Sociological survey is a method of collecting primary sociological information about the object being studied by asking questions to a certain group of people called respondents. The basis of a sociological survey is mediated (questioning) or non-mediated (interview) socio-psychological communication between the sociologist and the respondent by recording answers to a system of questions arising from the purpose and objectives of the study. However, value systems, beliefs, views, ideas, motivations and feelings are not available for observation. In such cases, the leading method of sociological research becomes a survey. Surveys are usually conducted using interviewing and questionnaire methods. The interview is based on a conversation based on a previously developed detailed plan, however, more often sociologists conduct interviews based on a pre-prepared questionnaire, in which all the questions of interest are given, in a certain sequence and with given wording.
The opinion poll takes the most important place in sociological research. Its main purpose is to obtain sociological information about the state of public, group, collective and individual opinion, as well as about facts, events and assessments related to the life activities of respondents. According to some scientists, almost 90% of all empirical information is collected with its help. Questioning is the leading method in studying the sphere of people's consciousness. This method is especially important in research social processes and phenomena that are inaccessible to direct observation, as well as in cases where the area under study is poorly provided with documentary information.
A sociological survey, unlike other methods of collecting sociological information, allows you to “catch” through a system of formalized questions not only the accentuated opinions of respondents, but also the nuances, shades of their mood and structure of thinking, as well as to identify the role of intuitive aspects in their behavior. Therefore, many researchers consider a survey to be the simplest and most accessible method of collecting primary sociological information. In fact, the efficiency, simplicity, and cost-effectiveness of this method make it very popular and a priority compared to other methods of sociological research. However, this simplicity and accessibility is often apparent. The problem is not in conducting the survey as such, but in obtaining high-quality survey data. And this requires appropriate conditions and compliance with certain requirements.
The main conditions of the survey (which have been verified by the practice of sociological research) include: 1) the availability of reliable instruments, justified by the research program; 2) creating a favorable, psychologically comfortable environment for the survey, which does not always depend only on the training and experience of the persons conducting it; 3) careful training of sociologists, who must have high intellectual speed, tact, and the ability to objectively assess their shortcomings and habits, which directly affects the quality of the survey; know the typology of possible situations that hinder the survey or provoke respondents to give inaccurate or incorrect answers; have experience in compiling questionnaires using sociologically correct methods that allow you to double-check the accuracy of the answers, etc.
Compliance with these requirements and their significance are largely determined by the types of sociological survey. In sociology, it is customary to distinguish between written (questioning) and oral (interviewing), face-to-face and correspondence (postal, telephone, press), expert and mass, selective and continuous (for example, referendum), national, regional, local, local, etc. ( Table 7).
In the practice of sociological research, the most common type of survey is a survey, or questionnaire. Questionnaire– a survey method in which a sociologist-researcher communicates with a respondent (participant in a sociological survey) using a questionnaire. In both interviews and questionnaires, researchers should pay attention to Special attention sampling procedures: 1) determine the layers and groups of the population to which the survey results are expected to be extended (general population); 2) determine the number of respondents necessary and sufficient to represent the general population; 3) determine the rules for searching and selecting respondents for last stage choice. This is explained by both the variety and quality of the sociological information that can be obtained with its help. The questionnaire survey is based on the statements of individuals and is carried out in order to identify the subtlest nuances in the opinions of those surveyed (respondents). The questionnaire method is the most important source information about actually existing social facts and social activities. It begins, as a rule, with the formulation of program questions, the “translation” of the problems posed in the research program into questionnaire questions, with a wording that excludes different interpretations and understandable to the respondents. In sociology, as analysis shows, two main types of questionnaires are used more often than others: continuous and selective.
The task of surveys in society is to ensure a two-way flow of information between managers and managed, to provide the data necessary for decision-making.
For sociology, a survey with correct use allows you to obtain information about the subjective world of people, their opinions, inclinations, and motives for action.
Typically, surveys are conducted on a sample population (sample). The sample is formed using statistical methods and should be a micromodel of the general population, i.e. research models. The properties of a sample to represent the properties of a population is called representativeness.
However, one should always take into account the possible distortion of information obtained by the survey method, associated with the peculiarities of the process of reflecting various aspects of social practice in the minds of people.
Questionnaire
The most common type of survey in the practice of applied sociology is questionnaires. It can be group or individual. Group questioning is a survey used mainly in organizations (places of work, study, etc.).
