At the turn of two centuries, Russian capitalism began to develop into its highest stage - imperialism. Bourgeois relations, having become dominant, required the elimination of the remnants of serfdom and the creation of conditions for the further progressive development of society. The main classes of bourgeois society had already emerged - the bourgeoisie and the proletariat, and the latter was more homogeneous, bound by the same adversities and difficulties, concentrated in the large industrial centers of the country, more receptive and mobile in relation to progressive innovations. All that was needed was a political party that could unite his various detachments and arm him with a program and tactics of struggle.
At the beginning of the 20th century, a revolutionary situation developed in Russia. There was a division of the country's political forces into three camps - government, liberal-bourgeois and democratic. The liberal-bourgeois camp was represented by supporters of the so-called. “Union of Liberation”, whose goal was to establish a constitutional monarchy in Russia, introduce general elections, protect the “interests of the working people,” etc. After the creation of the Cadets (Constitutional Democrats) party, the Liberation Union ceased its activities.
The social democratic movement, which appeared in the 90s of the 19th century, was represented by supporters of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP), which in 1903 divided into two movements - the Bolsheviks led by V.I. Lenin and the Mensheviks. In addition to the RSDLP, this included the Socialist Revolutionaries (Socialist Revolutionary Party).
After the death of the emperor Alexandra III in 1894, his son Nicholas I ascended the throne. Easily susceptible to outside influences and lacking a strong and firm character, Nicholas II turned out to be a weak politician, whose actions in the country’s foreign and domestic policy plunged it into the abyss of disasters, which began with Russia’s defeat in Russian- Japanese war 1904-1905 The mediocrity of the Russian generals and the tsarist entourage, who sent thousands of Russians into the bloody massacre
soldiers and sailors, further inflamed the situation in the country.
First Russian Revolution
The extremely deteriorating situation of the people, the complete inability of the government to resolve the pressing problems of the country's development, and defeat in the Russo-Japanese War became the main reasons for the first Russian revolution. The reason for it was the shooting of a workers' demonstration in St. Petersburg on January 9, 1905. This shooting caused an explosion of indignation in wide circles of Russian society. Mass riots and unrest broke out in all parts of the country. The movement of discontent gradually took on an organized character. The Russian peasantry also joined him. In the conditions of the war with Japan and complete unpreparedness for such events, the government did not have enough strength or means to suppress numerous protests. As one of the means of relieving tension, tsarism announced the creation of a representative body - State Duma. The fact of neglect of the interests of the masses from the very beginning put the Duma in the position of a stillborn body, since it had practically no powers.
This attitude of the authorities caused even greater discontent both on the part of the proletariat and peasantry, and on the part of liberal-minded representatives of the Russian bourgeoisie. Therefore, by the autumn of 1905, all conditions were created in Russia for the maturation of a national crisis.
Losing control over the situation, the tsarist government made new concessions. In October 1905, Nicholas II signed the Manifesto, which granted Russians freedom of the press, speech, assembly and unions, which laid the foundations of Russian democracy. This Manifesto caused a split in the revolutionary movement. The revolutionary wave has lost its breadth and mass character. This can explain the defeat of the December armed uprising in Moscow in 1905, which was the highest point in the development of the first Russian revolution.
Under the current conditions, liberal circles came to the fore. Numerous political parties arose - the Cadets (constitutional democrats), the Octobrists (Union of October 17). A notable phenomenon was the creation of patriotic organizations—the “Black Hundreds.” The revolution was on the decline.
In 1906, the central event in the life of the country was no longer the revolutionary movement, but the elections to the Second State Duma. The New Duma was unable to resist the government and was dispersed in 1907. Since the manifesto on the dissolution of the Duma was promulgated on June 3, the political system in Russia, which lasted until February 1917, was called the Third June Monarchy.
Russia in World War I
Russia's participation in the First World War was due to the aggravation of Russian-German contradictions caused by the formation of the Triple Alliance and the Entente. The murder of the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne in the capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo, became the reason for the outbreak of hostilities. In 1914, simultaneously with the actions of German troops on the western front, the Russian command launched an invasion of East Prussia. It was stopped by German troops. But in the Galicia region, the troops of Austria-Hungary suffered a serious defeat. The result of the 1914 campaign was the establishment of balance on the fronts and the transition to trench warfare.
In 1915, the center of gravity of the fighting was moved to the Eastern Front. From spring to August, the Russian front along its entire length was breached by German troops. Russian troops were forced to leave Poland, Lithuania and Galicia, suffering heavy losses.
In 1916 the situation changed somewhat. In June, troops under the command of General Brusilov broke through the Austro-Hungarian front in Galicia in Bukovina. This offensive was stopped by the enemy with great difficulty. The military operations of 1917 took place in the context of a clearly mature political crisis in the country. The February bourgeois-democratic revolution took place in Russia, as a result of which the Provisional Government that replaced the autocracy found itself hostage to the previous obligations of tsarism. The course to continue the war to a victorious end led to an aggravation of the situation in the country and to the Bolsheviks coming to power.
ABSTRACT
on the course “History of Russia”
on the topic: “Russia at the beginning of the 20th century”
1. Economic development of Russia at the beginning of the 20th century.
The reforms of Alexander I gave scope for the development of the economy. The state took the initiative in the development of industry, transferring the forms of organizing economic life tested in other countries to Russian soil. All attention, funds and resources were concentrated on solving economic tasks.
The state, while not acting as a direct conductor of bourgeois interests, nevertheless “opened the floodgates” for the accelerated development of capitalist relations. Despite the serious social costs (frequent abuses, dishonesty, and arbitrariness of factory owners caused sharp discontent among workers), the road to capitalism was opened by the reforms of the 60s and 70s of the 19th century.
Shifts in the economy were accompanied by changes social structure society: the classes of the bourgeoisie and wage workers grew in number, the imprint of capitalist relations fell on all social strata of society.
At the beginning of the twentieth century, the growth of the Russian national economy led to an increase in social wealth and well-being of the population. During 1894-1914, the country's state budget increased by 5.5 times, and its gold reserves by 3.7 times. At the same time, government revenues grew without the slightest increase in the tax burden. Direct taxes in Russia were 4 times less than in France and Germany, and 8.5 times less than in England; indirect taxes are on average half as much as in Austria, Germany and England. Significant sums from the budget were allocated for the development of culture and education. The well-being of the population was reflected in the increase in its numbers, which had no equal in Europe. Many domestic economists and politicians argued that maintaining the development trends that existed in 1900-1914 would inevitably, within 20-30 years, lead Russia to the place of a world leader, give it the opportunity to dominate Europe, exceed the economic potential of all European powers combined . Such prospects dismayed Western politicians.
At the beginning of the 20th century. In Russia there is a powerful growth of the factory industry. New industries have emerged. The economic and territorial specialization of various regions was clearly defined.
The government sought to accelerate the industrialization of the country, but it was extremely difficult to ensure its successful progress only through centralized methods. In a number of industries, these methods gave good results (military industry, railway and water transport and some others), but in many areas of the economy development could not be dynamic without the use of private initiative. The proportion between centralism in economic management and private entrepreneurship was seen differently by different representatives of the governing layer of the state. K.P. Pobedonostsev, V.K. Plehve and others, affirming the idea that capitalism has no prospects in Russia, believed that it would “fit” into the system of traditional spiritual values of the Russian people.
Group V.K. Plehve opposed S.Yu. Witte, who sought to link the principle of traditionalism with the principle of realism, to modernize the political and economic structure of Russia, thereby strengthening the monarchical system.
