Homogeneous adjectives and participial phrases, standing after the defined noun or other parts of speech that acquire an objective meaning in a sentence (subject to substantivization: substantivum - Latin noun), are always isolated in writing, that is separated by a comma. If they are in the middle of sentences, they are separated by commas on both sides.

In contact with

Peculiarities

What is a separate agreed upon definition? This is how the part of speech that performs a defining function is called in syntax. Most often, this role is played by adjectives, as well as participles with one or more dependent words. Definitions are minor members in the sentence, belong to the subject group, and are emphasized by a wavy line: The bright sun was blinding. White clouds floated across the sky. Golden autumn has arrived.

IN writing isolated definitions separated by commas, V oral speech- intonation. They can be common and solitary. The location of attributive constructions inside sentences (after or before the main word) determines whether they will be highlighted in writing with commas or not.

Examples:

He, |full|, quickly fell asleep. - Single.

He, lulled by hopes, slept soundly. – Common definition.

The moon, |mysterious and pale|, peeked out from behind the clouds. – It comes after the main word.

|Pale and mysterious| the moon peeked out from behind the clouds. - Comes before the main word.

With separate definitions, they allow you to describe the subject of the story, making the content more complete. They clarify and supplement information about an action or a specific subject. They can be found before or after the main word, as well as in the middle of a syntactic structure. If they are “omitted”, the conveyed meaning will be the same. Night, |cloudy and foggy|, enveloped the earth. - Night has enveloped the earth. -The essence does not change.

Distinguish several varieties separate definitions: homogeneous and heterogeneous, consistent with the main word and inconsistent.

Homogeneous denotes the uniform qualities of an object or phenomenon. In syntactic constructions, they are linked by conjunctions or separated by commas.

Agreed

This is the name for definitions that coincide in gender, number and case with the word, to which they belong. Let's give a few examples and see how each of them expresses the agreed definition:

1. Possessive adjective: I remembered (what?) my father’s house.
2. Index: I want to buy (which one?) this bag.
3. Ordinal numbers: First locality the city of Tara became on the territory of the region. Note that "first" and "populated" are not homogeneous because they express different qualities, so there is no comma between them.
4. In a single or participial phrase: (which?) The awakened child cried loudly. The road (what?) |leading to the sea| passed through the garden.
5. with dependent words: Air (what?), |invigorating after the thunderstorm|, hung above the ground.

Communion or participial are not separated by commas if they appear before the word being defined. If a sentence has two participial phrases connected by the conjunction “and,” they are not separated by a comma.

Attention! Distinguish isolated agreed definitions from adjectives and participles included in nominal predicate. It is impossible to remove them from a sentence without losing the meaning.

For example, take the following constructions:

She – “Happy” and “dreamy” – are parts of the nominal predicate.

The boy, tired from the trip, was fast asleep.

A participle phrase is used here, which clarifies why the boy is fast asleep, and if it is removed, the conveyed essence will not change.

Exist different conditions separating definitions with a comma. A punctuation mark is placed if:

• stands after the main word expressed by a noun: Herbs, |very useful|, grow in protected places (agreed common);
• removed from the defining noun: Bathed in the sun|, wheat fields spread across the river;
• refers to a personal pronoun and comes before or after it: I returned to Zurin (which one?), |sad and silent|. |Exhausted, dirty, wet|, we finally reached the shore;
• has the nature of a reason: (what?) |Stunned by the blow|, he fell backward. - Why did you fall? - Because of the impact. (Which one?) He ran as fast as he could, |overtaken by horror|. – Why did he run? – Because of fear;
• the sentence contains two or more definitions (homogeneous or heterogeneous) after the main word: People appeared at the station (what kind?), fussy and noisy. (Which ones?), |White, blue, red|, were colorful in the clearing. – In the first case, homogeneous definitions with the conjunction “and” are used, and in the second – with a non-union connection.

Important! If the attributive construction stands before the noun, then it is not separated by a comma: |Satisfied with the vacation| we're back home.

Uncoordinated

Such designs do not change along with the defined word . Basic ways of connecting with the main word:

Can be expressed:

1. indirect nouns: we met Petya (who?), |up to his ears in oil|, but happy with the repair of his motorcycle. Grandfather (which one?) was standing on the platform |with a bag at the ready|;
2. infinitive of the verb: Egor’s life had a goal (what?) – |to become a director|;
3. adjective in the comparative degree with dependent words: The girls noticed Katya in an outfit (what?), |more strict| than she usually wears.

According to their structure there are:

• single: The teacher explained to us the law of (whose?) Archimedes;
• common: He settled in a room (which one?) |with a view of the sea|;
• uncirculated

There are cases when a comma is not used. If the sentence contains a definition:

• is connected simultaneously with the subject and the predicate: After the physical education lesson, the equipment (what?) lay (where?) scattered around the hall. – “Scattered around the hall” refers simultaneously to the subject “inventory” and the predicate “lay.” Depending on the question posed, “scattered around the hall” can also be a circumstance;
• stands after a negative pronoun: |hidden from prying eyes| could not hide from the detective.

How to find an isolated definition in a sentence. Punctuation marks help you search. First, find the main members of the sentence, and using the questions asked from them, identify the words that belong to the subject or predicate group. Most often, constructions expressed by the participial phrase are isolated.

Inconsistent definition often causes punctuation difficulties. The difficulty is that it cannot always be easily distinguished from the agreed one, which will be separated by a comma. It is difficult to find a good text that does not contain these sentence parts, because their use enriches speech. However, agreed and inconsistent definitions, examples of which we present below, are an attribute only of written speech.

The secondary members of the sentence explain the main ones, but can also refer to the same secondary ones. If they complement the grammatical basis, they will be called minor members of the subject or predicate group.

For example:

The high, cloudless sky completely occupied the horizon.

The subject is the sky. Its group: definitions high, cloudless. The predicate - occupied. Its group: complement horizon, circumstance completely.