In individual surveys, questionnaires (questionnaires) are distributed at the respondent’s workplace or place of residence. Recently, a one-time survey (using electronic types communications: telephone, websites, E-mail).
A sociological questionnaire is a system of questions united by a single research plan aimed at identifying the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the object and subject of analysis. Its purpose is to provide reliable information. To do this, you need to know and follow a number of rules and principles of its design, as well as the features of various issues. When compiling questionnaires, it is necessary to take into account that the question must be equally understandable to different socio-demographic groups of respondents (young and old, people with different education, etc.).
All questions can be classified: by content (questions about facts of consciousness, facts of behavior and the personality of the respondent); by form (open and closed, direct and indirect); by function (main and non-main).
Questions about the facts of people's consciousness are aimed at identifying opinions, wishes, expectations, plans for the future, etc. Questions about the facts of behavior reveal the actions, actions, and results of people’s activities. Questions about the respondent’s personality reveal his personal characteristics (gender, age, etc.).
A question is called closed if a complete set of answer options is given in the questionnaire. After reading them, the respondent chooses only the one that coincides with his opinion. Closed questions can be alternative or non-alternative. Alternative ones suggest that the respondent can choose only one answer option, and non-alternative ones - several answer options.
Open questions do not contain hints and do not “force” an answer option on the respondent. They provide an opportunity to express your opinion in full and down to the smallest detail, so they provide richer information than closed-ended questions.
Direct and indirect questions. Sometimes survey questions require the respondent to have a critical attitude towards himself, the people around him, and an assessment negative phenomena reality, etc. In some cases, such direct questions either remain unanswered or contain inaccurate information. In such cases, questions formulated in an indirect form come to the aid of the researcher.
The respondent is offered an imaginary situation that does not require an assessment of his personal qualities or the circumstances of his activities.
The main questions of the questionnaire are aimed at collecting information about the content of the phenomenon under study. Non-basic - to identify the addressee of the main question (filter questions), checking the sincerity of answers (control questions).
The main purpose of sociological surveys is to obtain information about people’s opinions, their motives and assessments of social phenomena, about the phenomena and conditions of social, group and individual consciousness. These opinions, motives and phenomena act as properties of objects studied by sociology, to the extent that surveys provide information about them necessary information The significance of surveys increases if there is not sufficient documentary information about the phenomenon being studied, if it is not accessible to direct observation or is not amenable to experiment. In such situations, a survey can become the main method of collecting information, but must be supplemented by other research techniques.
Survey methods are very diverse. Along with the well-known questioning, they are expressed in the form of interviews, postal, telephone, press, fax, expert and other surveys. Each type of survey has its own specifics.
Questioning is a written form of survey, usually carried out in absentia, i.e. without direct and immediate contact between the interviewer and the respondent. It is advisable in two cases: a) when you need to ask a large number of respondents for a relatively a short time, b) Respondents should think carefully about their answers with the printed questionnaire in front of them. The use of questionnaires to survey a large group of respondents, especially on issues that do not require deep thought, is not justified. In such a situation, it is more appropriate to talk with the respondent face to face. Questioning is rarely continuous (covering all members of the community being studied); much more often it is selective.
Interviewing is a form of face-to-face surveying in which the researcher is in direct contact with the respondent. This method is preferable to questionnaires in the following respects:
there are practically no unanswered questions with him;
vague or contradictory answers can be clarified;
it is possible to observe the respondent and record not only his verbal responses, but also non-verbal reactions;
the information received is more complete, deeper and more reliable compared to the questionnaire.
The main disadvantage of the interviewing method is its low efficiency, significant time consumption, the need for a large number of interviewers, and the impossibility of using it in situations of short-term mass surveys.
Television express polling is a method of collecting not so much sociological as political science information, used by the hosts of political television programs. The technique of this method involves:
1. formulation by the TV presenter of one of the most pressing questions;
2. motivating TV viewers to express their answer to the question posed in the form of either “yes” or “no”;
3. a request to television viewers to immediately call the specified telephone number and declare their position before the end of this television program (i.e. within 20-30 minutes);
4. prompt counting of the survey code with demonstration of this count on an electronic display;
5. commenting on the results obtained.