Having taken the post of Minister of Finance, Witte continued the course of industrialization of the country pursued by his predecessors I.X. Bunte and I.A. Vyshnegradsky. Witte's tactics involved the use of all means and methods to solve strategic problems - from strict regulation from above to complete freedom of private initiative, from protectionism to attracting foreign capital.
The stabilization of the internal situation after the revolution was associated with the name of P.A. Stolypin, who became head of government in 1906.
The main work of P.A.’s life Stolypin became land reform. It included the following measures: 1. Decree on the release of peasants from redemption payments and emancipation from communal dependence, according to to which everyone could leave the community and receive land from the community fund into their own possession (that is, freedom to choose the forms of peasant labor and property was guaranteed). 2. A law that provided peasants with the opportunity to settle on farms and own land as hereditary property. 3. Creation of a land fund from state and imperial lands to provide land to all peasants who need it. 4. Granting peasants the right to buy the land of landowners. 5. Allocation of state interest-free loans to peasants for the purchase of land. 6. Activation of the work of the peasant bank, whose task, in addition to subsidizing landowners, was to regulate land use, providing barriers to monopolism and land speculation. 7. Organization of the resettlement business: state assistance to migrants with transport, loans for the construction of houses, purchase of cars, livestock and household property, preliminary land development of sites for migrants (hundreds of thousands of peasants moved from the central regions to Siberia, Kazakhstan and Central Asia, where there was a huge free land fund 8. Organization in rural areas of road construction, cooperative activities, insurance coverage, medical and veterinary care, agronomic consultation, construction of schools and rural churches.
As a result of these measures, sustainable and highly developed agriculture was created in Russia. Productivity for 1906–1914 increased by 14%. Soon after the start of the reforms, the surplus of free grain began to amount to hundreds of millions of poods, and foreign exchange earnings associated with the export of grain increased sharply.
At the beginning of the 20th century. In Russia, the marketability of agricultural production has noticeably increased, merchant capital has sharply increased its turnover. The credit system and banking developed rapidly.
During the reforms, Witte implemented monetary reform, approving gold circulation; established a state monopoly on the sale of vodka, increasing the flow of funds into the treasury; significantly increased the scale of lending to growing industry; widely attracted foreign loans and investments into the Russian economy; implemented a program of customs protection of domestic entrepreneurship. Witte paid a lot of attention to railway construction. The creation of a developed transport network connected the country into a single market and stimulated the development of all branches of production. Witte made a significant personal contribution to the construction Trans-Siberian Railway.
2. Socio-political system and social movement in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the confrontation between the tsarist government and the radical opposition intensified in Russia. The conflict between the government and the revolutionary underground took place against the backdrop of loyalty to the government on the part of the liberal intelligentsia and the broad masses (Cossacks, townspeople, peasantry - especially in regions that did not know serfdom).
The revolutionaries managed to raise a mass movement in individual cities and regions. In 1902-1903 Peasant unrest occurred in the Poltava and Kharkov provinces, strikes and demonstrations of workers took place in Zlatoust, Odessa, Kyiv, etc. The government’s position was worsened by the government’s failure in the Russo-Japanese War.
The ferment intensified, taking the form of organized anti-government struggle. Society was splitting. Political parties of various orientations began to emerge. They became the engine of political struggle in the country, often defending not so much national interests as narrow party platforms.
The largest parties were the Socialist Revolutionary Party (Socialist Revolutionaries), the Kadet Party (Constitutional Democratic Party), the Russian Social Democratic Party (RSDLP), the Octobrists (Union of October 17), and the Union of the Russian People.
In 1905-1907, massive anti-bourgeois strikes of workers took place in Russia. The strike movement continued with varying amplitudes until the end of 1905. Its peak was the October strike, which threatened to acquire an all-Russian character. Peasant protests against the landowners and unrest in national regions were active. The finale of 1905 was the December clashes between opponents and supporters of the authorities in Moscow, which escalated into barricade battles.
The events of 1905 forced the tsarist government to make serious adjustments to its policies. Most political parties (except for the Bolsheviks, anarchists, and Socialist-Revolutionaries-maximalists) assessed the revolution as effective. Social Democrats (both Bolsheviks and Mensheviks) qualified the events of 1905–1907 as a bourgeois-democratic revolution. According to Bolshevik views, it was supposed to develop into a socialist one. The Mensheviks believed that Russia must “grow” into socialism through a process of complex reforms.
As a result of the revolution, the Government provided opportunities for the legal activities of parties, convened the State Duma - an elected legislative body, proclaimed democratic freedoms, and issued laws that gave workers guarantees social protection, began preparations for agrarian reform.
By 1907, new government structures had been created in Russia that contributed to the development of parliamentarism, although the role of the executive bodies was still strong in them. Both the executive (Council of Ministers, Imperial Chancellery) and legislative bodies (State Duma and State Council) were subordinate to the emperor, who personified the supreme power. At the same time, in addition to executive functions, the Council of Ministers was also given legislative and advisory functions. The Governing Senate (the highest body of court and supervision) and the Holy Synod (the highest governing body of the Orthodox Church) were also subordinate to the Emperor.
In the created state system centralization prevailed. Unlike Western Europe, where parliamentary traditions have developed over centuries, Russian parliament in 1906 he began to accumulate experience virtually from scratch. A certain period of time was needed to develop a political culture for both deputies and voters. The Duma resolved many important issues, adopted new laws and approved the country's state budget, and often took legislative initiatives. However, the imperfection of legislative and procedural mechanisms, the diversity of composition, and the psychological mood of the deputies did not allow the Duma to be the leader of the state-building process. It became an arena for inter-party polemics, often taking the form of mutual accusations and mutual revelations. The State Duma failed to revive the state-Zemstvo system and restore the historical tradition of Zemsky Sobors. It could not serve to consolidate social forces or establish friendly work - both leftists and liberals denied many of the original Russian moral values, had a negative attitude towards Russian history. Mechanically copying Western European social models and patterns based on a different mentality, liberals did not bother themselves with a deep analysis of how these models would fall on Russian soil.
The tsarist government, which showed self-doubt after the defeat in the Japanese war, managed in 1906-1907. took the initiative in solving internal political problems, and in subsequent years relatively stabilized the political situation in the country.
3. Russian foreign policy at the beginning of the 20th century.
In 1894–1895 Japan began, and in 1897 Germany continued, territorial seizures in China, which served as a signal for the British, French, and Portuguese, who occupied a number of ports on the Chinese coast. Russia did not stand aside, but it - unlike others - focused not on military, but on political methods. Taking advantage of the friendship treaty concluded with China in 1896, which gave Russia the right to build the Chinese Eastern Railway, it secured the lease of Port Arthur and Dalny. This caused a sharp reaction from Japan. In January 1904, the Japanese attacked the Russian squadron near Port Arthur without declaring war.
Whole line unfavorable factors (underestimation military force enemy, surprise of the first strike from Japan, stretched Russian communications, unfinished rearmament of the army, serious operational and tactical blunders of the command Russian troops etc.) led to Russia's defeat in the war. In August 1905, the Treaty of Portsmouth was signed, according to which Japan ceded South Sakhalin from Russia, the lease of the Liaodong Peninsula, and the South Manchurian Railway.
With the appointment of A.P. Izvolsky as Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1906, relations with European countries became a priority for Russia's foreign policy. Izvolsky proclaimed the concept of “equilibrium”. Running a course “equidistant from London and Berlin became increasingly difficult.
Germany's economic expansion in the Near and Middle East affected the interests of both Russia and England. In 1907, Russia and England signed an agreement to resolve controversial issues in Iran, Afghanistan and Tibet.