Definition, addition, circumstance - these are the three minor members of the sentence. To determine which of them is used in a sentence, you need to ask a question and determine the part of speech. Thus, complements are most often nouns or pronouns in indirect cases. Definitions - adjectives and parts of speech close to them (pronouns, participles, ordinal numbers, also nouns). Circumstances - adverbs or gerunds, as well as nouns.

Sometimes the secondary term is ambiguous: it answers two questions at the same time. As an example, consider the sentence:

The train to Omsk departed without delay.

The minor term to Omsk can act as a circumstance (train (where?) to Omsk) or as a definition (train (which?) to Omsk).

Another example:

Snow lies on spruce paws.

The secondary member on the paws is both an adverbial (lies (where?) on the paws) and a complement (lies (on what?) on the paws).

What is the definition

Definition - such a minor member of a sentence to which you can ask questions: “Which?”, “Which?”, “Which?”, “Which?”, “Whose?”

There are agreed and inconsistent definitions. The gradation depends on how this member of the sentence is expressed.

The attribute can be an adjective, noun, numeral, pronoun, participle, or even an infinitive. They distribute subject, object and adverbial clauses.

For example:

The last leaves hung on frozen branches.

The definition of latter refers to the subject leaflet; the definition frozen refers to the adverbial adverbial object on the branches.

Sometimes these minor members sentences can carry the main semantic load of the subject and be included in its composition.

For example:

A villager does not like to go to a stuffy city.

The role of the definition “village” is very interesting here, without which the subject “resident” would have no meaning. That is why it will be part of the main member of the proposal. Thus, in in this example subject - villager.

Semantic functions of definitions

Both agreed and inconsistent definitions can express the following meanings:

1. Item quality ( Nice dress, interesting book).
2. Quality of action (opened door, thinking student).
3. Place (forest fire - fire in the forest).
4. Time (December holidays - holidays in December).
5. Relation to another object (clay vase - vase made of clay).
6. Belonging (maternal heart - mother's heart).

Agreed Definition

Agreed definitions can be used in the following parts of speech:

• Adjective (child's toy, deep lake).
• Pronoun (your car, some quantity).
• Communion (meowing kitten, waving flag).
• Numeral (eighteenth fighter, first student).

There is agreement in gender, number and case between this definition and the word to which it refers.

Our majestic history spans twenty centuries.

The following agreed upon definitions are presented here:

· history (whose?) ours - pronoun;

· history (what?) majestic - adjective;

· centuries (how many?) twenty - numeral.

Typically, the agreed definition in a sentence comes before the word it refers to.

Definition inconsistent

Another, more expressive type is inconsistent definition. They can be the following parts of speech:

1. Nouns with or without a preposition.

2. Adjectives in the comparative degree.

3. Infinitive verb.

Let's analyze a sentence with an inconsistent definition:

The meeting with classmates will take place on Friday.

Meeting (what?) with classmates. An inconsistent definition with classmates is expressed by a noun with a preposition.

Next example:

I have never met a friendlier person than you.

Inconsistent definition expressed comparative degree adjective: a person (which?) is friendlier.

Let's look at a sentence where the definition is expressed by an infinitive:

I had a wonderful opportunity to come to the seashore every morning.

There was an opportunity (what?) to come - this is an inconsistent definition.

The example sentences discussed above suggest that this type of definition is most often found after the word it refers to.

How to distinguish a consistent definition from an inconsistent one

In order not to get confused about what definition is in the sentence, you can follow the algorithm:

1. Find out what part of speech the definition is.
2. Look at the type of connection between the definition and the word to which it refers (coordination - agreed definition, control and adjacency - inconsistent definition). Examples: meowing kitten - communication agreement, definition meowing - agreed; box made of wood - communication control, definition of wood inconsistent.
3. Pay attention to where the definition is in relation to the main word. The main word is most often preceded by an agreed upon definition, and after that by an inconsistent definition. Examples: meeting (what?) with investors - the definition is inconsistent, it comes after the main word; deep ravine - agreed definition, comes after the main word.
4. If the definition is expressed stable combination or phraseological turn, it will certainly be inconsistent: she was (what?) neither fish nor fowl. Phraseologism neither fish nor fowl acts as an inconsistent definition.

The table will help to distinguish between consistent and inconsistent definitions.

Parameter	Agreed	Inconsistent
What is expressed	1. Adjective. 2. Pronoun. 3. Communion. 4. Numeral.	1. Noun with or without preposition. 2. Infinitive. 3. Adverb. 4. Comparative adjective. 5. Pronoun. 6. Indivisible combination, phraseological unit.
Type of communication	Agreement in gender, number and case	1. Management. 2. Adjacency.
Position	Before the main word	After the main word

The concept of separation

Situations often arise when a sentence contains separate agreed and inconsistent definitions that require highlighting with appropriate punctuation marks (commas or dashes). Separation always implies two identical punctuation mark, it should not be confused, for example, with commas for homogeneous terms, where single commas are used. In addition, the use of two different signs when isolating is a gross mistake, which indicates a lack of understanding of this linguistic phenomenon.

Separating agreed definitions with commas is a more frequent phenomenon than isolating inconsistent ones. To determine whether a comma is necessary, you need to pay attention to two aspects:

• The position of a separate definition in relation to the word being defined.
• How are the members of the sentence involved in isolation expressed (the actual definition and the word being defined): history (what?) majestic - adjective; centuries (how many?) twenty - numeral.

