative finishing wood. To improve appearance wooden products, made from wood of low-value species (birch, aspen, pine, etc.), the texture of which does not have a beautiful pattern, they are imitated as valuable decorative species... Improving the decorative properties of wood is achieved by deep dyeing, pasting with textured paper with a pattern printed on it valuable wood, finished with films, as well as by lining with sheet plastic.
Wood finishing
Wood finishing
wood processing processes to protect it from unwanted influences external environment and giving wooden products decorative look. The finish can be transparent or opaque.
Transparent finishing, protecting the wood, not only preserves its natural appearance, but even emphasizes its pattern, making it brighter and more prominent. This finishing is essentially the only way to finish carpentry products made from valuable wood or lined with decorative veneer, as well as products with an inlaid surface. The most common methods of transparent finishing are varnishing, waxing, glazing and glazing. Varnishing applicable for finishing wood of any species. A thin layer of varnish applied to the surface of the product forms a hard, shiny, transparent film
At . For finishing carpentry, oil, alcohol and cellulose varnishes, colored varnishes (from red to black), etc. are used. colorless, not covering the natural grain of the wood and not changing the color of the wood. waxing the wood is intensively rubbed with clean beeswax
or wax-containing mastic. Wax fills wood pores and smoothes the surface. Sometimes the wax coating is secured with a thin layer of varnish, half diluted with polish. Most often, waxing is used for finishing products made of oak, beech, walnut, as well as painted (tinted) wood of alder, birch, linden, and poplar. Glaze - a method of matte finishing of wood by applying to its surface linseed oil or high quality natural drying oil
, mixed with turpentine. The method is used for finishing ch. arr. spruce, pine, cedar, larch and is completely unsuitable for finishing oak products (covered with oak veneer), since linseed oil leaves irremovable stains on their surface. Glazing
differs from glazing only in that, in addition to linseed oil (linseed oil), dry dyes (pigments) dissolved in oil are added to the working mixture to give the surface of the product the desired shade. Opaque finishing is the most common way to finish products made from low-grade wood with an inexpressive pattern or when the natural appearance of the wood is not important. It is carried out using adhesive oil or enamel paints or by gluing various decorative films or valuable wood veneers (veneering) to the surface of the product. Less commonly used (Ch. ed. in industrial production
) for pasting colored plastics and paper. Coloring is the simplest and most finishing. Its main difficulty is that before painting, careful preparation of the surface is necessary - eliminating cracks, dents, fallen knots and other defects formed during the process machining wood. In addition to those indicated, there are other finishing methods that occupy an intermediate position between opaque and transparent finishing, for example. staining, mordant dyeing, long lasting in water (oak), coloring of standing wood by introducing a dye solution into a living tree, wood blowtorch, whitening with hydrogen peroxide.
Encyclopedia "Technology". - M.: Rosman. 2006 .
See what “wood finishing” is in other dictionaries:
Wood surface treatment that improves the appearance of products and protects it from impact environment. Many types of decoration (carving, burning, inlay, gilding), previously used for finishing products, have lost their... ... Big Soviet encyclopedia
- – finishing of wood, in which the coating repeats the structure of the surface of the wood. [GOST 17743 86] Term heading: Wooden products Encyclopedia headings: Abrasive equipment, Abrasives, Highways...
open pore wood finishing- Wood finishing, in which the coating follows the structure of the wood surface. [GOST 17743 86] Topics: woodworking technology. and furniture industry...