Telephone survey is a specific synthesis of questioning and interviewing, used, as a rule, within one city or another settlement. The popularity of using this method in modern Russian conditions increases, especially during election campaigns.
Main advantages: efficiency, short-termism and cost-effectiveness. The main disadvantage: due to the impossibility of complying with the rule of representativeness of the sample. This circumstance is due to the lack of telephones for certain social groups population; a large number of subscribers refusing to survey for various reasons and reasons; many other factors.
9. Concept and structure of social action. Social interaction.
The concept of “social action (activity)” is peculiar only to man as a social being and occupies one of the most important places in the science of “sociology”.
Every human action is a manifestation of his energy, prompted by a certain need (interest), which gives rise to a goal for their satisfaction. In an effort to achieve a goal more effectively, a person analyzes the situation and looks for the most rational ways to ensure success. He acts self-interestedly, that is, he looks at everything through the prism of his interest. Living in a society of people like themselves, who accordingly have their own interests, the subject of the activity must take them into account, coordinate, comprehend, and focus on them: who, what, how, when, how much, etc. In this case, the action takes on the character of a social action, i.e. e. characteristic features social action (activity) are comprehension and orientation towards the interests of others, their capabilities, options and consequences of disagreements.
From the point of view of K. Marx, the only social substance that creates a person and his essential forces, and thereby society as a system of interaction between many individuals and their groups, is active human activity in all its spheres, primarily in production and labor. In the process of such activity, a specific human world, which is realized as an objective reality culturally and historically given to man, not only contemplated and cognized by man, but also created materially and spiritually, transformed by him. According to Marx, it is in social activity that the development and self-development of man, his essential powers, abilities and spiritual world occur.
M. Weber made a very significant contribution to the understanding and interpretation of activity with his theory of “social action”. According to it, an action becomes social when it:
is meaningful, that is, aimed at achieving goals clearly understood by the individual;
consciously motivated, and the motive is a certain semantic unity that appears acting person or to the observer a worthy reason for a certain action;
socially meaningful and socially oriented towards interaction with other people.
M. Weber proposed a typology of social actions. In the first case, a person acts according to the principle “the best means are those that help to achieve the goal.” According to M. Weber, this is a goal-oriented type of action. In the second case, a person tries to determine how good the means that are at his disposal are, whether they can cause harm to other people, etc. In this case, they speak of a value-rational type of action (this term was also proposed by M. Weber ). Such actions are determined by what the subject must do. In the third case, a person will be guided by the principle “everyone does it this way,” and therefore, according to Weber, his action will be traditional, that is, his action will be determined by the social norm. Finally, a person can take action and choose means under the pressure of feelings. Weber called such actions affective.
The sociological understanding and interpretation of social action has been significantly deepened and enriched by the famous American sociologist T. Parsons, especially in his works “The Structure of Social Action” and “To general theory actions".
According to this concept, real social action includes 4 elements:
1. subject - an actor who is not necessarily an individual, but can be a group, a community, an organization, etc.;
2. situational environment, which includes objects, subjects and processes with which the actor enters into certain relationships. An actor is a person who is always in a certain situational environment, his actions are a response to a set of signals that he receives from the environment, including both natural objects (climate, geographical environment, human biological structure) and social objects;
3. a set of signals and symbols through which the actor enters into certain relationships with various elements of the situational environment and attributes a certain meaning to them;
4. a system of rules, norms and values that orient the actions of an actor, giving them purposefulness.
Having analyzed the interaction of elements of social action, T. Parsons came to a fundamental conclusion: human actions always have the features of a system, therefore the focus of sociology should be on the system of social action.
Each system of action, according to T. Parsons, has functional prerequisites and operations, without and in addition to which it is not able to act. Any operating system has four functional prerequisites and carries out the four main functions corresponding to them. The first of them is adaptation, aimed at establishing favorable relations between the action system and its environment. With adaptation, the system adapts to environment and to its limitations, adapts it to his needs. The second function is goal achievement. Goal achievement consists of defining the goals of the system and mobilizing its energy and resources to achieve them. Integration is the third function, which is a stabilizing parameter of the current system. It is aimed at maintaining coordination between parts of the system, its connectivity, and protecting the system from sudden changes and major shocks. Any system of social action must provide motivation to its actors, which constitutes the fourth function.