Separating agreed definitions

If the agreed definition comes after the word being defined, it must be separated by commas if:

1. It is a participial phrase. For example: A basket of mushrooms, collected the day before, stood in the cellar. Here, the isolated definition collected the day before is a participial phrase, which is found after the word being defined, basket.
2. It is an adjective with dependent words. For example: Through the glass, crystal clear, everything that was happening in the yard was visible. Here the definition of crystal clear is an adjective (pure) and its dependent word (crystal). It is necessary to put commas, because this phrase is located after the word glass, which is defined.
3. Definitions must be separated if there is another definition before the word being defined. For example: Autumn days, bright and sunny, soon faded away. The definition of autumn is located before the word days; accordingly, the definition of bright and sunny must be separated by commas.
4. Definitions are not common and are found in the sentence after the word being defined. For example: The southern night, black and warm, was full of mysterious sounds. The definitions black and warm are two uncommon adjectives connected by the conjunction and. There may be this option: The southern night, black, warm, was full of mysterious sounds. In this example, there is no conjunction, but the definition is still isolated.

In the latter case, you need to be more careful, because there are situations when the definition is closely related in meaning to the word it refers to, so there is no need to separate it with commas. For example:

In a country far from your home, you feel loneliness in a special way.

The definition of far from home should not be separated by commas, because without it the meaning of the sentence is unclear.

The isolation of the agreed definition located before the word being defined is necessary if it has the meaning of reason or concession. For example:

Exhausted by the difficult trek, the tourists were glad to set up camp.

In this case, the definition of “exhausted by a long trek” is isolated because it is used in the meaning of a reason: since the tourists were exhausted by the difficult trek, they were glad to set up camp. Another example:

Not yet greened, the trees are elegant and festive.

Here the definition of not yet greened has a concession meaning: despite the fact that the trees have not yet greened up, they are elegant and festive.

Separating inconsistent definitions

Isolated, inconsistent definitions are quite rare. Usually they are paired with matched ones. Thus, isolated inconsistent definitions are usually used after the word being defined and are associated with the agreed connection.

For example:

This coat, new, ribbed, suited Natasha very well.

In this example, the inconsistent ribbed definition is related to the agreed upon new one, so it must be separated.

Here is another sentence with a separate, inconsistent definition:

Quite by chance we met Andrey, covered in dust and tired.

In this case, the inconsistent definition in the dust is associated with the agreed upon tired, so commas are required.

It is not necessary to separate with commas the cases where there are separate inconsistent definitions before the agreed one. Examples:

From a distance we saw sailors in ironed uniforms, happy and satisfied.

In this case, there is no need to isolate the inconsistent definition in a smoothed form, because after it there are agreed ones: happy, satisfied.

IN classical literature You can find both non-isolated and isolated inconsistent definitions. Examples:

Two stearine candles, in traveling silver chandeliers, burned in front of him. (Turgenev I.S.) and Three soldiers in greatcoats, with guns on their shoulders, walked in step to take their shift to the company box (Tolstoy L.N.).

In the sentence from Turgenev's work, the inconsistent definition in traveling silver chandeliers is isolated, but the sentence of the same construction by Tolstoy is not. In the latter there are no punctuation marks for definitions in greatcoats, with guns.

As a rule, inconsistent definitions related to the predicate group are not isolated. Let's look at the last example: they walked (how? in what?) with guns, in greatcoats.

Application as a special type of definition

A special type of definition is application. It is always expressed by a noun. A distinction must be made between applications and inconsistent definitions. The latter are associated with the defined word through control, while between the application and the main word there is agreement.

For example, let's compare two sentences:

1. You, as the chief engineer, must oversee this project.

2. This woman in a white robe made the guys murmur.

In the first case, we have an engineer application. Let's prove this by bending the main thing and the definition of the word. You are an engineer - you are an engineer - you are an engineer - you are an engineer, etc. Between the words, the connection of agreement is clearly visible, accordingly, we have an application in front of us. Let's try to do the same with the definition from the second sentence. A woman in a white coat - women in a white coat - a woman in a white coat. Communication is management, so we see an inconsistent definition here.

In addition, the application simply names the object differently, while the inconsistent definition is some kind of attribute of it.

Segregation of applications

A single application is usually hyphenated: sister-mistress, lord commander. In certain cases, the application will be separated. Let's sort them out.

The application that refers to the personal pronoun is isolated. Examples:

1. Should she, an excellent student, take care of the test?

Here the application to the excellent student refers to the pronoun she.

2. Here it is, the reason.

We separate the application reason because it refers to the pronoun she.

A common application is isolated if it is located after the word being defined. Examples:

1. The brave captain, the thunder of the seas, easily navigated any reefs.

The application thunderstorm of the seas is a common one (thunderstorm of (what?) seas), so you need to separate it with commas.

2. The girl, everyone’s favorite, received the best gift.

The application everyone's favorite is used after the defined word girl.

Applications with the meaning of reason, concession, clarification are isolated (with it there is a conjunction like). Example:

You, as an investor, can control the work of employees. - You can control the work of subordinates because you are an investor (meaning of reason).

Here you need to be careful, because the application with the union as in the meaning “as” is not isolated. For example:

As a school subject, mathematics develops logical thinking well. - As a school discipline, mathematics develops logical thinking well. There is no need for separation.

If a separate application is at the end of a sentence, it can be highlighted with a dash. For example:

The other sisters, Elizaveta and Sophia, are also similar.

The application Elizaveta and Sophia is at the end of the sentence, so it is separated by a dash.

Handbook of spelling, pronunciation, literary editing Rosenthal Ditmar Elyashevich

§ 92. Separate agreed and inconsistent definitions

1. As a rule, agreed common definitions, expressed by a participle or an adjective with words dependent on them and standing after the word being defined, are isolated (separated by a comma, and in the middle of the sentence separated by commas on both sides), for example: Poplars , covered with dew, filled the air with a delicate aroma(Chekhov); Pale light , similar to slightly diluted blue water, flooded eastern part horizon(Paustovsky).

