Despite the diversity modern materials, wood remains popular among our compatriots. But there is one negative nuance: the wooden covering can be destroyed due to fire. For this reason, it is necessary to treat wooden structures with a fire retardant compound (also called a fire retardant).
Classification of fire retardants
The principle of operation of fire retardant materials is based on physical and chemical processes that occur with the components that make up fire retardants. The main components of fire-fighting compounds are:
- low-melting substances (salt solutions of boric, phosphoric or silicic acids);
- substances that emit gas (ammonia or sulphur dioxide).
When fusible substances are heated, a film appears, due to which oxygen cannot reach the surface of the wooden covering. As a result of this process, the ignition temperature of wood increases. This improves the fire resistance of the material.
Due to the use of gas-emitting substances, the combustion process itself is suppressed. The non-flammable gas protects the wood from fire by removing oxygen from the surface.
Fire retardants are divided into:
Fire retardant coatings have a significant drawback. They hide the grain of the wood. Which leads to deterioration in the appearance of the wood. For this reason, coatings are best used for treating hard-to-reach structural elements.
It is more advisable to use fireproof impregnations, which are:
- organosoluble;
- water-soluble.
Solvent-soluble products involve the use of solvents that are quite flammable. This is unacceptable for wood. The best option is to use impregnations on water based, which are:
- easy to wash;
- difficult to wash out;
- unwashable.
Structures that are exposed to a humid environment to a minimal extent must be treated with impregnations. Therefore, easily washable compounds are most often used.
Material selection
Any fire extinguishing agent must have an appropriate certificate and a conclusion from the sanitary and epidemiological service. If permitting documentation is missing, then the fire retardant composition does not meet generally accepted standards and requirements.
The most well-known fire retardants for wood are:
- "Fire retardant PP";
- "BANN-1";
- "Old Elm"
The compositions are available in powder form and dissolve in water. When working with them, you should follow basic safety rules.
Wood treatment with impregnation
Depending on the degree of processing, impregnating materials are of two types:
- with superficial penetration;
- with deep penetration.
The surface fire retardant composition is low cost. The main component of the impregnation is substances that prevent the wood from burning. Due to the shallow penetration of impregnation, the protective characteristics of wood are not very high. The fire retardant can be applied using a regular brush or roller.
Treatment of a wooden surface with deep colorless impregnation is carried out using an autoclave or a special container in which the timber is soaked. After drying, the wood is used for its intended purpose.
Another option for applying deep fireproof impregnation is vacuum technology under pressure up to 8 atm. and preheating to +60ºС.
Regardless of the method of applying impregnation, the maximum effectiveness of its application is achieved only if all instructions prescribed by the product manufacturer are followed.
When applying impregnation you should also consider:
- season;
- probability of influence of precipitation.
If the fire retardant is treated open areas or an unheated roof, then winter impregnation is purchased.
Application of fire-resistant paints and varnishes
The principle of operation of these fire retardant compounds is to create a layer that prevents heating and ignition of the wood.
Fire retardant paints are divided into:
- intumescent;
- non-intumescent.
Intumescent compositions are characterized by the fact that when the temperature rises, the coating cracks and releases inert gas and water. This leads to expansion of the protective layer (10-30 times).
Non-intumescent paint consists of fire retardant fillers and liquid glass. Depending on the variety and manufacturer, the fire retardant can resist direct fire for 90-120 minutes.
Besides protective function, the paint prevents the wood covering from rotting. Fire retardant for wood is applied using a spray gun or roller. The minimum frequency of surface treatment is 10 years.
When creating a fireproof coating, you can also use fire-resistant varnish. Moreover, it is applied not only to bearing structures, but also on wooden floors, furniture, laminate and polyvinyl chloride coatings.
There are the following features of the use of the material:
- varnish can be applied to a painted surface (with the exception of water-dispersed compositions);
- the process is carried out at temperatures above +5ºС;
- several layers of varnish are applied at intervals of at least 12 hours;
- The frequency of varnishing wood is 6-7 years.
The only nuance that should be taken into account when purchasing paint and varnish products is their intended purpose. For exterior work, only façade materials that are characterized by increased wear resistance and fire protection are suitable.
Alternative options
In addition to impregnations and paints and varnishes, the fireproof properties of wood can be improved by using:
- materials used to create fire-resistant lathing;
- other constructive solutions.
Among the fire-retardant materials, gypsum fiber sheets should be noted. Due to the non-flammability of the material, the influence of heat on the supporting structure is limited. But there is a condition - all profile elements must be treated with a special solution. It is most advisable to use gypsum fiber only in cases where it is impossible to apply a fire retardant composition.
Application of rolled fire-fighting material (foil insulation) - best solution for fire protection of wood located in hard-to-reach places (attics, attics, other rarely visited rooms).
A constructive solution is the creation of a fire-resistant belt (or better yet, several), which will become an obstacle to the spread of fire. Places with the greatest likelihood of a fire are identified. After which fire-resistant belts are created near them. In some cases it is better to use plaster mixture with vermiculite or additionally build a reinforced brick frame.
Conclusion
You can check the quality of wood processing by:
- visual inspection of the structure;
- selective examination of the integrity and thickness of the layer of several sections.
Tests using fire are carried out using PNP-1 sensors. Based on the results of the research, acts are drawn up that authorize the operation of the facility.
You can check the quality of the fire retardant layer yourself. For this:
- a sample up to 1 mm thick is cut from the treated area with a knife;
- using a lighter, the sample is ignited on the side where the fire retardant is applied;
- the workpiece should not support combustion or smolder;
- after 20-30 seconds, the surface of the sample will blacken and char (without the appearance of a flame).
For comparison, you can take a piece of wood that has not been treated with a fire retardant. When you turn on the lighter, after 4-5 seconds the workpiece will begin to burn.
Naturally, the combustion process directly depends on the type of wood. For example, oak chips are difficult to set on fire even without impregnation. For this reason, all tests are carried out on the basis of pine wood, which is highly flammable.
Video about treating a wooden structure with a fire retardant compound:
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Fireproof wood impregnation
Wood is one of the most common building materials, used both for the construction of entire buildings and for interior decoration.
Fire protection for wood: what and how to choose?
However, wooden structures, which are highly valued in the construction world for their performance properties, at the same time have a high tendency to destruction, including as a result of exposure to fire.
Therefore, close attention is always paid to the protection of this material, in particular the fire-prevention impregnation of wood - and the best protector against fire is a fire retardant.
Fire retardant is a special fire retardant compound produced by a chemical method that protects wood and materials made from it from fire.