closed pore wood finishing- [GOST 17743 86] Topics: woodworking technology. and furniture industry... Technical Translator's Guide
Open Pore Wood Finish- 86. Finishing of wood with open pores Finishing of wood in which the coating follows the structure of the surface of the wood Source: GOST 17743 86: Technology of the woodworking and furniture industry. Terms and Definitions …
Closed-pore wood finishing- 87. Finishing of wood with closed pores Source: GOST 17743 86: Technology of woodworking and furniture industries. Terms and Definitions … Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation
finishing- 3.6 finishing: A protective decorative layer intended to be applied to the main part of the wall without air gap by pasting, painting, spraying, plastering or any other similar method. Source: GOST 31251 2008: External walls with ... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation
finishing of wood products (wood materials)- finishing Creation of protective decorative coatings on the surface of wood products (wood materials). [GOST 17743 86] Topics: woodworking technology. and furniture industrial Synonyms finishing... Technical Translator's Guide
Finishing of wood products- (wood materials) – creation of protective decorative coatings on the surface of wood products (wood materials). [GOST 17743 86] Term heading: Wooden products Encyclopedia headings: Abrasive equipment, Abrasives,… … Encyclopedia of terms, definitions and explanations of building materials
Finishing of external surfaces of external walls- – the outer surface of external walls, made of non-piece (plaster, paint and varnish, etc.) materials, protecting the main enclosing, load-bearing structures and heat-insulating materials from atmospheric and other external... ... Encyclopedia of terms, definitions and explanations of building materials
Books
- Finishing of wood products, Yu. D. Orlova. IN textbook Issues related to the finishing of wood products and their decor are discussed. The book consists of two parts. The first part provides information about the materials used in...
Wood finishing is any treatment of its surface that improves the appearance of products or protects them from the direct influence of the external environment. Artistic finishing gives the item the most beautiful and expressive look. Improving the appearance of products is also achieved through various types of artistic processing of the wood itself: carving, embossing, burning, lining with various decorative materials, for example, a set of facing plywood (inlay), textured paper, polymer materials, fabrics, foil (thin sheets of metal), etc. wood laminate parquet
For finishing wood, primers, putties, putties, paints, enamels, varnishes, and polishes are used. All types of finishing of wooden products are divided into the following groups: carpentry, painting and imitation.
The joinery finish preserves the natural texture of the wood, emphasizes and enhances it. Carpentry transparent finishing is produced wax compounds, varnishes, polishes and dry resin finishing films. Depending on the material used, the types of finishing are called: wax, varnishing, polishing and paneling.
Wax finishing is done in a warm room. A layer of wax mastic is applied to the prepared surface. When the surface is saturated with mastic, it is rubbed with a brush or cloth until it shines, the shine is enhanced by rubbing with a velvet cloth and this non-moisture-resistant coating is secured by applying one layer of varnish or polish. Wax mastic is prepared by mixing molten wax with turpentine or varnish kerosene (white spirit). Wax coatings give the surface of large-pore wood an even, deep, soft gloss, which, if necessary, can be easily restored by wiping with a brush or cloth.
Varnishing - several layers (coatings) of varnish are applied to the surface prepared for a transparent finish. Depending on the composition of the varnish, varnishing with alcohol, oil and nitrocellulose varnishes is distinguished. Alcohol varnishes are usually applied 2-3 times with intermediate drying for 2 hours at 18-20°. The lower layers are sanded with sandpaper No. 180. Oil varnish is applied twice with intermediate drying for at least 8 hours at 18-20°; sanded before final coating.
Polishing gives the surface a mirror smoothness and shine. Polishing is carried out in various ways: carpentry, semi-polishing, de-polishing and paneling. Actually, polishing in woodworking is only carpentry polishing, the essence of which is that a polyturpy coating having a very small thickness is applied to a carefully prepared surface. The polishing process is lengthy, so it is used only for finishing high-end products (for example, objects of artistic value, furniture).
Paneling involves hot pressing a sheet of urea-melamine or phenol-formaldehyde resin film onto a dry, well-sanded surface. Such a finishing coating is significantly superior to polishing in terms of moisture resistance, heat resistance and hardness; however, the appearance of the paneled surface does not have the depth and play of wood texture that is characteristic of carpentry polishing.
Painting finishing- application to the surface of opaque (opaque) colored films - paints and enamels. This finishing is applied to products made from wood. soft rocks or non-decorative in texture. Used for door and window blocks, panels, wooden stairs, floors, furniture. Depending on the operating conditions of the products, production conditions and consumer requirements, opaque finishing is carried out with adhesive, emulsion, oil and enamel paints. The application of paint coatings in small-scale production and during installation is done manually (with brushes), and in mass and serial production - by spraying, dipping, and rolling on machines.
Aqueous compositions of adhesives and emulsion paints paint products intended for service in dry rooms. Technological process finishing consists of the operations of puttying, sanding, priming, bleaching and coloring.