Note. Agreed common definitions are not distinguished:

a) standing before the defined noun (if they do not have additional adverbial shades of meaning, see below, paragraph 6), for example: The detachment that left early in the morning had already covered four miles.(L. Tolstoy);

b) standing after the defined noun, if the latter in itself in a given sentence does not express the desired meaning and needs to be defined, for example: He could have heard things that were quite unpleasant for himself if Grushnitsky had guessed the truth(Lermontov) (the combination could hear things does not express the desired concept); Chernyshevsky created the work in highest degree original and extremely wonderful(Pisarev); It was an unusually kind smile, wide and soft, like that of an awakened child.(Chekhov); Division is the inverse action of multiplication; We often do not notice things that are more significant;

c) connected in meaning and grammatically with both the subject and the predicate, for example: The moon rose very purple and gloomy, as if sick(Chekhov); Even the birch and rowan trees stood sleepy in the sultry languor that surrounded them.(Mamin-Sibiryak); The foliage comes out from under your feet, densely packed, gray(Prishvin); The sea at his feet lay silent and white from the cloudy sky(Paustovsky). Typically, such constructions are formed with verbs of movement and state, acting as a significant connective, for example: I returned home tired; In the evening, Ekaterina Dmitrievna came running from the Law Club excited and joyful(A.N. Tolstoy). If a verb of this type itself serves as a predicate, then the definition is isolated, for example: Trifon Ivanovich won two rubles from me and left, very pleased with his victory(Turgenev);

d) pronounced complex shape comparative or superlatives adjective name, since such forms do not form a revolution and act as an indivisible member of a sentence, for example: The guest watched with a wariness much more convincing than the cordiality shown by the host; The author suggested a shorter option; The most urgent messages are published. Wed. (if there is turnover): In the circle closest to the bride were her two sisters(L. Tolstoy).

2. Participles and adjectives with dependent words that come after indefinite pronoun, are usually not isolated, since they form one whole with the preceding pronoun, for example: Her big eyes, filled with inexplicable sadness, seemed to be looking for something resembling hope in mine.(Lermontov). But if the semantic connection between the pronoun and the definition that follows it is less close and a pause is made when reading after the pronoun, then isolation is possible, for example: And someone, sweating and out of breath, runs from store to store...(V. Panova) (two single definitions are isolated, see below, paragraph 4).

3. Determinative, demonstrative and possessive pronouns are not separated by a comma from the participial phrase that follows them, but are closely adjacent to it, for example: All factual data published in the book were verified by the author; In this corner forgotten by people I rested all summer; Your handwritten lines were difficult to read. Wed: Everything laughing, cheerful, marked with the stamp of humor was little accessible to him(Korolenko); Dasha was waiting for everything, but not this obediently bowed head(A.N. Tolstoy).

But if the attributive pronoun is substantivized or if the participial phrase has the character of clarification or explanation (see § 96, paragraph 3), then the definition is isolated, for example: All related to by rail, still filled with the poetry of travel for me(Paustovsky); I wanted to distinguish myself before this , dear to me, a person...(Bitter).

Note. Often sentences with agreed upon definitions allow for variations in punctuation. Wed: That middle one plays better than the others (That- definition for a substantivized word average). - Vaughn the one in the middle plays better than others(substantivized word That- subject, with it a separate definition average ).

A common definition is not separated by a comma from the preceding negative pronoun, for example: No one admitted to the Olympiad solved the last problem; These dishes cannot be compared to anything served under that name in the vaunted taverns.(although such designs are very rare).

4. Two or more consistent single definitions appearing after the noun being defined are isolated if the latter is preceded by another definition, for example:... Favorite faces, dead and alive, come to mind...(Turgenev);... Long clouds, red and purple, guarded him[sun] peace...(Chekhov).

In the absence of a previous definition, two subsequent single definitions are isolated or not, depending on the author's intonation and semantic load, as well as their location (definitions that stand between the subject and the predicate are isolated). Wed:

1) …I especially liked the eyes , big and sad e(Turgenev); And the Cossacks , both on foot and on horseback, acted on three roads to three gates(Gogol); Mother , sad and anxious, sat on a thick knot and was silent...(Gladkov);

2) Under this thick gray overcoat beat a passionate and noble heart(Lermontov); I walked along a clean, smooth path, but didn’t follow(Yesenin); A lean and gray-haired man played a bow on the violin of an old gypsy(Marshak).

5. The agreed single (non-extended) definition is isolated:

1) if it carries a significant semantic load and in meaning can be equated to subordinate clause, For example: The caretaker, sleepy, appeared at his cry.(Turgenev);

2) if it has an additional circumstantial meaning, for example: To a young man, in love, It’s impossible not to spill the beans, but I confessed everything to Rudin(Turgenev) (cf.: "if he's in love"); Lyubochka's veil is clinging again , and two young ladies, excited, run up to her(Chekhov);

3) if the definition is torn off in the text from the noun being defined, for example: The eyes closed and , half-closed, smiled too(Turgenev);

4) if the definition has a clarifying meaning, for example: And about five minutes later it was raining heavily , cover (Chekhov).

Note. An isolated definition may refer to a noun that is absent in a given sentence, but perceived from the context, for example: Look - there , dark, runs through the steppe (Gorky). Wed. § 93, paragraph 7.

6. Consistent common or single definitions standing immediately before the defined noun are distinguished if they have an additional adverbial meaning (causal, conditional, concessional, temporary), for example: Accompanied by an officer the commandant entered the house(Pushkin); Stunned by the blow of a cargo fist, At first Bulanin staggered in place, not understanding anything.(Kuprin); Tired to the last degree, the climbers could not continue their ascent; Left to our own devices children will be in a difficult situation; Wide, free, the alley leads into the distance(Bryusov); Disheveled, unwashed, Nezhdanov looked wild and strange(Turgenev); Knowing real village life well, Bunin literally flew into a rage at the far-fetched, unreliable portrayal of the people.(L. Krutikova); Tired of mother's cleanliness, the guys learned to be cunning(V. Panova); Confused Mironov bowed to his back(Bitter).

7. A consistent common or single definition is isolated if it is separated from the defined noun by other members of the sentence (regardless of whether the definition is located before or after the word being defined), for example: And again , cut off from tanks by fire, infantry lay down on a bare slope...(Sholokhov); R spread out on the grass, well-deserved shirts and pants were drying...(V. Panova); Over the noise, they did not immediately hear a knock on the window - persistent, solid (Fedin) (several separate definitions, often at the end of a sentence, can be separated by a dash).