Fire retardant with Greek language, where this word came into our lexicon, literally translates as “against the fire.” In the case of treating wood with fire retardants, the substances penetrate the material, impregnate it and subsequently protect it from fire, and also significantly reduce the speed of flame spread if a fire unfortunately starts.
In order for the fire retardant to begin to melt, a high melting point is not needed.
As a result of exposure to fire, the components contained in fire retardants are converted into solid products and gaseous substances. By evaporating, gaseous substances help cool the wood surface.
And the solid components, charred, turn into a continuous film, blocking the supply of oxygen, which is so necessary to maintain combustion.
Classification of fire retardants
Low-melting chemical substances, found in fire retardants, as a rule, are derivatives of acids: boric, phosphoric and silicon. Boron-based flame retardants are used in combination with components such as borax (sodium tetraborate) or PCP (sodium pentachlorophenolate). And after treating the wood with urea phosphate together with orthophosphoric acid, the wood will be resistant to open flame.
In general, there is a classification of lumber protective agents, according to which they can be divided into two main groups:
Impregnations are most often water-soluble salts that guarantee complete protection of wood. Also, impregnations can be made on the basis of solvents, which, oddly enough, are flammable. But such solvents have a detrimental effect on human health, so if they are used, it is only in industrial conditions.
Coatings are fire retardant compounds such as varnish, paint, enamel, primer, etc. Such compositions do not provide complete protection because they do not penetrate the material really deeply.
Of course, to protect wood from fire, compounds of the first group, that is, impregnations, are most often used.
In turn, this type of fire retardants can be divided into several categories: Easily washed out or unstable;
Leachable or limitedly stable;
Hard to wash out or resistant;
Non-washable or weather resistant.
For processing wood that is not exposed to precipitation, treatment with impregnation of the first or second type is sufficient.
For external treatment of wooden structures, structures and buildings exposed to prolonged exposure to moisture, it is necessary to use a stable impregnation.
Fire treatment of wood with fire retardants
Fire protection treatment of a wooden structure can be deep or moderate.
Work can be carried out either by spraying or applying using special tools. It is important to remember that wood processing can only be done outdoors in the warm season, since sub-zero temperature moisture frozen inside the wood will prevent the impregnation from penetrating deep into the material.
Of course, before you start spraying or applying impregnation with a brush or roller, you need to prepare the surface by completely clearing it of dirt and dust.
Also, if the wood was previously treated with any composition such as enamels, paints or the same impregnation, it must be cleaned. For treating wood with impregnation the following can be used:
Brush;
Roller;
Spray.
After treatment with a fire retardant, the wood acquires a light yellow tint, which favorably emphasizes the texture of the material.
15 days after applying the impregnation, the wood can be coated with a paint and varnish material that does not contain chalk, lime, calcite and cement.
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Fire protection - technical measures aimed at increasing fire resistance and (or) reducing fire danger buildings, structures, building structures.
There are three ways to protect wood from fire:
Structural fire protection (structural fire protection of wood, which is carried out at the design stage, by increasing sections in constituent elements, equipping the future building with additional ventilation units)
Cladding of building structures with heat-protective screens (CBF, mats, enamel, intumescent paint and varnish)
Chemical methods (which is carried out during direct construction, through the processing of wood products special compounds.
Passive wood protection products are divided into antiseptics and fire retardants; some manufacturers produce combined products with double protection elements. Fire protection for wood and structures made from it is made with fire retardants that are safe for human health and easy to use.
Chemical compositions used to protect wood from fire are subject to mandatory certification. If the product is imported, then it is additionally tested at the VNIIPO EMERCOM of Russia.).
Fire protection tasks
Fire Prevention
Stopping the development of the initial stage of a fire
Creating “passive localization” of a fire
Classification of fire retardant compounds (chemical methods of protection)
Fire retardant compounds for wood are divided into groups depending on the effectiveness of fire protection:
Group I - processing of wood with a composition of Group I - production of fire-resistant wood (weight loss of the prototype during combustion under conditions determined by the method is no more than 9%);
Group II - processing of wood with a composition of Group II - obtaining low-flammability wood (weight loss from 9% to 25%);
Group III - compositions that, according to the results of fire tests, are not classified as fire retardant.
Certification of fire retardant compounds is mandatory.
In particular, it is carried out at the Federal State Institution VNIIPO EMERCOM of the Russian Federation.
Scope of application of fire retardant compounds
Processing the truss system of buildings
Treatment of floorboards, walls, etc.
wooden surfaces indoors and outdoors
Processing of lumber during long-term storage in the open air, as well as during long-term transportation
Restrictions on the use of fire-retardant compounds
The compositions cannot be applied to damp wood (humidity up to 20%, for more information about wood moisture see below).
properties of wood). Do not apply fire retardant compounds to surfaces previously painted. Do not apply wood compounds to plastic, metal, concrete, plaster, electrical cable, putty, brick.
Mechanism of action of fire retardants
The action of fire retardants is based on the fact that if there is a certain concentration of such compounds in wood, they prevent combustion without a flame source.
When wood is exposed to fire, various physical and chemical processes occur, on the properties of which the fire retardant effect of fire retardants is based. This can be the melting of fusible substances, such as salts of phosphoric, boric, and silicic acids.
When heated, wood containing such a fire retardant forms a melted film, which limits the access of oxygen to the surface.
Fire protection of wooden structures
As a result, part of the heat is spent on melting the fire retardant. This, in turn, leads to an increase in the ignition temperature of wood, and, therefore, to its protection.
To protect wood from fire, they also use the properties of certain substances that decompose when heated and release gases that do not support combustion (ammonia, sulfur dioxide). Non-flammable substances displace oxygen from the surface of the wood and thereby prevent combustion.
Classification of fire retardant compounds for wooden structures.
All fire-retardant compounds for wood are divided into fire-retardant coatings and impregnating fire-retardant impregnations for wood.
The first include varnishes, paints, pastes and coatings containing fire retardants. Fire retardant paints for wood, like any surface treatment, often spoil the texture and appearance wood Therefore, they are used to process non-visible parts of the structure. For decorative and visible parts of structures, it is preferable to use fire-retardant wood impregnation, which preserves the natural beauty and texture of solid wood.
With this technology, solid wood is literally impregnated with fire retardants. At the same time, they penetrate deeply and evenly into the thickness of the wood, creating the most durable and effective fire protection for wooden structures.
Impregnating mixtures for fire protection of wood are divided into water-soluble and organic-soluble. The latest technology applications require the use of caustic and dangerous solvents. Therefore, safer water-soluble fire retardant impregnations for wood are often used.