Oil and enamel paints cover the surfaces of objects intended to work on outdoors or in conditions of variable temperature and humidity. Smoothness and mirror shine imparted by polishing. The technological process of painting with oil paints and enamels consists of the operations of priming, puttying and at least double painting. Intermediate drying and sanding are required, and sometimes straightening (greasing) after applying the first paint coating.
Imitation finishing is an artificial reproduction of a texture that is unusual for the species being finished. Oak, walnut, mahogany, etc. have beautiful textures.
Textured paper lining. Textured paper is produced with patterns that imitate valuable wood species. It is produced on printing machines. Texture paper is glued to the surface of the wood various adhesives. The process of pasting and finishing is carried out simultaneously by hot pressing of textured paper on any base between two resin films (phenol-formaldehyde or urea-melamine).
Cladding with veneer and plywood. For this type of cladding, peeled veneer, glued and planed plywood are used. Pasting is carried out directly on the base, which is a shield of strapping that forms a subframe. Hot glue Apply an even, not very thin layer to the heated surface. The applied veneer or plywood is pressed to the base with clamps. If the pasting is carried out with several pieces of veneer or plywood, then, having jointed the edges, they are laid close to each other and glued together. When gluing curved surfaces, a template of the appropriate shape is first prepared.
Imitation of valuable wood species. The wood surface is cleaned, sanded, sanded and painted. oil paint, which in color matches the main background of the simulated tree. When the paint has dried, thick paint is applied to it in the color of the veins and fibers. Then this paint is removed with combs so that the bottom layer of paint is exposed and a pattern of simulated wood is obtained on the surface. Another way to obtain a wood pattern is by printing from a rubber roller that has a convex pattern of veins on the surface. The third method is to make an imprint from an unplaned board, that is, a smoothly planed board is painted in the color of the veins and the board from which the imprint is supposed to be made is immediately placed on it, and the paint will fall on the protruding layers. The resulting print is corrected by hand.
Airbrush in wood finishing is an improved method of manual imitation of the texture of valuable wood species. Instead of various brushes, combs, sponges and other tools used for manual cutting, only an airbrush sprayer is used in the airbrushing process. The dye solution is applied to the surface being treated with a jet of compressed air emerging through a spray nozzle with a diameter of 0.4-1.2 mm at a pressure of 1.5-2.0 at (0-1 MPa), and the artistic quality of the imitation depends on the selection colors and the skill of the performer. The airbrush method most conveniently imitates ribbon (walnut, mahogany), flame-like and speckled (plane tree) textures.
Aquagraphy. It is known that, spreading over the surface of water, liquids (oil, petroleum) having a mass less than one form various patterns. By adding various paints to such liquids, colored patterns of marble, granite, etc. are obtained on the surface of the water. The essence of aquagraphy is that various coloring compositions are poured into a bath of water, spreading out in the form of an indefinite pattern. The drawing is enriched by sprinkling additional colors. By oscillating the bath, waves are formed on the surface of the water, giving the design the appearance of tree rings. The product intended for painting is applied to the surface and immediately removed.
In this way, you can apply a design to paper, plywood, concrete, iron, glass and other materials. The design can be printed not only on a plane, but also on any complex surfaces. When printing a design, you must pay attention to ensure that there is no trapped air, since in these places the surface will remain unpainted. After the entire surface to be painted has come into contact with water, the material is removed and placed to dry, then the surface is varnished and polished. The similarity of aquagraphic imitation with the natural texture of valuable wood is only approximate, which limits the use of this type of imitation.
Staining(dying) of wood differs from painting in that it colors the wood not only superficially, but also to a depth (up to 0.5 mm). Stains should be colored liquids, not colored suspensions. Before staining, the surface is scraped, moistened to raise the pile, sanded, dried, keeping it for 3-4 days in a dry and warm place, and only then begin staining. Staining is carried out by uniformly wetting the entire surface with aqueous coloring solutions applied by spraying or immersion. Deep dyeing is carried out in various ways, for example, by processing the workpieces in an autoclave, in which increased pressure is created, in the range of 8-10 at.
After dyeing, the wood is carefully sanded and, after drying, the surface is polished, that is, wiped with hair, coarse cloth or felt.
Currently, most timber products are processed in factories and construction site they come in the form finished products, parts and structures.