8. Agreed definitions relating to the personal pronoun are isolated, regardless of the degree of prevalence and location of the definition, for example: Lulled by sweet hopes, he slept soundly(Chekhov); He turned and left A I, confused, remained next to the girl in the empty hot steppe(Paustovsky); From him, jealous, locked in the room, you me, the lazy one, kind words remember(Simonov).

Note. Definitions for personal pronouns are not separated:

b) if the definition is semantically and grammatically connected with both the subject and the predicate (cf. above, paragraph 1, note “c”), for example: We left happy with our evening(Lermontov); He comes out of the back rooms completely upset...(Goncharov); We reached the hut soaking wet(Paustovsky); She came home upset, but not discouraged(G Nikolaeva);

b) if the definition is in the accusative case (such a construction, with a hint of obsolescence, can be replaced modern design With instrumental case), For example: I found him ready to hit the road(Pushkin) (cf. “found ready...”); And then he saw him lying on a hard bed in the poor neighbor's house(Lermontov); Also: And when she's drunk, the police hit her on the cheeks(Bitter);

c) in exclamatory sentences like: Oh, you're cute! Oh, I'm clueless!

9. Inconsistent definitions expressed by indirect cases of nouns (usually with a preposition), in artistic speech usually isolated if the meaning they express is emphasized, for example: Officers , in new frock coats, white gloves and shiny epaulets, paraded through the streets and boulevards(L. Tolstoy); Some fat woman , with sleeves rolled up and apron raised, stood in the middle of the yard...(Chekhov); Five , without frock coats, in only vests, were playing…(Goncharov). But compare: Best man in top hat and white gloves out of breath, throws off his coat in front(Chekhov); In another photo, a wild boar flaunted over the carcass of a dead man with a mustache and slicked hair (Bogomolov).

In a neutral style of speech, there is a strong tendency towards the absence of isolation of such definitions, for example: teenagers in knitted hats and down jackets, permanent inhabitants of underground passages.

Note. Inconsistent definitions can also appear before the noun being defined, for example: In a white tie, in a smart overcoat, with a string of stars and crosses on a gold chain in the loop of his tailcoat, the general was returning from dinner, alone(Turgenev).

Typically, such inconsistent definitions are isolated (the isolation of inconsistent definitions in all of the following cases is affected by their location):

c) if they relate to own name, For example: Sasha Berezhnova , in a silk dress, with a cap on the back of his head and a shawl, sat on the sofa(Goncharov); Elizaveta Kievna never left my memory , with red hands, in a man's dress, with a pitiful smile and meek eyes(A. N. Tolstoy); Light brown , with a curly head, without a hat and with his shirt unbuttoned on his chest, Dymov seemed beautiful and extraordinary(Chekhov);

b) if they refer to a personal pronoun, for example: I'm surprised that you, with your kindness, don't feel it(L. Tolstoy);… Today she, in a new blue hood, was especially young and impressively beautiful(Bitter);

c) if separated from the defined word by any other members of the sentence, for example: After dessert everyone moved to the buffet, where , in a black dress, with a black mesh on her head, Caroline sat and watched with a smile as they looked at her(Goncharov) (regardless of whether the word being defined is expressed by a proper or common noun); On his ruddy face , with a straight large nose, the bluish ones shone strictly eyes (Gorky);

d) if they form a series homogeneous members with preceding or following separate agreed definitions, for example: I saw a man , wet, in rags, with a long beard (Turgenev); With bony shoulder blades, with a lump under his eye, bent over and clearly afraid of the water, he was a funny figure(Chekhov) (regardless of what part of speech the word being defined is expressed in).

Inconsistent definitions are often isolated when naming persons by degree of relationship, profession, position, etc., since due to the significant specificity of such nouns, the definition serves the purpose of an additional message, for example: Grandfather , in grandma's jacket, in an old cap without a visor, squints, smiles at something(Bitter); Headman , in boots and a saddle-backed coat, with tags in hand, Noticing the priest from afar, he took off his red hat(L. Tolstoy).

Isolation of an inconsistent definition can serve as a means of deliberately separating a given phrase from a neighboring predicate, to which it could be related in meaning and syntactically, and attributing it to the subject, for example. Women , with a long rake in his hands, wandering into the field(Turgenev); Painter , drunk, drank a glass of lacquer instead of beer(Bitter). Wed. Also:… It seemed to Mercury Avdeevich that the stars were growing in the sky and the whole yard , with buildings, rose and walked silently to the sky(Fedin) (without isolation, combination with buildings would not play the role of definition).

10. Inconsistent definitions expressed by a phrase with the form of the comparative degree of an adjective are separated if the defined noun is usually preceded by an agreed definition, for example: Force , stronger than his will, threw him out of there(Turgenev); Short beard , slightly darker hair, slightly shaded lips and chin(A.K. Tolstoy); Another room , almost twice as much, called the hall...(Chekhov).

In the absence of a previous agreed definition, the inconsistent definition expressed by the comparative degree of the adjective is not isolated, for example: But at other times there was no more active person than him(Turgenev).

11. Inconsistent definitions, expressed by the indefinite form of the verb, are isolated and separated with the help of a dash, in front of which words can be placed without prejudice to the meaning "namely", For example:… I came to you with pure motives, with the only desire - to do good!(Chekhov); But this lot is beautiful - to shine and die(Bryusov).

If such a definition is in the middle of a sentence, then it is highlighted with a dash on both sides, for example:... Each of them decided this question - to leave or stay - for themselves, for their loved ones(Ketlinskaya). But if, according to the context, there must be a comma after the definition, then the second dash is usually omitted, for example: Since there was only one choice left - to lose the army and Moscow or Moscow alone, the field marshal had to choose the latter(L. Tolstoy).