In 1908, with the aggravation of the Balkan issue, tensions between Russia and Austria-Hungary increased. In the national liberation struggle of the Slavic and Orthodox peoples against Turkish and Austrian rule, Russia acted as their natural ally. The Austrians' aggressive aspirations against Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina were based on their confidence in German support. Austria's annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina sharply worsened Russia's relations with the Austro-German bloc. The policy of “balance” advocated by I.P. Izvolsky, failed - by the logic of events, Russia found itself “tied” to the Entente - England and France.
In 1910, S.D. became the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Russia. Sazonov. Under him, support for the liberation movement of the Balkan peoples was strengthened. Russia contributed to the creation and strengthening of their national statehood and the containment of Ottoman aggression. At the same time, Russia’s role as an arbiter in Balkan affairs increased. Neither Germany and Austria-Hungary, nor England wanted to agree with this role. With their interference in intra-Balkan affairs, they completely confused all the contradictions between the countries of the region. This confusion entailed the threat of a global military conflict, which became inevitable due to the uncompromising position of the leaders of the opposing blocs - England and Germany.
The world was steadily sliding towards military catastrophe. First of all, this was associated with the growing aggressiveness of Germany and Austria.
At the end of July 1914, Austria began military operations against Serbia. Bound to Serbia by allied duty and historical obligations, Russia could not stand aside - Nicholas II issued a decree on general mobilization.
On August 1, 1914, Germany declared war on Russia, which soon turned into a world war. In the confrontation between states, Russia united with England and France (Entente). They were opposed by Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy (Triple Alliance). The fact that Germany was the first to declare war largely determined the growth of patriotic sentiment in Russia and the creation of the need to repel the enemy.
August 4, 1914, in connection with the successful offensive German armies in Northern France, the government of the latter turned to Russia with a request to accelerate the timing of the offensive of the Russian armies. The Russian command, saving the allies, launched two corps under the command of generals A.V. on the offensive in East Prussia. Samsonov and P.K. Rennenkampf.
Initially, the offensive of the Russian troops developed successfully. To repel it, Germany was forced to remove some of its corps from the Western Front. Having concentrated significant forces, the enemy was able to defeat Samsonov's corps in the Grunwald area, but this defeat allowed the French army to win the battle on the Marne River. More successful fighting took place on the Russian-Austrian front. Here, by the end of 1914, the Russian armies took Lvov, the Przemysl fortress, and reached the foothills of the Carpathians. The enemy lost almost half of his troops. Austria-Hungary was subsequently unable to recover from the defeat and held the front thanks to the direct support of Germany.
In Russia, the first months of the war revealed the country’s insufficient preparation for a large-scale war. The army experienced an acute shortage of ammunition, equipment and especially heavy artillery.
The current situation required comprehension and search for a more optimal way of waging war. Germany found a way out - during 1915 Russian army a decisive defeat and bring the country out of the war. In the second half of April, the offensive of the Austro-German troops began, carefully prepared and planned. Despite the heroism of Russian soldiers and repeated attempts to go on the offensive, a difficult retreat of the armies to the East began. By the fall of 1915, Poland, Lithuania, almost all of Galicia, and part of Volyn were lost. Losses in killed, wounded, and prisoners amounted to more than 2 million people.
No matter how great Germany's military successes were, it was unable to achieve the main thing - the surrender of the Russian army. However, military failures had their consequences for Russia's internal development.
In May 1916, the armies of the Southwestern Front under the leadership of A. Brusilov went on the offensive and inflicted a severe defeat on the Austrian army. The success came as a complete surprise to the allies, as well as to the enemies. Austria-Hungary was on the verge of defeat and subsequently did not undertake independent military operations. Germany was forced to suspend operations at Verdun in order to save the situation in the East.
The successes achieved could not fundamentally change general situation. The war took on a protracted, positional character and increasingly turned into a meat grinder of human destinies. By the beginning of 1917, Russia had lost 2 million people killed, about 5 million people wounded, and about 2 million people captured. Anti-war sentiment is beginning to grow in the country.
Literature
1. Dolgiy A.M. Russian history. Tutorial. M.: INFRA-M, 2007.
2. History of Russia. Theories of learning. Book one, two / Under. ed. B.V. Lichman. Ekaterinburg: SV-96, 2006. – 304 p.
"Have you seen Lenin?"
(Dedicated to the 140th anniversary of the birth of V.I. Ulyanov)
(Dedicated to the 30th anniversary of the death of Vladimir Zvorykin)
Vladimir Kozmich Zvorykin was born July 17 (29), 1888 in the city of Murom, Vladimir province, Russian Empire - died July 29, 1982, Princeton, New Jersey, USA - Russian engineer who lived half his life in America, the “father” of modern television. He was a radio engineer for Kolchak during the “civil war in Russia”; in 1919, as it happened, he ended up in America.
Today's opportunities for using the Internet were provided to us by the developments, first of all, of Vladimir Zvorykin. It was he who put all his efforts into the development of telecommunications.
The real Zworykin project, Zworykin project is not about invention technical devices by themselves. The project is to ensure that there is a free exchange of information and that the world is ruled by truth, not lies!
Vladimir Zvorykin did everything for the freedom of Russia.
Vladimir Kozmich Zvorykin was very upset when he saw how television was used in the USA and other countries. He didn’t have a TV at all at home. Vladimir continued to work to make the exchange of information possible for ordinary people, and not just for propagandists of the occupation regimes.
Vladimir Zvorykin dreamed of publishing such an article for Russia and the whole world.
ARTICLE TEXT:
From a legal point of view, previously the knowledge of history was SPECIAL - the knowledge of a few. Now, with the development of the Internet, knowledge of history has become UNIVERSAL. The discrepancy between general knowledge and the official interpretation forces society to consider the government as occupying power. It is necessary to bring the official interpretation into line with general knowledge.
After the abolition of Article 6 of the Constitution on the leading role of the party, everything that historians write, they write at their own peril and risk. The Ministry of Education provides educational services and therefore it falls under the influence Federal Law"On the protection of consumer rights in the Russian Federation." When textbooks with a false history are purchased with public money, then when purchasing for an amount of more than 1 million rubles, damage occurs on an especially large scale and this requires the application of the relevant articles of the Criminal Code to officials.
I would like to ask historians a question: - “Is 19 years enough to bring history into the semblance of science? Maybe there is not enough knowledge? Maybe we need help from other specialists?”
Ahead of the answer, we begin to help! As is known, they took part in the seizure of power in Russia various forces, in connection with which, it is necessary to consider several versions of the events of 1917:
1. Revolution, as a result of the class struggle (official interpretation);
2. Revolution, as a result of the seizure of power by “Jew-Masons”, Jews (a popular alternative version);
3. Revolution, as a result of the seizure of power in Russia by Germany (popular version in 1917 and later);
4. Revolution, as a result of the seizure of power in Russia by agents of England (today this version is being implemented);
5. Revolution as a result of the capture of Russia by the United States of America (version by Professor Anthony Sutton, USA).
Considering that scientific knowledge must correspond to practice, the author of the article conducted a study of publications in newspapers during the early 20th century. Publications of the New York Times newspaper from 1900 to 1922 were analyzed. The articles in the newspaper were roughly divided into three groups:
1.Short blocks of news, without judgment from the authors;
2. Interviews of participants and witnesses;
3. We consider analytical articles where correspondents express their opinions about events to be subjective and do not take them into account.
The New York Times newspaper was taken for analysis because it was actually published under the New York Stock Exchange and should contain the maximum amount of information so that players on the stock exchange could assess the risks of their investments. In turn, the players' requests for objective information forced the newspaper to maintain a high level of publications. Journalists were not yet corrupted by Goebbels. The newspaper reprinted literally every news article from newspapers around the world. The share of news from Russia and about Russia occupies a significant part of all publications.