Social activities is divided into different types:
material-transformative (its results are various products of labor: bread, clothing, machines, buildings, structures, etc.);
cognitive (its results are embodied in scientific concepts, theories, discoveries, scientific picture peace, etc.);
value-oriented (its results are expressed in the system of moral, political and other values existing in society, in the concepts of duty, conscience, honor, responsibility, in historical traditions, customs, ideals, etc.);
communicative, expressed in a person’s communication with other people, in their relationships, in the dialogue of cultures, worldviews, political movements, etc.;
artistic, embodied in the creation and functioning of artistic values (world artistic images, styles, forms, etc.);
sports, implemented in sporting achievements, in physical development and personality improvement.
Social interaction is a process of exchange of social actions between two actors (interaction participants) or more.
A distinction must be made between social action and social interaction.
Social action is any manifestation of social activity aimed at other people. Social interaction is the process of exchange of social actions between two or more social subjects, the process of direct or indirect influence of these subjects on each other. In this case, a social action can be initiated by the social subject (individual, group) itself, and then it is considered as a “challenge”, or it can be a reaction to social action others as a “response to a challenge.”
Interaction is the process of influence of people and groups on each other, in which each action is determined by both the previous action and the expected result on the part of the other. Any interaction requires at least two participants - interactants. Consequently, interaction is a type of action, the distinctive feature of which is its focus on another person.
Any social interaction has four characteristics:
it is objective, that is, it always has a goal or reason that is external to the interacting groups or people;
it is externally expressed and therefore accessible to observation; this feature is due to the fact that interaction always involves the exchange of symbols, signs that are deciphered opposite side;
it is situational, i.e. it is usually tied to some specific situation, to the conditions of the course (for example, meeting friends or passing an exam);
it expresses the subjective intentions of the participants.
American sociologist of Russian origin P. Sorokin identified two mandatory conditions social interaction:
1. participants in the interaction must have the psyche and sensory organs, i.e., the means to know how another person feels through his actions, facial expressions, gestures, voice intonations, etc.;
2. participants in the interaction must express their feelings and thoughts in the same way, that is, use the same symbols of self-expression.
Interaction can be considered at both the micro and macro levels.
Interaction at the micro level is interaction in Everyday life, for example, within a family, a small work team, a student group, a group of friends, etc.
Interaction at the macro level takes place within social structures, institutions and even society as a whole.
Distinctive feature interaction, which distinguishes it from mere action, is exchange. Any interaction is an exchange. You can exchange anything, signs of attention, words, meanings, gestures, symbols, material objects.
The exchange structure is quite simple:
exchange agents - two or more people;
The most common method of obtaining primary information is a survey that is widely used to justify decisions. Survey as a method of obtaining primary information characterized by efficiency, simplicity and cost-effectiveness, which makes it popular among entrepreneurs and managers, public and political organizations.
However, to ensure the representativeness of the survey data, it is important to correctly formulate the population of respondents.
The survey can be conducted in the form:
Sociological survey
Among the population, there is a widespread idea of a sociologist as a person who every now and then conducts surveys of the population on various current problems. Indeed, as an analysis of domestic and foreign publications based on the results of sociological research shows, most of them contain data obtained precisely by the survey method.
At the same time, survey is successfully used by a number of other sciences to solve research problems. Thus, statisticians have long and successfully used surveys to collect data on the structure of the population, labor resources, consumption budgets, family structure and many other areas of society. Journalists traditionally turn to the interview method to obtain information of interest to them on issues that are relevant to readers and television viewers. Many leading Russian television companies use this method in a journalistic manner (but, according to sociologists, unprofessionally). The problem is that television journalists deal not only with respondents selected on some basis, but also with a huge television audience, which significantly affects the quality of the survey and distorts its results. Teachers use student surveys as a means of monitoring the assimilation of knowledge given in previous lessons. Doctors interview patients, especially “primary patients”, using a standard set of questions to find out anamnesis - information about a person’s ailments that preceded his visit to a doctor.
In any case, the questions asked must meet the requirements of logic, take into account the psychological characteristics of the respondents, and the situation that develops during the interview. In this common basis specific varieties of the survey method have been formed, sometimes so different that the transfer of methodological, organizational and technical rules and survey techniques from one area to another.