From the book Handbook of the Russian Language. Punctuation author Rosenthal Dietmar Elyashevich

§ 18. Separate definitions Agreed definitions1. Common definitions expressed by a participle or an adjective with words dependent on it (the so-called

From the book All about small business. Complete practical guide author Kasyanov Anton Vasilievich

§ 19. Separate applications 1. A common application, expressed by a common noun with dependent words and relating to common noun(usually such an application appears after the word being defined, less often - in front of it):

From the book Modern Russian Language. Practical guide author Guseva Tamara Ivanovna

§ 20. Special circumstances

From the book Handbook of Spelling and Stylistics author Rosenthal Dietmar Elyashevich

§ 21. Isolated additions 1. Depending on the semantic load, the degree of distribution of the phrase, proximity to the main part of the sentence, etc., nouns with prepositions (or prepositional combinations) can be isolated except, instead of, besides, over, except,

From the book Handbook of Spelling, Pronunciation, Literary Editing author Rosenthal Dietmar Elyashevich

4.13.4. If the organization has separate divisions If the organization has branches and representative offices that are not indicated in its constituent documents, then it has the right to apply a simplified taxation system. In this case, the single tax is calculated in

From the book Rules of Russian Spelling and Punctuation. Complete Academic Reference author Lopatin Vladimir Vladimirovich

7.37. Stand-alone applications Applications can be different types: consistent, inconsistent, common applications. Each application is isolated and separated by commas or dashes (quotes) in the sentence. If the agreed application and defined by it

From the author's book

7.38. Isolated additions Additions that consist of prepositions except, besides, excluding, including, with the exception of, over, along with, instead, are isolated and highlighted in writing with commas: Who, except a hunter, can know and love his native places! The plane, along with

From the author's book

7.39. Special circumstances There are several types of circumstances, for example, circumstances of reason, assignment, time, condition. In a sentence, these circumstances are expressed by phrases that denote a situation or event. Included in the circumstances

From the author's book

§ 92. Separate definitions 1. As a rule, common definitions expressed by a participle or an adjective with words dependent on them and standing after the defined term are separated (separated by a comma, and in the middle of the sentence separated by commas on both sides)

From the author's book

§ 93. Separate applications 1. A common application is isolated, expressed by a common noun with dependent words and relating to a common noun (usually such an application comes after the word being defined, less often - in front

From the author's book

§ 94. Isolated circumstances 1. The participle phrase, as a rule, is isolated regardless of the place it occupies in relation to the predicate verb, for example: Walking next to him, she was silent, looking at him with curiosity and surprise (Gorky); Joy in entering one

From the author's book

§ 95. Separate additions Nouns with prepositions or prepositional combinations are separated optionally (depending on the semantic load, the volume of the phrase, emphasizing its role in the sentence, etc.) except, instead of, besides, over, except,

From the author's book

§ 93. Separate applications 1. A common application is isolated, expressed by a common noun with dependent words and relating to a common noun (usually such an application comes after the word being defined, less often - in front

From the author's book

§ 94. Isolated circumstances 1. The participial phrase, as a rule, is isolated regardless of the place it occupies in relation to the predicate verb, for example: Walking next to him, she silently looked at him with curiosity and surprise (Gorky); Joy in entering one

From the author's book

§ 95. Isolated additions Nouns with simple or compound prepositions except, instead of, apart from, over, except for, along with and

From the author's book

Separate members sentences with agreed definitions, commas with participial phrases or adjectives with dependent words standing after the word being defined § 46 with attributive phrases standing before the word being defined, if they are complicated

1. Usually, are isolated(separated by a comma, and in the middle of the sentence they are separated by commas on both sides) agreed common definitions, expressed by a participle or an adjective with words dependent on them and standing after the word being defined.

For example: A dirty city downpour struck, mixed with dust (B. Past.) ; Anton Pavlovich Chekhov, crossed Siberia on horseback at the end of the last century on a trip to Sakhalin, missed you all the way to the Yenisei(Spread); Master, dozing on the grass, stood up and nodded(Hall.); In the rough grass similar to goat hair, low purple flowers bloomed between the low wormwoods(Color.); Dust, pink from the sparkle of lightning, rushed along the ground(Paust.); loose clouds, soaked in dark water, rushed low over the sea(Paust.).

2. Participles and adjectives with dependent words, standing after an indefinite pronoun, are usually not isolated, since they form one whole with the preceding pronoun.

For example: Her big eyes, filled with inexplicable sadness, seemed to be searching in mine. something like hope (Lermontov).

But if the semantic connection between the pronoun and the definition that follows it is less close and a pause is made when reading after the pronoun, then isolation is possible.

For example: And someone sweaty and out of breath, runs from store to store... (V. Panova)

3. Determinative, demonstrative and possessive pronouns are not separated by a comma from the participial phrase that follows them, but are closely adjacent to it.

For example: IN everything published in the book factual data has been verified by the author; IN this forgotten by people I rested in the corner all summer; Your handwritten the lines were hard to read.

But if the attributive pronoun is substantivized or if the participial phrase has the character of clarification or explanation, then the definition is isolated.

For example: All, railway related, is still covered in the poetry of travel for me(Paustovsky); I wanted to distinguish myself before this, dear to me, human...(Bitter).

Often sentences with agreed upon definitions allow for variations in punctuation.

Compare: That middle one plays better than the others (That– definition for a substantivized word average). – That one, the middle one, plays better than others(substantivized word That– subject, with it a separate definition average ).

The common definition is not separated by a comma from the preceding negative pronoun.

For example: Nobody qualified for the Olympics did not solve the last problem; Can't compare to these dishes nothing served under the same name in vaunted taverns (although such designs are very rare).

4. Two or more consistent single definitions are separated, standing after the noun being defined, if the latter is preceded by another definition.

For example: . ..Favorite faces, dead and alive, come to mind...(Turgenev); ...Long clouds, red and purple, guarded him[sun] peace...(Chekhov).