The articles were analyzed in their entirety and separately in order to search for “traces of crimes”, see “forensics”.
As a result of a comparative study using the comparison method, coincidences were established, the totality of which allows us to draw a conclusion about the leading role of the United States in the events of 1917. Next, we need to talk about the fact that the United States captured Russia in 1917. Practical confirmation of the version of Professor Anthony Sutton (USA) has been discovered, which allows us to talk about its scientific nature. Additionally, the active participation of ethnic Jewish OCGs (organized criminal groups) was discovered, which allows us to conclude that the American intelligence services involved them as agents. The use of ethnic organized crime groups by intelligence services is quite a typical phenomenon in the 20th century, because... the very structure of such organized criminal groups, the possession of a different language, implies the secrecy of information from outsiders, mutual responsibility, etc.
The participation of the remaining “suspects,” if there was one, was inconsistent, short-term and practically unprofitable, therefore further these versions must be considered unconfirmed.
The version of “class struggle” was also not confirmed.
In the future, when describing events, it is necessary to use legal terminology. It is not permissible to describe the participation of Jews in general, as a people, but we must talk about the participation of Jewish organized crime groups.
If you look at the situation as a whole, then you can use the following thesis:
The leading role was played by Jewish organized crime groups - the financing of terrorist activities went through them. "Mastered cash"Official groups of all nationalities, including Russians, participated in terrorism.
Why were Jewish organized crime groups used in Russia? Analyzing the information and statistics, we can conclude that this was a consequence of circumstances, because there were 3.5 million Jews in Poland (in 1910), and 250,000 Jews accumulated in Chicago, many of them emigrants from Russia. Chicago in 1910 was the third most Jewish city in the world, and Warsaw was the first. There is crime in any national environment, and here it was directly in Chicago - at the “headquarters” of J.P. Morgan and his associates.
In almost all events, starting with “Bloody Sunday,” the participation of US officials in organizing terrorism in Russia and the revolutions of 1905 and 1917 can be traced. A prominent role in all events was played by Theodore Roosevelt - Colonel Roosevelt. It is possible that he was the shadow, the real leader of Root's mission and, perhaps, Roosevelt directly placed people in leadership positions in Bolshevik Russia.
Study conclusion: On February 23, 1917, Russia was captured by the United States of America using Jewish organized crime groups.
It is known that Lev Bronstein (Trotsky) wrote about the future course of the revolution in Russia.
On March 16, after the forceful removal of the tsar (there is no objective data about the abdication), an interview with Leon Trotsky was published in “New World” (NY USA) before leaving New York for Russia: “. ..The committee that has taken the place of the deposed cabinet of ministers in Russia does not represent the interests or goals of the revolutionaries, which means, in all likelihood, it will not last long and will give way to people who will more confidently carry out democratization Russia” .
Joseph Lincoln Steffens (April 6, 1866 – August 9, 1936) was an American journalist, teacher, philosopher, and political scientist, and one of the most famous practitioners of the "meticulous" style of journalism, writing about events in 1917: " The reason for the problems in Russia has been underestimated because no one in the world knows who the real owner of Russia is. These are the people who really rule"-" said Mr. Steffens." We make the mistake of engaging only with the apparent provisional government. And don’t forget, in the meantime, the real rulers are busy settling economic issues for Russia and leaving politics alone for now." .
Let's look at the “obvious, secondary” leaders of Russia who replaced the “Provisional Government”. Lev Bronstein (Trotsky) - Jennings K. Weiss writes about him in the book “Woodrow Wilson” (US President in 1917) “Disciple of the Revolution”: “ Historians should never forget that Woodrow Wilson, despite the opposition of the British police, gave Leon Trotsky the opportunity to enter Russia with an American passport”.
Trotsky was released from a German prisoner of war camp in May 1917, where he was placed at the insistence of the British. " Canadian officials were instructed to inform the press that Trotsky was an American citizen traveling on an American passport, and that his release had been specifically requested by the State Department in Washington. Trotsky had and continues to have a strong hidden influence. There his power was so great that orders were given to give him every attention”, writes McLean, in Ottawa. That is, Trotsky received diplomatic immunity as a US official.
Together with Trotsky, Nikolai Lenin acted throughout the entire period from 1917 and including 1920. Only in 1920 did the public begin to learn that Lenin was “Vladimir Ilyich.” One of the first such publications is dated November 7, 1920 and is called “Gorky to Lenin.”
There are continuous allegations that Nikolai Lenin was a “German spy.” However, according to Anthony Sutton, Lenin’s secretary was a representative of the American Red Cross mission (Root’s mission), Boris Reinstein, who was listed as a translator for a group of US Army officers. The grandson of Lenin’s secretary is today a federal judge in the United States, hearing cassation in criminal cases.
It may seem fair to ask: are Nikolai Lenin and Vladimir Ulyanov the same person, as stated by official history? The names are different and no evidence has been presented to the public. There is a popular rumor that the patriots managed to kill Lenin. Shall we check?
When we try to find photographs of Lenin in 1917-1920, we discover that there are practically none. The author of the article conducted a total search of photographs and a selection of those that are suitable for conducting a comparative study from the point of view of forensic portrait examination. The success is that one of the newsreel frames gives us the necessary perspective. All photographs are shown and we begin to conduct a portrait examination.
CONCLUSION
A study of widely known photographic images of Lenin and one newsreel frame.
Let's approach the issue from the point of view of forensic portrait examination. Compare images in photographs.
There is an asymmetry in the photo - the right side of the face is smaller than the left side.
There is an asymmetry in the photo - the left side of the face is smaller than the right side.
When conducting a comparative study, a difference was found in common feature- asymmetry is different. This allows us to make a categorical conclusion that Nikolai Lenin in 1917 and Vladimir Ulyanov are different persons.
It was repeatedly pointed out to party members that “Lenin in 17 does not look like,” but they came up with the version that it was “Lenin in makeup.” The examination carried out does not confirm, but categorically refutes this version.
The conclusion was published in the article: Kolmykov A.N. Legal liability for falsifying history. Revolution in Russia of 1917. / Monthly scientific journal "Discussion", No. 3, Ekaterinburg, March 2010, p. 8-11. ISSN 2077-7639; ISBN 978-5-91256 UDC code: 94; 34.096.
The next question: “Who was buried in 1924 under the name V.I. Lenin?” We will conduct a forensic (portrait) examination again.
In the presented photograph you see a corpse where the face is turned in profile. This photograph is suitable for identifying the person whose corpse is depicted. For comparison, let's take a photograph of young V. Ulyanov when he was in Samara in 1890 and a photograph of Nikolai Lenin from 1917-1918.
When conducting a comparative study using the comparison method, differences were found in the general anatomical and specific features of the structure of the auricle. This allows us to make a categorical conclusion that V.I. Ulyanov is not the same person who was known as Nikolai Lenin in 1917-1918 and is not the same person who was captured in front of a sound recording machine and later buried under the name V.I. Lenin.
The expert's opinion is posted on the international scientific network
If we analyze all the known photographs of V.I. Lenin, which are presented in the photo album of the CPSU Central Committee, then it is noteworthy that it is not Ulyanov who is captured at mass events (see). Taken together with the fact that “Vladimir Ilyich” was first heard in the press only on November 7, 1920, in Gorky’s article “Gorky to Lenin” (a single incomprehensible article, an afterthought?), we can conclude: Ulyanov was “brought to work in the occupation administration "Only at the end of 1920. Ulyanov’s role was to allow the unknown person on the podium to call himself by his Russian name. That is, Ulyanov’s merit in the cause of the revolution is only in the fact that he turned out to be similar to one of the Russian-speaking leaders of the “occupation regime”. This also allows today to blame all the blame for the revolution and genocide of the peoples of Russia on the Russians. There should be no doubt in anyone’s mind that Samara lawyer Ulyanov V.I. not guilty of the genocide of the peoples of Russia and unrest on a global scale. He himself was injured and how he died and where he was buried is not yet known.