Based on resistance to leaching of fire retardants from wood, all water-soluble wood fire protection products are divided into:
- for easily washable products;
— washable wood fire protection products;
- difficult-to-wash products;
- non-washable fire protection means for wooden structures.
Often, impregnations for fire-retardant wood treatment are used to treat wooden structures operated in conditions that exclude direct and prolonged exposure to moisture.
Therefore, among water-based wood fire protection products, easily washable and washable compositions are the most widely represented.
On the domestic market of fire retardant impregnations for wood, mixtures of complex action are most represented. They combine fire retardant and antiseptic functions, since some fire retardants are also fungicides.
Read also:
Fire retardant treatment of roof elements
Fire protection of wooden roof structures is a mandatory set of fire safety measures during the construction and operation of a building. The procedure involves treating elements with special compounds: penetrating deeply into the structure of the fibers or forming a fire-resistant coating on the surface.
The lineups enter chemical reaction with wood cellulose, as a result making it difficult to ignite; also, when heated, the treated structures begin to release substances that interfere with the combustion process.
According to SN SP 64.13330.2011, to protect wooden roof elements, materials are required that provide group 1 or 2 fire retardant efficiency; the choice of a specific type depends on the operating conditions.
Fire protection of wood: main methods and their effectiveness
What structures need protection?
Everyone needs special treatment wooden elements, promoting the spread of flame. These include:
- Trusses, arches, rafters and other load-bearing elements of the roof. Fire protection of these elements is mandatory even if fire safety requirements are low, such as for low-rise private houses.
- Roofing sheathing laid under flammable and low-flammable materials: roofing felt, tiles. At critical facilities, the lathing is protected even if placed under metal.
- Wooden floor slabs facing the roof, areas near chimneys.
- Decorative elements, wall panels, wooden floors in the attic or attic (if available).
Metal fasteners connecting wooden structures also need to be treated with special compounds. Without this procedure, they will begin to deform when exceeding 500°C after just 15 minutes (with the required minimum of 45).
Types of fire retardants
Conventionally, all fire protection products are divided into impregnations and coatings. In the first case, the wood is treated with water- or solvent-soluble compounds (the second type is rarely used in private practice) by airless application, under pressure, or by lowering it into a cold bath.
Impregnations preserve texture, have economical consumption, protect wood from biological influences and strengthen it. The disadvantages of fire retardants include the appearance of efflorescence and the inability to treat surfaces with already applied paints and varnishes with them.
Fire-retardant coatings include varnishes, paints, pastes and coatings; the latter type is used exclusively in areas protected from precipitation.
Lucky optimal for processing wooden structures on common escape routes, wall panels, floors, ceiling elements.
They form a decorative, long-term coating, but are expensive and require certain skills when applied.
Fire retardant paints and enamels- the simplest and effective option, they are affordable, suitable for external use, apply quickly, and resist open fire. Minus heat-resistant paints it is considered limited in the choice of colors (almost all compositions are white).
Criterias of choice
The main guideline is the ability of the material to provide group 1 or 2 fire-retardant efficiency, while the required protection class for wooden roof elements cannot be less than for the building itself.
All statements by the manufacturer must be confirmed by a certificate, and the presence of a sanitary and epidemiological report on the safety of the product is also checked.
The next factor is cost-effectiveness: the protective composition ideally has low consumption and does not need to be renewed for as long as possible. Compliance with operating conditions is checked, and products with maximum weather resistance are purchased for external use.
For open structures, decorativeness and compatibility of the product with finishing paints and varnishes are important (the protection class should not be reduced in any case).
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How to apply the composition
The main requirement is compliance with the manufacturer's instructions: composition consumption is no less than recommended (a change leads to a decrease in the protection class), foreign impurities are excluded.
If you have no experience, it is better to use a ready-made composition that does not require dilution and is easy to apply. In private practice, preference is given to compositions applied by brush, roller or spray.
The processing technology depends on the type of protective agent chosen.
Fire retardant impregnations are applied exclusively at positive temperatures (from +5 °C) and relative humidity not higher than 70%, work is carried out indoors (to avoid precipitation).
Salt compositions are not suitable for dry structures and are harmful to metal (promote the formation of corrosion). Ideally, treatment with fire retardants is carried out in a factory setting, in autoclaves or by immersion in a container filled with fire retardants.
In practice, they are often applied simply with a roller, but in this case the manufacturer does not guarantee the quality of impregnation.
Non-salt solutions less sensitive to temperature conditions at the time of coating (permissible range: from -15 to 40 °C), but due to high toxicity they are not recommended for use indoors, in particular for spraying.
Fire-retardant paints and varnishes are applied at positive temperatures with a roller, brush or spray gun; the thickness and number of layers recommended by the manufacturer are maintained.
An important role is played by the preparation of the surface, especially one that has been in use.
Old coatings, dirt, grease and dust are removed, emphasis is placed on increasing adhesion to wood and minimizing material consumption.
Any subsequent layer is applied after the previous one has completely dried; reducing the drying time leads to peeling or cracking of the entire coating (as well as exceeding the recommended thickness).
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Why do you need and how do you do fire and bioprotection of wood yourself?
In the design of any building, regardless of what materials it was built from, there will definitely be elements made of wood. Most often, it is from this that the rafter system is constructed.
various types of load-bearing frames (lathing), door and window openings. What about floors, partitions, stairs? You never know what else.
Rise in popularity frame construction aroused understandable interest among individual developers in the issue of fire and biological protection. From time immemorial the tree has been considered universal building material because it has many advantages.
But there is also significant disadvantages, which need to be taken into account. The peculiarity of the application is that any “wooden” workpiece must undergo special processing. Why?
What do you need protection from?
From rot
Wood, regardless of its species, is capable of absorbing moisture.
With varying intensity, but getting wet leads to the appearance of mold (fungus) and the development of various bacteria.
From insects
Various wood-boring bugs can turn a tree into dust in a short period of time and furrow any part of the structure with tunnels.
Moreover, they “work” regardless of the time of year, and there is no escape from them except to saturate the material.
From contact with the atmosphere
Changes in humidity and temperature levels lead to cracks appearing in the wood. And the stronger this influence, the more often you will have to do repairs. And ultraviolet light not only speeds up this process, but also leads to darkening of surfaces, which does not have the best effect on the appearance.
From the fire
Everyone knows that wood belongs to the class of combustible materials.
Therefore, there is no point in explaining why protection from thermal influences is necessary.
When the question of the most effective means of fire-bioprotection is raised, one can often hear recommendations with reference to the “wonderful” imported means. And here, it seems to us, some clarification is required. In pursuit of bright labels and catchy names, we sometimes forget that during the Soviet era, our “chemistry school” was considered one of the best in the world.