In the absence of a previous definition, two subsequent single definitions are isolated or not, depending on the author's intonation and semantic load, as well as their location (definitions that stand between the subject and the predicate are isolated).

Compare:

1) ...I especially liked the eyes, big and sad (Turgenev); And the Cossacks, both on foot and on horseback, set out on three roads to three gates(Gogol); Mother, sad and anxious, sat on a thick knot and was silent...(Gladkov);

2) Under this thick gray overcoat my heart was beating passionate and noble (Lermontov); I walked along a clean, smooth path, but didn’t follow(Yesenin); He moved his bow across the old gypsy violin lean and gray (Marshak).

5. The agreed single (non-extended) definition is isolated:

1) if it carries a significant semantic load and in meaning can be equated to a subordinate clause.

For example: The caretaker, sleepy, appeared at his cry.(Turgenev);

2) if it has additional circumstantial meaning.

For example: It is impossible for a young man in love not to spill the beans, but I confessed everything to Rudin(Turgenev) (Compare: “ if he's in love»); Lyubochka's veil clings again, and two young ladies, excited, run up to her(Chekhov);

3) if the definition is torn off in the text from the noun being defined.

For example: Their eyes closed and, half-closed, they also smiled(Turgenev);

4) if the definition has a clarifying meaning.

For example: And about five minutes later it was pouring heavily,(Chekhov).

6. Consistent common or single definitions standing immediately before the defined noun are separated if they have an additional adverbial meaning (causal, conditional, concessional, temporary).

For example: Accompanied by an officer, the commandant entered the house(Pushkin); Stunned by the blow of a cargo fist, At first Bulanin staggered in place, not understanding anything.(Kuprin); Tired to the last degree, the climbers could not continue their ascent; Left to our own devices, children will find themselves in a difficult situation; Wide, free, the alley leads into the distance(Bryusov); Disheveled, unwashed, Nezhdanov looked wild and strange(Turgenev); Well-versed in real village life, Bunin literally flew into a rage at the far-fetched, unreliable portrayal of the people.(L. Krutikova); Tired of mom's cleanliness, the guys learned to be cunning(V. Panova); Confused, Mironov bowed to his back(Bitter).

7. An agreed common or single definition is isolated if it is torn off from the defined noun by other members of the sentence (regardless of whether the definition is located before or after the word being defined).

For example: And again, cut off from tanks by fire, infantry lay down on a bare slope...(Sholokhov); Spread out on the grass, well-deserved shirts and pants were drying...(V. Panova); Over the noise, they did not immediately hear a knock on the window - persistent, solid (Fedin) (several separate definitions, often at the end of a sentence, can be separated by a dash).

8. Agreed definitions relating to the personal pronoun are isolated, regardless of the degree of prevalence and location of the definition.

For example: Lulled by sweet hopes, he slept soundly(Chekhov); He turned and left, and I, confused, remained next to the girl in the empty hot steppe(Paustovsky); From him, the jealous one, locked in a room, you, lazy one, will remember me with a kind word(Simonov).

Definitions for personal pronouns are not separated:

a) if the definition is meaningfully and grammatically connected with both the subject and the predicate.

For example: We went away happy with their evening (Lermontov); He's coming out of the back rooms already completely upset... (Goncharov); To the hut we arrived soaked through (Paustovsky); She came home upset, but not discouraged(G Nikolaeva);

b) if the definition is in the accusative case (this construction, with a hint of obsolescence, can be replaced by a modern construction with the instrumental case).

For example: I found him ready to hit the road(Pushkin) (compare " found it ready...»); And then he saw him lying on a hard bed in the poor neighbor's house(Lermontov); See also: And when she’s drunk, the police hit her on the cheeks(Bitter);

c) in exclamatory sentences like: Oh, you're cute! Oh, I'm clueless!

9. Inconsistent definitions expressed by indirect cases of nouns(usually with a preposition) in artistic speech they are usually isolated if the meaning they express is emphasized.

For example: Officers, in new frock coats, white gloves and shiny epaulets, paraded through the streets and boulevards(L. Tolstoy); Some plump woman with sleeves rolled up and apron raised, stood in the middle of the yard...(Chekhov); Five, without frock coats, in only vests, were playing...(Goncharov).

In a neutral style of speech, there is a steady tendency towards the absence of isolation of such definitions.

For example: Teenagers in knitted hats and down jackets- permanent inhabitants of underground passages.

Inconsistent definitions can also appear before the noun being defined.

For example: In a white tie, in a smart overcoat, with a string of stars and crosses on a gold chain in the loop of his tailcoat., the general was returning from lunch, alone(Turgenev).

Typically, such inconsistent definitions are isolated (the isolation of inconsistent definitions in all of the following cases is influenced by their location):

a) if they refer to your own name.

For example: Sasha Berezhnova, in a silk dress, with a cap on the back of her head and a shawl, sitting on the sofa(Goncharov); Elizaveta Kievna never left my memory, with red hands, in a man's dress, with a pitiful smile and meek eyes(A.N. Tolstoy); Light brown, with a curly head, without a hat and with his shirt unbuttoned on his chest, Dymov seemed beautiful and extraordinary(Chekhov);

b) if they refer to a personal pronoun.

For example: I'm surprised that you, with your kindness, don't feel it(L. Tolstoy); ...Today she, in the new blue hood, was especially young and impressively beautiful(Bitter);

c) if separated from the defined word by any other members of the sentence.

For example: After dessert everyone moved to the buffet, where in a black dress, with a black mesh on her head, Caroline sat and watched with a smile as they looked at her(Goncharov) (regardless of whether the word being defined is expressed by a proper or common noun); On his ruddy face, with a straight big nose, bluish eyes shone sternly(Bitter);

d) if they form a series of homogeneous members with previous or subsequent separate agreed definitions.