The events of the 1917 revolution in Russia today are presented in history in such a way that semi-literate, uneducated people with low level intelligence, and their leader was V.I. Ulyanov. Taking a closer look, it was established that the characters known to us are only posters for the occupation administration. There were other people behind them and they are roughly known.
I give an incomplete list of actors, where the names of the companies are in brackets: 
Thompson (Federal Reserve Bank of N.Y.)
Andrews (Liggett & Myers Tobacco)
Barr (Chase National Bank)
Brown (c/o William B. Thompson)
Cochran (McCann Co.)
Kelleher (c/o William B. Thompson)
Nicholson (Swirl & Co.)
Pirnie (Hazen, Whipple & Fuller)
Redfield (Stetson, Jennings & Russell)
Robins (mining promoter)
Swift (Swift & Co.)
Thacher (Simpson, Thacher & Bartlett)
Wardwell (Stetson, Jennings & Russell)
Whipple (Hazen, Whipple & Fuller)
Corse (National City Bank)
Magnuson (Thompson representative)
Hardy (lawyer)
The "Propaganda Department" (ministry) of the occupation administration was headed by Boris Reinstein - the US Socialist Party, Thompson's man. The leading employee of the “propaganda department” was the famous American journalist John Silas Reed - “the face of the company”, “the face of the regime”.
Noteworthy is the fact that the date of death of John Reed is October 17, 1920, before the publication of the article “Gorky to Lenin.” Perhaps John Reed did not agree to call “Lenin” Ulyanov in the new reissue of the book “10 Days That Shook the World”? This requires a thorough investigation, because... death of a US citizen on Russian territory with such strange circumstances- our common cause with the USA. The newspapers wrote that the Russians shot them all (see).
Considering that Lev Davidovich Bronstein (Trotsky) was an American citizen, with the greatest degree of probability it can be argued that “V.I. Lenin” is also a US citizen, with an equally dissonant surname for the ears of a Russian person. It is obvious that V.I. Ulyanov was needed to impart Russianness to all that power. They simply used his name. The fate of Vladimir Ulyanov was apparently sad and unenviable. After the death of V.I. Lenin, Ulyanov could no longer survive.
What really happened at the beginning of the 20th century in Russia and in the world?
Publications in the New York Times. Bloody Sunday and the 1905 Revolution, etc.
January 9, 1905 (December 27, 1904 in Russia). At the Carnegie Hall in New York, USA, the Japanese are glorified.
That the Japanese are a generous people was demonstrated yesterday afternoon when a large rally was held at Carnegie Hall.
500 Japanese New Yorkers who were gathered so they could celebrate the fall of Port Arthur. Everyone welcomed the mention of Catherine's Russia long and loudly. General S. L. Woodford only told listeners that Americans love the Japanese because they are brave in battle and generous in victory. "It may be difficult for some of you to understand why America watches your struggle in the Far East with such great sympathy. For a century and a half, our nation has been moving towards friendship with Russia. During our trial, when we fought with England for our independence, Catherine was our friend. She provided us with help when we needed it most. [Long greetings.]
"Our national existence was threatened by schism forty years ago and was saved after four years of bloody war. In that hour of darkness Russia was again our friend. [Long applause.]
Japan, since the beginning of its war with Russia, has suddenly loomed in a certain sense like an older sister over a younger sister. A little more than fifty-one years ago, an American naval officer sailed to Yokahoma and was warmly received. Through his assistance, agreements were signed and, in a sense, America introduced Japan into modern world. Since that unforgettable incident we have become accustomed to your customs, beliefs and traditions, at the same time you accept ours higher education and enlightenment of civilization.
Today you are waging war against one of the most powerful nations already in existence and America is obliged to maintain strict neutrality. At the same time, we cannot help but acknowledge that you support the promotion and modern ideals. For this reason, I ask God to crown you with final victory: Such a Japan will continue for centuries, promoting civilization and education that Russia will one day begin on the same mission."
The meeting was intended exclusively for Japanese residents, but two Americans - General Woodford and A. Tison - promised to speak. Other Americans greeted them just as warmly. Every seat in the hall was taken in advance according to orders, and many Japanese stood at the rear of the hall. The Consul General to the United States, S. Uchida, presided and every Japanese merchant of any eminence was in attendance, as were the Japanese students in Columbia. The Consul General spoke English. He said:
"The fall of Port Arthur does not necessarily mean the end of the war, but we all sincerely hope that it will bring Russia to a decision to accept our terms of peace. The purpose of our meeting today is to celebrate our victory and help financially the families of brave soldiers and sailors "who died instead of spending our money on a feast in honor of the success they achieved. Every cent can help, we need to cheerfully give money."
At the end of his performance were "Banzais" for the Emperor of Japan. The Japanese National Anthem was sung and "Banzais" were given for President Roosevelt, General Nogi and Admiral Togo.
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It was in vain that they hurried. Our squadron of cruisers has not yet approached and cut off Japan from the United States. The cruisers unloaded all US transport in Vladivostok - read “Cruisers”.
At that moment, the Russian squadron circled Africa and passed Madagascar, entering the Indian Ocean. In the Indian Ocean this is a period of storms and therefore the passage of the squadron across the ocean at this time of year was unexpected for the enemy. As for the subsequent peace treaty with Japan, there were publications in the foreign press that “Japan paid off the Russian Tsar.”
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TOKIO. January 12. — — The Japanese War Office notified American Secretary Grayscombe that it would seek permission for General McCarthur and his assistant to come to the troops to accompany the Japanese army in Manchuria. Now two British generals are accompanying the troops. America's actions appropriate in the sending of an official of the same high rank.
TOKIO, January 24. - The Japanese are keenly observing the events in Russia, newspaper publications describing the riots are eagerly being bought up and read. People have been shocked by the deaths occurring in St. Petersburg and there is widespread agreement that the authorities in Russia are powerless to stop the tide of reform, and that the collapse of the bureaucratic system must end the war.
A member of the foreign legation said: "The war is over, the Russian people have been crushed by the iron heel. This will cause a crisis. The Japanese army will now fight the slain Russian people."
The Emperor of Japan today received Minister Grayscombe and the staff of the American legation in a special auditorium, and later entertained them at breakfast.
While the streets of Tokio were ringing with news of riots in St. Petersburg, Mikado, through Mr. Grayscom, expressed to President Roosevelt his great satisfaction at the cordial relations between Japan and America. He paid a high compliment to the United States for the courtesy shown to Prince Fushiml; during his recent American tour.
In response, Mr. Grayscom thanked. For interest, Japan showed at St. Louis Exposure 1 ship, prepared for Prince Fushimi in case of his visit.
At that breakfast, which was attended by His Majesty the Prince, President Roosevelt, excited by alcohol, spoke highly of the staff of the Japanese diplomatic mission in the United States.
1907 Summary of terrorism in Russia for September 1907
Statistics on terrorist attacks for the past month of September.
St. Petersburg, October 16, 1907. - Police statistics published today regarding terrorism during the month of September show that 34 people were executed, that 207, including 73 officials, were killed, and 172 people were wounded in various clashes. The statistics do not include victims in anti-Semitic riots in Odessa, Rostov and Simferopol. Police report 163 armed attacks on buildings or government officials and 34 thefts from ammunition and explosives depots.