A sociologist, conducting a survey, solves a slightly different range of cognitive problems than specialists in other branches of knowledge. The required information is obtained only in communication situations, and communication options can be different: personal or indirect (telephone, mail, etc.), oral or written, individual or group. This information is necessarily recorded in the form of answers to questions formulated by the survey organizer either in advance (formalized or standardized survey) or directly during the conversation in accordance with common goal survey.
There are two main types of sociological surveys: questionnaires (written surveys) and interviews (oral surveys).
Logical scheme of survey types, based on the typology of Gorshkov and Sherega, with the only difference that we added an online survey as new method survey, which is just being institutionalized in the system of methods of applied sociology, is shown in Fig. 1.2.
Questionnaire
During the survey it is possible following methods communication with respondents:
- questioning by publishing a questionnaire in a newspaper, magazine, book (press);
- by distributing questionnaires to a group of respondents.
Depending on the purpose, the survey can be conducted at the respondents’ place of residence and place of work.
For example, to assess the effectiveness of municipal authorities in organizing the service sector, it is advisable to conduct a survey at the place of residence.
Questionnaire is a structurally organized set of questions, each of which reflects the programmatic and procedural objectives of the study.
Each questionnaire has an introductory part containing an address to the respondent explaining the purpose and need for the questionnaire, brief description expected results and their usefulness. The degree of anonymity of the survey is indicated.
The questionnaire should express gratitude to the respondent for answering the questions posed.
Requirements for the application form:
- it is necessary to provide instructions on how to fill out the form;
- on title page the questionnaire must have a title reflecting the topic or problem of the survey, the name of the organization conducting the survey, the place and year of publication;
- Questions and answer options should be highlighted with font, color, frames, and arrows. The text of the questionnaire should be easy to read.
Included in the questionnaire questions are classified By various reasons. Depending on the attitude to the purpose of the study, a distinction is made between program-thematic (substantive, effective) and procedural (functional) surveys.
According to the subject content, questions are divided into: about facts; knowledge; opinions, attitudes, motives of behavior.
According to the degree of standardization, questions are divided into closed, semi-closed and open.
Closed questions can be: dichotomous (“yes-no”); alternative and “menu questions”.
IN open questions there is no set of possible answers, which makes processing the received material somewhat difficult. However, with open-ended questions, the respondent’s opinion on the issue at hand is taken into account to a greater extent.
Interview
Interview is a specific type of survey. More often it is used in pilot testing to organize samples at objects of a complex structure (enterprise, organization).
The interviewer fills out the questionnaire in direct contact with the respondent based on the latter’s answers.
Personal interview It can be individual or group. This method is expensive, but it can optimize the interview by establishing positive relationships. Therefore, interviewers must undergo psychological (communication) training.
Telephone survey implies a brevity of conversation that does not allow personal and sensitive questions. Thus, such a survey allows you to obtain information within a limited thematic framework.
Survey via email is cheap, but requires clear definition of issues. In addition, recipients may not answer the questions posed.
Socio-statistical diagnostics allows you to get an opinion on various socio-economic transformations, the work of state and municipal authorities, the influence of television on young people and other groups of the population.
One of the most common and popular methods of collecting primary sociological information is survey. Sociologists explain the widespread use of the survey method by its unique universality. Thus, during a survey, you can obtain information about objective facts, events, motives for people’s activities, their value orientations and actions in the past and present, and their future intentions. In some cases, this information turns out to be cheaper than that obtained by other methods, and computer technology can be used to process it.
Survey is a method of collecting social information about studied object during direct ( interview) or indirect ( survey) communication sociologist(interviewer) and interviewee (respondent) by recording the respondent's answers to the ensuing from the target and research objectives questions asked sociologist.
Question- this is a written or oral appeal from a researcher to a respondent in order to identify his opinion, which acts as data from a sociological study.
Questionnaire(questionnaire, questionnaire) is a systematically organized set of questions that are determined by the purpose and objectives of the study.
Respondent(respondent, interviewee) is a person participating in a survey as a source of social information (the one who answers the questionnaire and the one who is interviewed).
Interviewer(questionnaire) - a person who communicates with respondents using a questionnaire to collect information.
The main purpose of the survey is to obtain social information about the state of opinion (mass, group, individual) about the assessments, preferences, interests of respondents, as well as information reflected in their minds about events, facts, assessments related to their livelihoods and social life.