It cannot be assumed that its traditions do not continue.
But the fact remains a fact, and serious experts will not deny this.
The packaging may not be right, but the result is wonderful. Moreover, it is advised to focus on the drug’s compliance with State Standard No. 28815 of 1996.
How to understand what kind of composition it is?
It is necessary to carefully study the code, consisting of letters and numbers. This is what you need to pay attention to first of all.
How to "decipher"
This is the designation for substances containing boric acid.
Moreover, it also imparts fire retardant properties.
It also protects against fire, since when exposed to heat as a result chemical reaction the wood is covered with a kind of film.
Typically this is copper sulfate. It is both good protection against fire and against fungus (mold). It has long been considered folk remedy combating mold and rot.
This is what soda (soda ash) means.
Its close “relative”, potash, enjoys “authority” among firefighters. It is considered one of the best ways to protect against fire (impregnation with a 40% solution).
Caution should be exercised with such formulations. Sodium fluoride is poison. Harmful to mold and bugs.
The substance is poisonous. It is a poison for woodworms.
The peculiarity of such compositions is that with a strong increase in temperature they release gas, which prevents the spread of flame and reduces it to nothing.
Please note that many commercially available products are only effective as long as the wood is dry.
The fact is that with increasing humidity, some components are simply “washed out”, therefore, the protection of the material decreases. Therefore, it is advisable to use paints and varnishes.
Alkyd
They are distinguished by good efficiency, but there is also a significant drawback.
They are distinguished by their surface action, as they do not penetrate deep into the structure of the material.
Enamels, nitrovarnishes, epoxy compounds
Same properties as alkyd substances. However, they do not provide an antiseptic effect, so they are more considered fire protection agents.
Acrylic paints (enamels)
As a rule, they are diluted with water. After the paint dries, a protective film forms. According to experts, imported products are much more expensive than Russian ones, while the quality is often inferior to domestic products.
- Any preparation for protection against biological pests contains toxic components to one degree or another.
Therefore, it is necessary not only to take special care and precautions when using them, but also to ensure proper storage safety. Access to them by children and pets must be completely prohibited.
- The effectiveness of any composition is largely determined by the conditions of its use. What kind of wood was processed (dry or wet), in what weather, and so on.
Therefore, one-time impregnation, as a rule, does not give results.
Fire retardant treatment of wooden structures
Moreover, most products are designed for processing well-dried workpieces. Keep this in mind, otherwise such work simply loses its meaning.
For other conditions (if allowed by the Manufacturer), the number of “repetitions” should be increased.
- If a composition based on sodium fluoride is used, it is worth remembering that it loses its properties upon direct contact with cement, alabaster, chalk, and lime.
- When processing wooden “parts” that will not be visible after installation, and, therefore, their appearance does not matter, you can use this method - impregnate them with a mixture of used oil (machine oil) and solarium.
But the peculiarity is that the workpiece needs to be kept in the “solution” for several days, but then you don’t have to paint it.
There cannot be a clear answer to the question of which fire-bioprotection agent is best. The quality of processing depends on the type of wood. “process” technology, external conditions. And also on the accuracy and experience of the person doing the work.
But the best protection is achieved when integrated approach– impregnation + external coating (paints, varnishes, mastics).
In addition, the quality of further “cladding” is also important if the wooden product is, for example, part of an internal structure. For example, if we're talking about about the rafter system, then hydro- and vapor barriers play an important role. If the workpiece is dug into the ground, then no amount of impregnation will help. The outside also needs to be treated.
For example, pour hot bitumen on it.
Conclusion
What composition to use is up to everyone to decide for themselves. You just have to remember that:
- firstly, you cannot limit yourself to only one remedy;
- secondly, the selected compositions must complement each other, that is, have several different characteristics. This is how better protection will be ensured;
- thirdly, work should be carried out only when suitable conditions(temperature, humidity).
Based on materials from the site: http://better-house.ru
Home→ Calculations → Calculation of attic area
Determination of the processing area for wooden attic structures
Carrying out of this calculation, is necessary to determine the area of the attic that needs to be treated with a fire-retardant or fire-bioprotective composition.
It is also necessary to take into account that losses of aqueous solutions of antiseptics and fire-bioprotective compounds are observed when they are applied by spraying. But these losses are more than compensated for by the quality, as well as the time spent on fire retardant treatment.
A certain amount of loss of fire retardant solution during spraying is explained by the difficulty of ensuring its constant consumption.
It also largely depends on the cleanliness of the surface treatment and on the position of the treated surface in space.
Fire retardant impregnation of wooden products and structures
Thus, the loss of mortar on a planed surface is 1.5-2 times greater than on an unplaned surface. On horizontal surfaces the losses are the smallest, and on vertical surfaces the greatest. In terms of losses, inclined surfaces occupy an intermediate position.
GOST 20022.9, when calculating retention during fire retardant treatment of wood in structures, regulates the amount of loss of protective agent of no more than 50%, regardless of the application method (brush or spray).
This, of course, is an average value, so in each specific case it is necessary to take into account all factors that influence the amount of production losses.
When determining the frequency of fire retardant treatments, we, as a rule, follow the instructions given by the manufacturer of fire retardant compounds for this type of product.
Although our country has not been called wooden Russia for a long time, it is enough to leave the city limits and it immediately becomes clear that this is not entirely true.
The vast majority of designs country houses, buildings on the territories of gardening partnerships, country villages, and further across Russia the development of regional centers, villages, hamlets, farmsteads, agricultural enterprises, farms; tourist, sports, hunting, fishing bases, shelters - all this is wood in the form of logs, regular and laminated timber, boards of various widths/thicknesses, timber, lathing, platbands; everything that man has learned to make over the centuries from round coniferous/deciduous forest.
Is it worth mentioning how well wood burns? Unfortunately, not only in a campfire or in a stove or fireplace. It only takes someone’s inattention, negligence, or even just stupidity, and under the gusts of strong winds in the warm, dry period of the year, entire villages, enterprises located near the forest, and not only burn out across the country.
Humanity is unlikely to be able to give up organic material that is pleasant to look at, warm to the touch, and easy to process in the foreseeable future. The problem of the flammability of wood of any type has been faced for a very long time, and over the centuries many ways have been invented to protect it from fire.
It is worth summarizing this experience once again in order to understand how, with what, how quickly and how often this is done, so as not to be afraid of the ignition of the wall of a country house from the grass that caught fire nearby, or the roof of a residential apartment building from pranks with fire by teenagers who entered the attic.
Methods
The algorithm for constructing the list is simple - from the oldest, but proven, to the modern, sometimes innovative.