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Some example data from a review of transportation experts published in the New York Times at that time:
Until 1917, the total tonnage of cargo traffic through the Ladoga canals was equal to the Suez Canal.
Oil production in Baku accounted for 50% of world oil production.
1000 steam locomotives were produced per year, and after 17 - 25 units.
A stabilizer for artillery systems was developed in Russia and it began to be used in the Russian IMF already in 1907.
The world's first color photographs began to be produced in Russia (see).
There were no prerequisites for revolution due to class struggle in Russia:
"Recent local elections throughout Russia have been cited today to show the low esteem that the Bolsheviks and extremists have in the country as a whole. They have been defeated almost everywhere, the vote for their candidates having marginal results - less than 10%."
Events in 1917 developed as follows:
In February, a meeting of the allies was held in St. Petersburg, where the spring offensive and the future division of Europe into spheres of influence were discussed. Russia took everything as much as possible and the order for the spring offensive was already ready. There was no doubt that victory was already in the hands of Russia. The US was not present at the meeting because they maintained neutrality in the war, and according to some sources they were secret allies of Germany (the scenario was repeated in WWII).
The results of the meeting became known to the United States; they were not happy with this development of events and began to act.
On February 23, 1917, a strike of workers began in St. Petersburg, which lasted two weeks and everything was paid for the simple worker. "Trade networks" blocked food supplies to the capital in order to stimulate unrest. At the same time, the king was forcefully captured and arrested by the conspirators - a military coup. A number of statements were made and documents were signed on behalf of the arrested king.
The United States involved a Zionist structure that collected money from all “shekel givers” in Russia. In May 1917, a Zionist congress was held. It was covered by literally all the world's media. There were about 1,500 delegates from all over Russia. On the basis of the Zionist structure, “Soviets” were created throughout Russia.
In the absence of police, “criminal lawlessness” began in the country and by the fall the slogan “about the need for a firm hand” appeared. Under this slogan, the transfer of power to the “Bolsheviks” was planned, which was announced at a press conference on November 9, and the holiday was set on Bronstein (Trotsky)’s birthday, November 7. The name "Bolsheviks" confused many, but in fact they lost the elections.
To organize and carry out events to seize Russia, it was deployed operational headquarters at the base of the US military mission in Russia in St. Petersburg. This headquarters operated throughout 1917. The future occupation administration was formed from Russian-speaking Americans. US State Department on a contract basis in May 1917. recruited a leader socialist party USA Boris Reinstein. He came up with an ideological disguise for the occupiers in the form of “communism” and later, under the name Lenin, Reinstein was apparently placed in the Mausoleum. He is rightfully the “real Lenin”. He came up with everything. “Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin)” began to be used later in 1924 to blame everything on the Russians. The main thing among the Bolsheviks was always “Nikolai Lenin” and the patriots constantly hunted for him.
In June 1918, the first Nikolai Lenin, supposedly “Lenin in makeup” and described by John Reed in the book “10 Days That Shook the World,” was apparently killed. The rebellious central part of Russia forced the Bolsheviks to flee. All exchanges exploded with the growth of securities Tsarist Russia. There were confident reports that the Bolshevik regime had fallen.
London newspaper: RUSSIAN BONDS GO HIGHER. There is a further increase in reports of the overthrow of the Bolsheviks. This is considered good news from Russia.
There are reports of the overthrow of the Bolshevik Government. All this stimulated yesterday a further increase in the price of Imperial Russian Government Bonds. Within a few days, they announced the growth of Russian securities on the English stock exchange.
5.5 interest bonds due on December 1, 1921 were sold at 36.3 on Tuesday and already at 41 on Thursday. Yesterday the growth was another 6 points, selling at 47.
6.5 interest bonds due June 18, 1919, the following year, moved up 5 points, selling at 47. On Tuesday, these bonds were listed at another 38, and Thursday's sales were reported at 42...
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On June 29, 1918, the United States decided to begin providing open military and other assistance to the Bolsheviks - published in the N. Times.
WASHINGTON. The American Government believes that we need to help Russia. Today it became known that the first step has already been considered. Unofficial assistance will be provided through American businesses and leaders industrial enterprises. This saves you from posting. general public detailed reports that are required to be made diplomatically or politically. Groups of men who will provide expert advice and financial assistance along with America's expression of disinterested friendship to the Russian people are now being discussed. They will include only men familiar with economics, Russian language and transportation conditions.Police protection is sufficient and therefore the use of military force will be avoided.Officials refused to discuss this phase of the situation, realizing that Germany would seize on the United States' intention. For this reason, it is likely that the full details of the assistance to be offered will not be revealed until the Germans become aware of it by actual execution... .
Distribution of NATO troops as of March 2-6, 1919. we know from the report at the First International Communist Congress (Comintern). Diplomatic missions are located in Vologda, because in Moscow and St. Petersburg, the people are putting up armed resistance and it is dangerous for enemies to be there. From Trotsky's speech: “Our military situation in August last year was extremely dangerous. Moreover, we were caught in a ring. Enemies surrounded Moscow...(about the events of the summer of 1918, when the Bolsheviks fled)"
From the materials of the congress as of March 2-6, 19, when Trotsky no longer felt danger:
Foreign armies are stationed around Moscow and St. Petersburg. The northern ports of Arkhangelsk and Murmansk are occupied by the British fleet. The Northern Territories are occupied by British, French and American soldiers. In the Far East, Japan controls a large Russian territory, while American soldiers control the Trans-Siberian railway.
White Army:
Denikin's troops are deployed in southern Russia. Admiral Kolchak crossed the Urals and on the approaches to the cities of Kazan, Samara, and Kirov...
Where then could the Russians flee? Only to China, Australia and South America. The “World War,” which began back in the Russo-Japanese War, ended with the defeat of Russia and its capture.
Note: The photograph shows Trotsky in military uniform Marine Corps USA - dates back to 1920.
By the beginning of the 20th century. A capitalist system of economic management has developed in Russia. (increase in the number of entrepreneurs, increase in hired workers),
The formation of monopoly capitalism in Russia had its own characteristics:
1) with high rates of development of industry and the financial and banking system, the country had a backward agriculture;
2) given the weakness of the Russian bourgeoisie, there was active state intervention in the economy, patronizing the creation large enterprises and financial and industrial associations;
3) Foreign capital was actively penetrating into the country.
World economic crisis of the beginning of the 20th century.
affected the Russian economy, where production also decreased, prices rose, and the number of unemployed increased. Crisis of 1900-1903 was replaced by stagnation 1904-1908. The reason is the Russo-Japanese War and Revolution, they led to a lack of financial resources, reduction of capital investments in industry and agriculture, to the disorganization of production and management.
The consequences of the crisis and subsequent stagnation affected agricultural countries the most.
With routine cultivation of the land, low yields, and unfavorable weather conditions, the country constantly experienced years of famine. To cover expenses, the tsarist government resorted to external loans, the size of which increased sharply.
Despite the development of capitalism in Russia, the socio-political system remained the same: the tsar had power, the nobility occupied a privileged position, and the clergy was the second privileged class.
The most powerless group of the population was the peasantry; it was formally free, but suffered from a lack of land, did not have the means to purchase modern tools, and was subjected to corporal punishment. The proletariat was subjected to brutal exploitation (working day 11-14 hours). Living conditions living conditions were extremely difficult. They were limited in their education, which required personal funds. The preconditions for a socio-political crisis were being created in Russia.