Survey is the leading method in studying the consciousness (attitudes, orientations, motives, interests, expectations) of people. Its significance is important in the study of social phenomena and processes that are inaccessible to direct observation, as well as in cases where the problem or phenomenon under study is poorly studied, there is no or extremely limited documentary information about them. It is most effective to use a survey in combination with other methods.
Basic regulatory requirements to conducting a survey - clear formulation of research objectives, adequacy of the question (and questionnaire) to the objectives of the study, accessibility of the wording of questions to respondents, compliance during the survey with the socio-psychological foundations of communication, ethical standards, taking into account the characteristics and competence of respondents and interviewers, awakening the interest of respondents during the survey , accuracy of recording respondents’ answers, standardization of survey conditions.
It should be noted that with insincere answers, the data obtained represent the opinions of respondents in a distorted form, and therefore the results of surveys, if possible, need to be compared with information obtained using other methods (observation, document analysis), which, unlike the subjective statements of respondents, characterize the objective state the phenomena being studied. It is necessary to take into account biases (distortions) associated with the peculiarities of reflection of certain events and phenomena in the minds of respondents.
Survey program usually includes all the basic structural elements of a sociological research program.
The object of the survey is a social community, group, team, individual. When holding a referendum, the object of the survey is the population (citizens) of the country.
The subject of the survey is subjective evaluative information, which is expressed in the opinion of respondents and characterizes their behavior, motives, value orientations, events and facts of their personal and public life.
In applied sociology, there are different types of surveys: questionnaires, interviews, expert and sociometric surveys. The main, most common survey methods are survey And interviewing. According to the degree of coverage of the general population, they distinguish solid And selective surveys.
During a continuous survey
the entire set of observation units is surveyed (the number of respondents is equal to the number of members of the population being studied).
In a sample survey, the number of respondents is a certain proportion of the number of members of the population being studied. In most cases, specific sociological studies use sampling methods.
In addition, surveys can be systematized on the following grounds:
> according to the procedure, a survey is distinguished individual, addressed to one person, or group, addressed to a group of people;
> the form of the survey can be verbal, when the respondent's statements are recorded by the researcher, and written, when answers to questions are written down by respondents themselves. Oral questioning is typical for interviews, written questioning is typical for questionnaires;
> according to the nature of the interaction between the interviewer and the respondent, they distinguish face-to-face surveys where there is direct contact between the researcher and the respondent, and correspondence, when there is no direct contact between them;
> according to the degree of standardization of procedures, they distinguish standardized surveys (conducted according to a pre-prepared plan) and non-standardized(free interview; only the topic and general direction conversations).
When conducting a survey, you should keep in mind its cognitive boundaries and capabilities. The reliability of information depends on many reasons, including the scope of phenomena and events that the researcher is asking about. Polish sociologist 3. Gostkowski divides the entire set of phenomena studied by the survey method into five groups depending on the degree of reliability of the information received:
- 1. The level of awareness of respondents on various issues examined in the survey. Tests or exam-type questions are used here. It is generally accepted that this kind of data is very reliable, provided that identifying awareness does not threaten respondents with troubles, does not violate their socio-psychological comfort (does not affect their professional reputation, personal prestige, self-esteem).
- 2. Information about place and date of birth, number of children, place of work, use of various modes of transport, end time educational institutions etc. When answering the relevant questions, random errors are possible that do not violate the reliability of the data on the sample population as a whole. The systematic errors encountered depend on the respondents’ memory capabilities, understanding of the meaning of the questions, and on the influence of considerations of prestige.
- 3. Assessments and preferences of respondents regarding various types behavior, consumer goods. These kinds of preferences are studied in surveys devoted to demand conditions and preferences in the field of leisure. The purpose of this kind of survey is a consumer and market forecast of people's behavior.
- 4. Life values, ideological beliefs, public policy priorities. Data obtained from relevant surveys are subject to the influence of many factors: the pressure of stereotypes, abstract terminology when formulating questions, low awareness of respondents about the essence of the problem, etc.
- 5. Phenomena for which obtaining reliable information is particularly problematic(illegal income, tax evasion, alcoholism, drug addiction, prostitution, industrial theft, bribery, corruption, etc.). Society condemns these phenomena and recognizes the need to combat them, therefore the information obtained during the survey requires monitoring and comparison with other data. In some cases, the use of mass surveys on these topics is impractical due to the impossibility of obtaining reliable information.