Wet plaster:
- It is used to cover wooden structures with a thick layer. After drying, pillars, columns, rafters and other load-bearing structures, including walls/partitions, ceilings are in a dense non-flammable shell of inorganic substances, which prevents not only ignition from a direct flame source, for example, from a torch/torch, but also long-term exposure high temperature from a burning hearth, stove.
- A reliable, proven method, but too archaic, labor-intensive, and the aesthetic appearance of dried, exfoliated “scabs” of plaster does not add to its admirers/supporters for use as decorative finishing interior However, in old buildings built in Russian Empire and at dawn Soviet power, it can still be found, most often in attic spaces, dry basements used/used as warehouses. There she's covered truss structures, partitions, ceilings, racks for storing goods.
- In the USSR, for quite a long time, interior partitions during mass construction, made of boards and covered with wooden shingles, were treated in this way. As they say, cheap and cheerful - but safe. A kind of hardened plasterboard from the past, which is impossible to break through, unlike today’s “paper”.
Fire retardant coatings, pastes, coatings, mastics:
- By and large, these are more modern interpretations/variations of wet plaster. Just instead of traditional finishing material– lime, use non-flammable binders, as well as water, with various fillers – clay, vermiculite, various mineral salts/fertilizers, for example, silicates, superphosphate.
- Both the method of applying these materials, dense in consistency, to the surface of wood structures - with a trowel/trowel, a rough brush, and the “wonderful” appearance of the finished fire retardant coating, which is unlikely to please people with artistic taste, are similar to the use of wet plaster. As a rule, the scope of application of this method of fire protection is production and warehouse buildings of industrial and agricultural enterprises, from barns to workshops, where there is an abundance of wooden structures, such as rafters and roof sheathing.
- In the Soviet Union, many manufacturing methods and formulations of such viscous fire retardant compositions were developed. For example, intumescent coatings VPD, VPM-2, superphosphate, clay-salt coating with lime, OPK, OPV-1 based on vermiculite. For information, their use is justified and legal today.
So, at the time of writing the article, the Soviet version is in effect on the VPD.
Facing:
- This one is very effective. Performed natural stone, decorative bricks, ceramic tiles, fire-resistant sheet materials produced today. For example, GVL, GKL, having the appropriate PB certificate.
- The advantages include a significant increase in the fire resistance limit of the overall “pie” of wood + a layer of structural fire protection; excellent appearance, quite suitable for finishing premises of almost any design.
- The disadvantages are the large total weight, the inability to protect geometrically complex elements of load-bearing structures of buildings in this way, for example, rafter system; reduction in the volume of premises.
Varnishes, paints, enamels:
- One of the fairly new methods that appeared with the invention/creation of modern materials capable of creating effective protection against fire, high temperature, surface spread of smoldering/ignition with a thin layer of film/coating; while maintaining the appearance/structure of the wood base, or having quite acceptable decorative properties for use in the decoration of public places, up to historical architectural monuments - palace complexes, museums.
- In addition, they can have antiseptic properties and protect against moisture harmful to wood.
- But there were some downsides here too. The distribution of such materials is limited by the relatively high cost.
Impregnation, application of fire retardant compounds:
- The most common method today, used in mass construction, the production of various materials/products from different types of wood - from laminated veneer lumber for the construction of residential buildings, outbuildings; sheet materials such as chipboard, MDF, children's furniture, interior decoration elements.
- Impregnating fire retardant composition for wood is an aqueous solution of salts, called fire retardants for their properties, with various modifying additives that improve adhesion and penetration into layers natural material; dyes to control the treated/untouched surface during work.
- There are two types of this method - surface and deep impregnation. The first is the most common, used in construction by applying a fire retardant solution with brushes, rollers, or spraying under pressure onto already installed/assembled or prepared wooden building elements.
- The second is more complex, requiring impregnation baths, autoclaves with a large working volume for loading prepared wood, long-term processing under the influence of cyclic temperature regime(heating-cooling), pressure; which leads to a significant increase in the cost of this method compared to surface application.
True, the fire retardant properties of this finished material they turn out much better. But more on that a little later.
Facilities
First of all, these are proven over decades of use in the USSR/RF, but are still successfully used, including simply under other names:
- The fire retardant composition for surface impregnation is “MS”, for deep impregnation – “MS 1:1”.
- For surface – “PP”, as well as “VIM-1”, “BANN 1”.
- The general composition of all is approximately the same - various salts, mostly “dual-use”, since their “main job” is mineral fertilizers + various industrial surfactants used for better adhesion/penetration into wood, as well as dyes.
A little later, during perestroika and after it, a huge number of new trains appeared. Scientific development, not only industrial companies that traditionally produced paint and varnish products, but also companies that set the goal of becoming leaders in the new market of fire retardant materials began to engage in the implementation with lively advertising.
Thus, names appeared that were familiar to almost everyone who was involved in fire protection work. At least in your home/dacha for treatment, for example, a bathhouse, which was fashionable at one time; and many protective equipment for this purpose, they were successfully combined, at least at the advertising level finished products not only fighting fire, but also mold, rot, aging/darkening, and insect pests of wood; improved, tinted, painted in colors that are pleasing to the tired eyes of the buyer/owner. Here are some of them:
- "KSD";
- "Attik";
- "Pirilax";
- "Old Elm";
- "OZK-45D";
- "Claude-01";
- “Pyrex”, “Ograx” and dozens of other brands of fire retardant compounds, including varnishes, paints, coatings, enamels, it’s impossible to list everything, because as soon as they were not named by manufacturers, they often had a recipe that was not much different from the good old “MS” and "PP".
An interesting detail: developed for a huge country with its distances, compositions under the brand “made in the USSR” were produced in dry form in bags, anticipating the advertising slogan “just add water” by decades, but new ones mainly appeared in the form of aqueous solutions in plastic containers from 1 l. Why this was done - no explanation needed.
At one time, fire-retardant paint and varnish products even poured into the Russian market from abroad from the famous concerns of our sworn friends. But their happiness was short-lived, since the declared “fabulous” quality, in fact, was not much different from domestic goods, and the cost was too high for mass consumption, for example, in construction. Today their market share is completely negligible.
It should be noted that wood antiseptics and fire protection by themselves, as a rule, do not add. With the exception of recipes/mixtures of substances specially developed by chemical scientists, called fire-retardant compositions/coatings, which must be indicated both in the technical data for commercial products and in promotional materials about her.