Symptoms of the crisis were the growing labor movement and peasant unrest. In almost all industrial regions of the country in 1900-04. there were about a thousand strikes,
The reasons for the mass uprisings of workers and peasants were not only the economic crisis, poverty and hunger, but also domestic politics carried out by the tsarist government.
Everyone expected changes from Nicholas II, who ascended the throne in 1894. They made virtually no steps towards resolving the land issue for the peasantry or improving the situation of the workers. Crisis phenomena in the economy, socio-political instability in the country, the inability of the king to get it out of a dangerous situation, his short-sightedness and intransigence - all this became the reason for the creation of political or public organizations to protect their interests or to protect and assist the king and his government.
It was during these years that the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party was created in Russia, which later divided into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks; The Socialist Revolutionary Party (SRs), which fought for the transfer of land to the peasants; The Union of Zemstvo Constitutionalists is a liberal party.
Russo-Japanese War
In order to counter the expansionism of Germany, which was striving for the redistribution and seizure of colonies, there was a rapprochement between Russia and France, and then with England - the Entente alliance, against the Triple Alliance, which included Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy.
Having lost interest in the Balkans, Russia is paying attention to foreign policy began to focus on the Far East. In order to economically develop its territories, Russia began to build the Chinese Eastern Railway (CER), and created the Port Arthur naval base on the Liaodong Peninsula. In 1900, Russian troops were introduced into Manchuria. In these actions, Russia collided with the interests of Japan, which also sought to establish itself in this area.
Negotiations between Russia and Japan in 1903 on the division of spheres of influence here were unsuccessful. Russia and Japan began to prepare for war. The war began without an official announcement - on January 27, the Tsushima defeat ended the war. The main reasons for Russia's defeat in the war were the incompetent military leadership, insufficient material and technical supplies to the army, and the theft of officials who did not provide the army with the necessary equipment and weapons.
In August 1905
With the mediation of the United States, a peace treaty was signed in Portsmouth, according to which Russia transferred to Japan the southern part of Sakhalin Island, the right to lease the Liaodong Peninsula with Port Arthur, and recognized Korea as Japan’s sphere of influence.
This war had a noticeable impact on the balance of power in the world and predetermined the nature of many political processes - it negatively affected the international prestige of Russia.
This also had a serious impact on the country’s economy. This was the domestic and foreign political situation in the country, which led to the first Russian revolution in 1905.
The aggravation of socio-political contradictions in Russia was aggravated by its defeat in the Russo-Japanese War. By the end of 1904, Russia was on the verge of revolution. In order to reduce discontent in society, the security department sought to keep workers' organizations under control.
Not only provocateurs were infiltrated into them, but their own workers' organizations were created. One of these organizations in St. Petersburg was headed by priest Gapon. On January 3, 1905, workers of the capital's Putilov plant went on strike. On January 8, the strike became citywide. It was decided to hold a peaceful procession to the king with a petition outlining the needs of the population.
The procession to the Winter Palace of workers was shot. This event went down in Russian history as Bloody Sunday.
In response to this atrocity of the tsarist authorities, workers' protests swept across the country, there was a revolt of sailors on the battleship "Prince Potemkin-Tavrichesky", peasant riots, and the first people's government body in Russia was created in Ivanovo-Voznesensk - the Council of Authorized Deputies.
In October 1905
the political situation required emergency measures. Frightened by the scale of the revolutionary movement, Nicholas II made concessions and on October 17, 1905, the Manifesto “On Improvement” was published. public order", which provided for the convening of the State Duma, which received legislative rights, and the introduction of certain democratic freedoms.
A significant part of the participants in the liberal movement saw in the Manifesto the realization of their political aspirations and united in the “Union of October 17” (Octobrists).
Soon the Constitutional Democratic Party (Cadets) and the “Union of the Russian People” (Black Hundred nationalists) and others were formed. All of them were in favor of preserving the monarchy. In December 1905 in largest cities the workers took up arms. In Moscow, an armed uprising, prepared by the Moscow committees of the RSDLP by the Socialist Revolutionary Party, grew from a general strike on December 7-9. In 1905-1907 Revolutionary protests by peasants took place throughout the country.
The All-Russian strike in October 1905 had a particularly great influence on the peasant movement. The Peasant Union was created, and in April 1906 - political organization peasants - "Labor Group".
In 1906, the revolutionary movement began to decline. The results of the revolution were concessions to the autocracy, changes in the socio-political system of Russia, the introduction of a new representative body - the State Duma, which meant the introduction of parliamentarism in the country, the abolition of censorship, permission to create political parties, trade unions, and the expansion of the circle of voters.
In the elections to the First State Duma, held in February - March 1906, the Cadets Party achieved the greatest success.
The central issue of the State Duma was agrarian. However, by decree on July 8, 1906, the Duma was dissolved. In the economic field, the government began to carry out agrarian reforms, in industry - to introduce regulatory measures in favor of workers
In the post-revolutionary period, the tsarist government, headed by P.L.
Stolypin was forced, on the one hand, to make certain concessions to the bourgeoisie, workers and peasants, and on the other hand, he intensified repression. The “Regulations on Enhanced and Emergency Security” were issued. Mass arrests, trials, and executions of participants in revolutionary uprisings were carried out.
In 1907-1911 Stolypin determined government policy. In 1906, a course of socio-political reforms was proclaimed.
At Stolypin’s proposal, agrarian reform began in the country:
allowed peasants to voluntarily leave the rural community with the allocation of cuts and land plots on farmsteads. In accordance with the law of June 14, 1910
such separation from the community became mandatory. Peasants could sell and buy plots of land and take out loans from the Peasant Bank to purchase land.
The resettlement of peasants from the central regions of Russia to the sparsely populated outlying regions (Siberia, the Far East) was encouraged, where the settlers received plots at the expense of the state land fund. All these measures were aimed at eliminating peasant land shortages and increasing the marketability of peasant farming.
The implementation of reforms in agriculture and the adoption of a number of protective laws in industry partially relieved social tension, stabilized the situation in industry, and increased the purchasing power of the population.
Under the leadership of Stolypin, a number of major bills were developed to reform local government, the introduction of universal primary education, and religious tolerance.
However, already from 1910
The socio-political situation in the country began to deteriorate again. In 1911, Stolypin was mortally wounded. The agrarian question was not resolved. Only about 15% of the settlers were able to create farms in the areas of new development. The bulk of the peasants still needed land and demanded the redistribution of landowners' estates. The nobility was dissatisfied with Stolypin's reforms and demanded new loans and benefits from the government. The bourgeoisie, burdened with taxes, demanded their reduction and did not reduce the level of exploitation of workers.
The wave of workers' strikes and peasant revolts began to grow again. Their number increased sharply after the Lena events, when in April 1912 the striking workers of the Lena gold mines were shot by order of the authorities.
In 1912, the number of workers on strike in the country was about 730 thousand, but the further development of the revolutionary situation was suspended by the outbreak of the World War.
A new phenomenon was the creation of non-state universities, where representatives of all segments of the population could receive education.
Science - For outstanding contributions to world science, Nobel Prize laureates were awarded in 1904.
I.P. Pavlov, and in 1908 - I.I. Mechnikov.
Literature - silver Age. Critical realism, presented in the works of A.P., continued to develop in literature. Chekhov, M. Gorky, S.A. Yesenina.
K.S. Stanislavsky and V.I. Nemirovich-Danchenko opened the Art Theater
Art – abstract art – Malevich, Chagall
Music – Rachmaninov, Scriabin, Stravinsky
Russia at the beginning of the 20th century
To better understand what Russia was like at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries, I want to quote the words of Leo Tolstoy from his letter to Nicholas 2 dated January 16, 1906. None of the historians described the situation in Russia of that era better.