For example: I saw a man wet, in rags, with a long beard (Turgenev); With bony shoulder blades, with a lump under his eye, bent over and clearly afraid of water, he was a funny figure(Chekhov) (regardless of what part of speech the word being defined is expressed in).

Inconsistent definitions are often identified when naming persons based on degree of relationship, profession, or position held. etc., since due to the significant specificity of such nouns, the definition serves the purpose of an additional message.

For example: Grandfather, in grandma's katsaveyka, in an old cap without a visor, squints, smiles at something(Bitter); Headman, in boots and a saddle-backed coat, with tags in hand, noticing the priest from afar, he took off his red hat(L. Tolstoy).

Isolating an inconsistent definition can serve as a means of deliberately separating a given phrase from a neighboring predicate, to which it could be related in meaning and syntactically, and attributing it to the subject.

For example: Women, with a long rake in his hands, wandering into the field(Turgenev); Painter, drunk, drank a glass of lacquer instead of beer(Bitter).

Compare also: ...It seemed to Mercury Avdeevich that the stars were growing in the sky and the entire yard, with buildings, rose and walked silently towards the sky(Fedin) (without isolation, combination with buildings would not play the role of definition).

10. Inconsistent definitions expressed by a phrase with the comparative form of an adjective are separated if the defined noun is usually preceded by an agreed definition.

For example: Force, stronger than his will, threw him out of there(Turgenev); Short beard slightly darker than hair, slightly shaded the lips and chin(A.K. Tolstoy); Another room, almost twice as much, was called the hall...(Chekhov).

In the absence of a previous agreed definition, the inconsistent definition expressed by the comparative degree of the adjective is not isolated.

For example: But at other times there was no more active person than him(Turgenev).

11. Inconsistent definitions, expressed by the indefinite form of the verb, are isolated and separated with the help of a dash, before which the words “namely” can be placed without prejudice to the meaning.

For example: ...I came to you with pure motives, with the only desire - to do good!(Chekhov); But this lot is beautiful - shine and die (Bryusov).

If such a definition is in the middle of a sentence, then it is highlighted with a dash on both sides.

For example: . ..Each of them solved this issue - leave or stay- for yourself, for your loved ones(Ketlinskaya).

But if, according to the context, there must be a comma after the definition, then the second dash is usually omitted.

For example: Since there was only one choice left - lose the army and Moscow or Moscow alone, then the field marshal had to choose the latter(L. Tolstoy).

See next page

In the section on the question, a common agreed upon definition given by the author Abandon the best answer is

Answer from I-beam[active]
An agreed definition is a definition associated with the defined noun by the method of agreement (when the dependent word takes the same gender, number and case as the main word). The agreed definition is expressed by adjectives, participles, pronominal adjectives and ordinal numbers, for example: green tea, running man, to my dad, fifth column. An inconsistent definition is a definition associated with the word being explained by the method of control or adjacency, expressed by nouns in indirect cases, adverbs and other parts of speech: city streets, checkered paper, promise to come.
A common definition is one that has dependent words, for example: a person running after a bus, a promise to come today. A standalone definition is a definition that is distinguished by punctuation marks.
An example of an agreed-upon common isolated definition is a participial phrase, separated by commas: I don’t feel sorry for the years wasted in vain (Yesenin). Will I fall, pierced by an arrow (Pushkin). Along the dusty road leading to the gardens were creaking carts filled with black grapes (L. Tolstoy)

Answer from Vanya Kirilichenoko[newbie]
I don't know

Answer from Misha Vorozhtsov[newbie]
1

Answer from dry up[newbie]
An agreed definition is a definition associated with the defined noun by the method of agreement (when the dependent word takes the same gender, number and case as the main word). The agreed definition is expressed by adjectives, participles, pronominal adjectives and ordinal numbers, for example: green tea, running man, my dad, fifth column. An inconsistent definition is a definition associated with the word being explained by the method of control or adjacency, expressed by nouns in indirect cases, adverbs and other parts of speech: city streets, checkered paper, promise to come.
A common definition is one that has dependent words, for example: a person running after a bus, a promise to come today. A standalone definition is a definition that is distinguished by punctuation marks.
An example of an agreed-upon common isolated definition is a participial phrase, separated by commas: I don’t feel sorry for the years wasted in vain (Yesenin). Will I fall, pierced by an arrow (Pushkin). Along the dusty road leading to the gardens were creaking carts filled with black grapes (L. Tolstoy)

Answer from Nikolay Glukhikh[newbie]
THX

Answer from Nikita Uskov[newbie]
..

Answer from Pasha Shulepov[newbie]
An agreed definition is a definition associated with the defined noun by the method of agreement (when the dependent word takes the same gender, number and case as the main word). The agreed definition is expressed by adjectives, participles, pronominal adjectives and ordinal numbers, for example: green tea, running man, my dad, fifth column. An inconsistent definition is a definition associated with the word being explained by the method of control or adjacency, expressed by nouns in indirect cases, adverbs and other parts of speech: city streets, checkered paper, promise to come.
A common definition is one that has dependent words, for example: a person running after a bus, a promise to come today. A standalone definition is a definition that is distinguished by punctuation marks.
An example of an agreed-upon common isolated definition is a participial phrase, separated by commas: I don’t feel sorry for the years wasted in vain (Yesenin). Will I fall, pierced by an arrow (Pushkin). Along the dusty road leading to the gardens were creaking carts filled with black grapes (L. Tolstoy)

Answer from Vadya Antonov[newbie]
An agreed definition is a definition associated with the defined noun by the method of agreement (when the dependent word takes the same gender, number and case as the main word). The agreed definition is expressed by adjectives, participles, pronominal adjectives and ordinal numbers, for example: green tea, running man, my dad, fifth column. An inconsistent definition is a definition associated with the word being explained by the method of control or adjacency, expressed by nouns in indirect cases, adverbs and other parts of speech: city streets, checkered paper, promise to come.

Segregation on Wikipedia
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Scope of concept on Wikipedia
Look at the Wikipedia article about Scope of Concept