Groups
Total according to regulatory documents– defining what fire-retardant materials for wood are, materials based on it, test methods; There are 3 groups of fire retardant efficiency (FE), but since the latter includes those products that cannot provide it, which is determined by the weight loss of the processed sample by more than 30%, only the first two are interesting:
- Group I is hard-to-burn wood that loses no more than 9% of its total mass during testing. It is obtained by deep impregnation or repeated surface treatment of the surface with high-quality compositions that have a certificate of compliance with PB for this group OE.
- Group II – low-flammable wood pulp or materials based on it, for example, plywood. Here the mass loss ranges from 9–30%.
It is easy to understand that it is better to use materials/compositions of group I OE, since this, among other things, significantly delays the time for re-processing. But it all depends on the situation, what conditions are included in design and estimate documentation, budget for fire protection work.
A mandatory document that must remain in the hands of the customer (building owner, director of the organization) is wood fire protection certificate , signed by the management of the enterprise that carried out such work on the basis of a license from the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations, and a representative of the State Fire Department.
A sample act for fire protection of wood is available after the article by clicking the button DOWNLOAD .
Increasing the fire resistance of wooden structures means increasing the fire safety of the building. This problem can be solved for low-rise buildings by treating wood with chemicals and paint fire retardants. Let's talk about fireproofing impregnations and painting materials.
Despite the undeniable advantages of wood as a structural material, it has a number of significant disadvantages, including, along with its susceptibility to rotting, its ability to easily ignite and burn quickly. This means that wood structures, even after removing the flame source, are capable of burning for a long time. However, one should not abandon the use of environmentally friendly and relatively inexpensive wood products in construction. Think about how to protect them from dangerous factors. To ensure the fire safety of a building, the fire resistance of its structural elements can be increased by known methods.
Despite the fact that the standards (SP 54.13330.2011, NPB 106-95) establish the mandatory fire-retardant treatment of roof frames made of combustible materials only for buildings with a height of three floors or more, one should not underestimate the importance of increasing the fire resistance of load-bearing and enclosing structures of log houses, houses made of profiled or glued timber, one- and two-story attic coverings.
The use of specially selected targeted compositions will increase the resistance of wooden materials to fire and reduce the rate of flame spread.
Classification of fire retardant compounds (OS)
GOST R 53292-2009 provides a classification of fire retardant compounds, simplified diagrammatically in the figure:
Depending on the ability of the OS to reduce the flammability of wood, they are divided into two groups according to fire retardant effectiveness:
Operating principle. Overview of OS types for wood
1. Varnish OSes are most often used for processing furniture, decorative products made from solid and recycled wood, and finishing elements. Classified by wear resistance, water repellency, resistance to ultraviolet radiation. The advantage of using varnish OS is preserving the structure of the wood, giving it gloss or dullness, and the presence protective film. For floors, railings, steps and other elements subject to abrasion, special types should be used, for example, parquet varnishes.
For interior work"NEGORIN-LAK" can be used; the product CERAM-PROTECT is more universal.
From a similar line of products from other manufacturers, “OZL-SK”, “OZL-1” (KF-FA) LLC “KOVEKS”, “Stabiterm-107”, “Shchit-1” are known.
2. The principle of operation of fire-retardant paints and thermally expanding compounds is the repeated thickening of the coating with increasing temperature, the formation of a foam layer that prevents the rapid heating of the element. The advantage of these types of products is additional protection of wood from moisture. The standard period of preventive action of fire retardant paints is usually from 1 to 5 years. Obtaining fire-resistant or fire-resistant wood using one means is usually achieved through a different number of layers.
Popular operating systems of this type are “Piroplast-HW100”, “Aquest-01”, “Pyrex”, “VUP-2D”, “Phoenix DB”, DEFENDER-M.
3. Structural fire-retardant wood treatment is similar in its effect to the principle of operation of OSs that increase in volume, and consists in providing thermal insulation of the processed element. Such coatings include pastes, coatings, plasters, facing tiles and sheets. Examples are plasters with the addition of perlite or vermiculite, and Ograx-V-SK paste. Application of pastes and coatings should be carried out regularly, at least every two to three years.
4. Chemically protection is the use of impregnating OS, which can penetrate deeply into the volume of wood, for example, when soaked in baths and applied under pressure, or superficially, when treated with a brush.
Such products include “Fire Retardant-Amidophosphate KM” LLC “KOVEKS”, composition “PP”, “VANN-1” “Neohim”, “Pirilax Terma”, “Pirilax SS-20”.
5. A combination of fire protection methods is becoming increasingly popular. Thus, fire-bioprotective coatings make it possible, along with increasing the fire resistance limit of structures, to provide protection against fungal infection, rotting and mold. The market is represented by a wide range of names, for example, “SENEZH Ognebio”, NEOMID 450 and compositions MS, HMHA, “Iceberg-301”, “OK-GF”, “ZOTEX Biopirol”, “Asfor-Bio”, “Attik”, products from the Pirilax line.
The effectiveness of fire protection can be increased through the simultaneous use of impregnations and the application of varnish and paint OS. It is recommended that wooden structures used outdoors be coated with film-forming agents in addition to easily washable impregnating OS.
The results of an experiment using a combination of products with different principles of action can be found in the video:
Some selection and processing rules
The choice of OS for wood is determined by its operating conditions. For closed unheated room characterized by less significant fluctuations in temperature and air humidity than in the open air, and in heated rooms a positive temperature and relative humidity of no more than 70% are ensured.
Assess the duration of the OS warranty and check whether they have certificates. If you plan to use a combination of impregnating and painting agents, check their compatibility; not every fire retardant paint can serve finishing layer on wood pre-impregnated with OS. For wooden elements exposed to sunlight, use OS that is resistant to ultraviolet radiation. In baths and saunas, due to the special temperature and humidity conditions, you should use products specially designed for such conditions.
Carefully calculate the product consumption: check the label for the required number of layers for the desired fire-retardant efficiency group.
Wood processing should be carried out at a humidity of no more than 70% and a temperature not lower than +5...+10 ° C on a dry surface free of dust and dirt. When covering a previously painted surface, all remnants of previous paints and varnishes should be removed from it, cleaned and dusted.
The main processing methods are:
- application by brush, roller or spray gun in several layers;
- soaking in cold baths or after preheating the product.
Don't neglect safety precautions. When working with toxic materials indoors, ensure good ventilation, carry out processing in a respirator, safety glasses and rubber gloves.
Having decided to fireproof wooden structures in your home, be prepared for regular, almost annual updating. Such measures will not only reduce the risk of a fire or contain a sudden fire, but most importantly, ensure that you and your family can safely evacuate the building in the event of an emergency.
The main disadvantage of wood is its susceptibility to fire and biological decomposition. After 15 minutes of contact with an open flame (at a temperature of 230 degrees), the wood ignites. Lack of protection from moisture is enough for rot to begin. In accordance with the fire minimum, the fire resistance limit of a wooden structure must be at least 2 hours for load-bearing units, and 45 minutes for beams. To ensure this, it is necessary to carry out fire and bioprotection work using modern impregnations.
For the purposes of fire retardant wood treatment, we use the following types of fire retardant materials:
Surface fire-retardant impregnations are aqueous solutions of fire retardants (fire-retardant salts). Surface impregnations are used for fire protection of wooden structures in enclosed spaces that do not involve exposure to atmospheric precipitation on the surface of the wood.
Fire-retardant surface impregnations, with the introduction of antiseptic additives into them, solve the problem of preserving wood from fungus, mold, and insects.
Fire-retardant surface impregnations are a weakly effective method of fire protection of wooden structures. Surface fire-retardant impregnation only makes it difficult for flames to spread over the surface of a wooden structure.
Fire retardant impregnations fill the natural pores of wood with the dry components of the fire retardants included in their composition, thereby blocking the access of oxygen, protecting the surface from ignition. After fire retardant treatment, a wooden object is reliably protected from arson, short circuits and other factors that cause fire. Comprehensive fire protection also provides for the protection of wooden structures from natural factors - the spread of mold and rot.
The peculiarity of the work is that all components of the combined fire retardant must be applied to the surface to be treated sequentially.
Fire retardant paints are suspensions containing fire retardants and other protective additives in certain proportions. After processing the wooden surface, a thin opaque film is polymerized on it. During a fire, the film is transformed into a coke layer, cutting off the supply of oxygen to the wood. Difficulty heating the wooden surface reduces the rate of fire spread, therefore, load-bearing structures will not lose their properties in extreme conditions. As a rule, fire retardant paint is white.
Pastes and coatings. The composition is similar to paints, however, the consistency is somewhat different - it is thick and coarsely dispersed. Decorative value similar materials do not, since they are designed to create a thick layer on the surface of the wood. Used where the risk of fire is particularly high, and decorative properties not a priority.
Fire-retardant varnishes are film-forming solutions on an aqueous or organic basis. Unlike paints, varnish creates a transparent layer on the wood surface that does not hide the natural surface pattern, which is valuable from an aesthetic point of view. The quality of protection does not suffer - it corresponds to efficiency group 1. Typically, fire-resistant varnishes are used for indoor wood - walls, furniture, cladding, etc.
Fire retardant paints and varnishes are the most progressive and effective means of preventing the spread of fire and combustion. Unlike surface fire-retardant impregnations, they allow you to simultaneously obtain high-quality protective covering and provide decorative properties of the structure. A negative property of fire-retardant paints, varnishes and enamels is the high requirements for preparing the wooden surface, especially for the use of fire-retardant varnishes: the surface must be perfectly cleaned and sanded.
Combined protective compounds are a complex of several listed types fire retardants that have properties inherent in different types of fire protection.
The procedure for carrying out fire protection work on wooden structures
1. Preparing the surface of a wooden structure.
In the course of preparing a wooden structure for fire protection work, the tasks of cleaning surfaces from old paint, old fire retardants, bitumen, oil and other contaminants, dust.
If it is necessary to apply fire retardant materials to a previously painted surface, a compatibility test of these materials must be carried out.
We clean the surface of a wooden structure using the following methods:
- Jet cleaning using soda blasting technology (Armex blasting). A highly effective technology that is similar in principle to sandblasting, but allows you to clean wood without damaging it.
- Sandblasting with fine sand, providing high-quality cleaning with minimal loss of wood.
- Manual and chemical cleaning using special reagents to remove old paint, oils, dust and dirt using hand tools.
Fire retardant compounds are applied only to the prepared surface. Quality control of the prepared surface is carried out by a quality inspector. After receiving positive conclusion the surface is processed.
2. Application of fire retardants to wooden structures
Fire protection of wood (wooden structures) is carried out at a temperature environment not less than 10°C with a humidity level of not more than 70%. Fire protection work is not carried out at subzero temperatures.
Fire retardant treatment of wooden structures is carried out when the humidity of the wood itself is no more than 15%.
Before applying fire retardant compositions, the compliance of the compositions with the physical and chemical parameters specified in the technical specifications and the quality certificate is monitored.
Fire retardant compounds previously applied to a wooden structure and not intended for removal must correspond in nature to the ph level with the fire retardant compounds intended for use, i.e. acidic compounds should be used with acidic ones, and alkaline ones with alkaline ones.
The application of fire retardant compounds is carried out mainly by airless method using airless application units.
3. Quality control of work on fire protection of wooden structures
Quality control of work on fire protection of wooden structures is carried out at all stages of work by a quality inspector who conducts an examination of instrumentation and visually for compliance with acceptable values:
- at the surface preparation stage the following is controlled:
- Degree of surface cleaning;
- Presence of dust on the surface;
- Presence of oils and fats;
- Surface moisture;
- Surface ph level;
- At the application stage and after applying fire retardants, the following is controlled:
- Wet layer thickness;
- Dry layer thickness;
- Coating continuity;
- Coating adhesion;
Assessing the quality of fire retardant treatment is a separate operation. Monitoring the fire retardant properties of a wooden structure using special measuring equipment in accordance with the national Standard Russian Federation GOST R 53292—2009 "Fire retardant compositions and substances for wood and wood-based materials. General requirements. Test methods." Based on the results of the study, a test report is drawn up.
After carrying out internal quality control measures, fire protection work metal structures are submitted for quality of execution and compliance with the fire protection project to the Ministry of Emergency Situations, whose representatives are directly involved in the acceptance and signing of the certificate of completed fire protection work. Also, the quality of work can be confirmed by an accredited fire laboratory (IPL laboratory), which is not part of the Ministry of Emergency Situations.
1.2. For fire protection of elements wooden frames For enclosing structures, it is recommended to use fire retardants for deep impregnation of wood under pressure and applied to the surface.
1.3. When choosing a fire retardant composition for specific conditions of use, one should take into account their technological (Table 1) and operational (Table 2) indicators.
| Indicators |
OFP-9 |
VP9 |
MS 1:1 |
THEF |
|
| Composition consumption, g/m2 |
500-700 |
700 |
66* |
600 |
|
| Coating thickness, mm |
0,6-0,8 |
0,2 |
- |
- |
|
| Temperature and humidity environmental conditions during application |
temperature, °C |
from 10 to 50 |
from 10 to 35 |
no limits |
not lower than 20 |
| relative humidity, % |
less than 75 |
less than 80 |
no more than 65 |
||
| Maximum wood moisture content during application, % |
16 |
15 |
30 |
15 |
|
| Application method |
recommended |
pneumatic atomization |
vacuum-atmospheric pressure GOST 20022.8-76 |
warming up with dry air - cold bath GOST 20022.6-76 |
|
| unit "ANSH-1" |
installation "Shield" |
||||
| permissible |
brush, roller |
warm-cold bath |
brush, roller |
||
| Possibility of gluing surfaces of protected wood |
not allowed |
allowed |
|||
* The consumption rate of fire retardant MS 1:1 is given in kg/m3.
| Indicators | OFP-9 | VPD | MS 1:1 | THEF |
|
| Temperature and humidity operating conditions | temperature, C relative humidity % | A 1 | A1 and A2 | no limits |
|
| according to SNiP 11-25-80 |
|||||
| Aesthetic qualities of a protected wood surface | opaque, homogeneous, matte, color gray | opaque, uniform, matte, gray or white | does not change the texture and color of wood |
||
| Effect on wood strength | does not affect | reduces compressive strength along the fibers and bending by 10% | does not affect |
||
| Influence on corrosion of metal structural elements | does not affect | promotes corrosion of ferrous metals | does not affect |
||
1.4. In accordance with note SNiP II-2-80, Chapter 3, Table 1, in buildings manufactured in category B, laminated beams, trusses, arches, frames and columns of buildings and structures should be used with fire retardant treatment.
1.5. In accordance with note SNiP II-2-80, Chapter 3, Table 2, wooden slabs, decking and purlins for coverings of buildings and structures, as well as elements of curtain panels of external and internal walls load-bearing walls(partitions) of these buildings and structures must be deeply impregnated with fire retardants.
1.6. Information on the fire resistance limits of the most common wooden structures, including plastered ones, is given in the "Guide to determining the fire resistance limits of structures, the limits of fire spread through structures and flammability groups of materials", M.: Stroyizdat, 1984.
1.7. Fire retardant treatment does not reduce the rate of charring of wood and does not increase the fire resistance limit of wooden structures with a cross-section of more than 120-120 mm. The use of fire retardant treatment can reduce the limits of fire spread through wooden structures or transfer wood to the group of difficult-to-combustible materials.
1.8. The quality of fire retardant treatment must ensure a reduction in the limit of fire spread through wooden structures to 40 cm for vertical elements, to 25 cm for horizontal elements, or the test results of protected wood according to ST SEV 2437-80 must meet the requirements for non-combustible materials.
2.1.1 The coating should be used for fire protection of structures operated indoors with a non-aggressive environment, a positive temperature not exceeding 35 C, and a relative air humidity of not more than 60%. It is allowed to apply the coating at a relative air humidity of no more than 80%, provided that a moisture-proof layer is applied to the surface of the dried coating.
2.1.2 Materials for preparing the coating composition, as well as the technology for applying it to structures must meet the requirements given in the mandatory annex.
2.1.3 The coating must be continuous and free from cracks, peeling, and swelling. The coating surface must be finished in accordance with the design.
The coating composition is delivered to the work site in the form of two components: paste and ammophos, mixed before application to the structure to obtain a working coating composition.
2.2.1. The paste must be transported at a temperature from minus 40 to plus 40 C for no more than 1 month and stored at a temperature from minus 5 to plus 30 C for no more than 6 months with mandatory protection from exposure to precipitation.
2.3.1. Preparation of the working coating composition should be carried out at the work site immediately before application to structures.
2.3.2. To prepare the working composition of the coating, the paste is mixed with ammophos in mortar mixers of types SO-26b, SO-23b, SO-46a in the ratio of 7.25 parts of paste, 2.75 parts of ammophos, and then passed twice through a paint grinder of types SO-110, SO -116.
2.5.1 Application of the coating composition must be carried out by pneumatic spraying using installations for applying liquid putties of type S-562a according to the regulatory and technical documentation approved in in the prescribed manner.
2.5.2 Application of the coating composition should be carried out in 2 layers. Norm total flow the working composition of the coating, taking into account production losses, should be 750 g per 1 m2 of surface.
2.5.4 On the dried coating, no earlier than 4 - 5 days after applying the second layer, any of the pentaphthalic enamels of the following grades should be applied as moisture protection or decorative finishing, if provided for by the project: PF-115 according to GOST 6465-76 , PF-223 according to GOST 14923-78, PF-218 according to GOST 21227-75; enamels based on vinyl chloride copolymers of the following grades: XB-785 in accordance with GOST 7313-75, XV-124 in accordance with GOST 10144-74 or silicone enamel of grade KO-174 according to normative and technical documentation approved in the prescribed manner.
Application and drying of enamels is carried out in accordance with standards and other regulatory and technical documentation approved in accordance with the established procedure for these types of enamel
| Name of composition, brand | GOST, TU | Compound | Content by weight, % | Solvent |
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| Fireproof coatings |
||||
| Fire-retardant phosphate coating for wood OFP-9 | GOST 23790-79 | Sodium polymetaphosphate | 40 | Water |
| Aluminum hydroxide | 15 |
|||
| Kaolin or clay | 5 |
|||
| Fly ash from thermal power plants | 15 |
|||
| Red lead or zinc oxide | 5 |
|||
| Urea or thiourea | 20 |
|||
| Intumescent fire retardant coating for wood VPD | GOST 23130-82 | Melamine-urea-formaldehyde resin MMF-50 | 31,9 | Water |
| 5% aqueous solution of sodium carboxyl cellulose salt (grade 85-500) | 15,9 |
|||
| Melem | 18,4 |
|||
| Dicyandiamide | 6,3 |
|||
| Ammophos grade A | 27,5 |
|||
| Impregnating compositions |
||||
| An aqueous solution of a mixture of diammonium phosphate, ammonium sulfate and sodium fluoride MS 1:1 | Instructions for flame retardant treatment and preparation of lumber by the method of deep impregnation with a solution of a fire retardant substance in an autoclave at the enterprises of Glavmospromstroymaterialov VSN 74-79, Moscow, 1980 | Diammonium phosphate | 7,5 | Water |
| Ammonium sulfate | 7,5 |
|||
| Sodium fluoride | 2,0 |
|||
| Water | 83,0 |
|||
| A solution of trichlorethyl phosphate in carbon tetrachloride TCEP | Trichlorethyl phosphate TU 6-05-1611-78 | 40 | Carbon tetrachloride |
|
| Carbon tetrachloride GOST 4.75 | 60 |
|||
on liquid glass:
surfaces
including:
TU 2311-001-23063581-95