Russia is in a position of increased security, that is, outside the law.
The army and police (overt and covert) are increasing. The prisons are overcrowded. Even workers are now considered political prisoners. Censorship has reached the point of absurd prohibitions that it has never achieved before.
Religious persecution has never been so severe. As a result, those 100 million on which Russia's power rests are impoverished. It is becoming so poor that hunger has now become a normal occurrence. Even 50 years ago, under Nicholas 1, the prestige of royal power was very high. Now it has fallen so much that even representatives of the lower classes criticize not only the government, but also the tsar.
Lev Tolstoy
Population
The first official population census (without economic implications) in the Russian Empire took place in 1897 and counted 125 million people in the country.
The second census of 1914 recorded 178.1 million people (an increase of 53.1 million over 17 years). The rate of population growth was high and it was calculated that if Russia manages to reach the mid-20th century without external and internal shocks, then the population in the country will be about 350 million inhabitants.
Russia at the beginning of the 20th century was a multinational country.
The same 1914 census recorded the following composition of the population:
- Russians - 44.6%
- Ukrainians - 18.1%
- Poles - 6.5%
- Jews - 4.2%
- Belarusians - 4.0%
- Kazakhs - 2.7%
- Other nations - each no more than 2%
The official language of the Russian Empire at the beginning of the 20th century is Russian.
At the same time, there was no oppression based on language, and other peoples could use their language for communication.
Estates
An important characteristic of the Russian population of the early 20th century was the preservation of classes. The bulk of the population are peasants, whose class made up just over 80% of the country's population.
There were approximately 1.5% of nobles in Russia, but it was the leading class that consolidated power. The nobility was not united; it was divided into hereditary and personal.
The problem of the nobility was acute in Russia, since according to the reform of 1861, the nobles were formally deprived of all rights of exclusive land use.
This was the starting point, after which the position of the nobility began to deteriorate, and with them the power of the Emperor became less and less strong. As a result, the events of 1917 happened.
A separate important class in Russia is the clergy. At the beginning of the 20th century it was divided into categories:
- Black (monastic). Monks who have taken a vow of celibacy.
- White (parish). Priests who are allowed to have a family.
Despite the important status of the clergy, the church continued to be under state control.
Autonomy
Autonomy is characteristic development of the Russian state.
The Empire, annexing new lands into its composition, in most cases provided these lands with autonomy, preserving them national traditions, religion and so on. Finland had the most complete autonomy, which had its own parliament, legislation and money.
I specifically emphasized this system of preserving autonomy, which was relevant back in the early 20th century, so that you could compare how Russia annexed regions and how Western countries did it. Suffice it to remember that as a result of colonization North America Europeans, Indians (the indigenous population was almost completely exterminated, and the part that remained alive was placed in special reservations - pens for livestock, from which it was impossible to get out.
Autonomy was also granted to the Baltic peoples and Poland to the west.
The autonomy of these regions was curtailed in terms of political freedoms, since, for example, the Polish population Always advocated the restoration of the Polish state, which means it actively fought underground against Russia.
The best indicator of maintaining the cultural integrity of autonomies was religion.
Despite the dominance Orthodox Church(76% of the population), other religions also remained: Islam (11.9%), Judaism (3.1%), Protestantism (2.0%), Catholicism (1.2%).
Territory
At the beginning of the last century, Russia's scale was at its peak geographically, and naturally it was the largest country in the world. The western borders of the state were with Norway, Germany, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire.
The Russian state included: modern Moldova, Ukraine, Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Finland, and partly Poland.
I would like to note that the current capital of Poland, Warsaw, was part of Russia at the beginning of the 20th century.
We looked at the territory of Russia in Europe, since this was the theater where the main actions of that era took place.
If we talk about Asia, Russia also included all the states that later joined the USSR.
Governance and laws
Russia at the beginning of the 20th century continued to remain a monarchy, when in the 1st article of the code of laws of the country it was written that “the emperor is an autocrat with unlimited power.”
Power in the country was passed on by inheritance to the eldest in the family. In this case, preference was given to males.
Control system
The main figure in the country was the Emperor. He had the main functions in governing the country. The Romanov dynasty itself and all the people who belonged to it had influence on the emperor and influenced the politics of Russia.
According to the laws of that time, only Orthodox Christians could be members of the ruling dynasty, so when representatives from other countries joined the dynasty, they were immediately baptized into the Orthodox faith.
Since 1810, Russia had a State Council, an advisory body that provided legislative ideas to the Emperor, but the adoption of laws was the sole function of the Emperor.
Executive power was concentrated in the hands of the Ministries. There was no government or prime ministers above the ministries.
Each minister reported directly to the ruler (this is a feature of the imperial regime). Major Ministries Russian Empire late 19th - early 20th centuries: internal affairs, military, foreign affairs, finance and public education.
Ministries created a huge number of officials. According to official statistics in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century there was 1 official per 3 thousand people. It was the largest bureaucracy in the world. Typical problem There was corruption and bribery among tsarist officials. This was largely due to low wages. The obvious problem of the large apparatus of officials was the inability to accept important decisions fast.
Judicial functions
Higher judicial branch in the country, since the time of Peter 1, belonged to the Senate. He performed the functions of the judiciary, supervisory authorities and interpretation of laws. The judicial power itself relied on the judicial reform of the 60s of the 19th century. Russia practiced equality, jury trials and openness.
In practice, inequality still persisted, since numerous laws of the Russian Empire left many loopholes for lawyers. Whoever could hire them won in the courts.
Relatively judicial system In Russia at the beginning of the 20th century, it is important to note that a special method of judicial proceedings was applied to political criminals (anyone could be classified as such if there was a strong desire).
After the assassination of Alexander 2, the law “On the preservation of order and public peace” was adopted. According to him - in relation to political prisoners, the verdict was made not by the court, but by officials.
Local government
The local government system functioned on the basis of the laws of the 60s of the 19th century.
Zemstvos were created locally, which resolved exclusively local issues (construction of roads, schools, and so on. By the beginning of the 20th century, the functions of zemstvos had changed somewhat. Now a bureaucratic apparatus was built over them, completely controlling all the functions of local authorities.
Self-government bodies were divided into:
- Urban. City Dumas were formed, to which only owners of houses in the city could be elected.
- Rural. Village gatherings or “worlds” were formed.
Every year the role of local authorities became lower and lower, and new control organizations appeared above them.
Army and security
The Police Department (analogous to the current Ministry of Internal Affairs) dealt with internal security issues.
The police network was extensive and, on the whole, did not cope with its functions well enough. It is enough to recall only the numerous attempts on members of the imperial house to be convinced of this.
The size of the army at the beginning of the 20th century exceeded 900 thousand people.
The army continued to remain regular, formed on the principle of conscription. Conscription was universal, but benefits were provided.
The only sons in the family, breadwinners, teachers and doctors were exempt from military service. Today there is a lot of talk about the fact that the army of the Russian Empire was the best in the world. You can definitely argue with this. Enough to remember Russian-Japanese war to understand that the problems in the army and in its administration were significant. The limitations of the command are also emphasized by the First World War, which Russia entered with virtually no artillery (the command was convinced that this was a hopeless type of weapon).
In reality, 75% of all losses in that war were from artillery.
Economy
The problems that characterized Russia at the end of the 19th century were reflected in the economic development of the country at the beginning of the 20th century. It is no coincidence that at this stage there are 2 revolutions and significant discontent among the population.
This was partly true.
If we highlight the main features of the Russian economy of that period, we can highlight: the formation of monopolies, the preservation of a largely serf-based economic system, the complete dependence of the economy on the state, and the uneven economic development of regions.
The state made attempts to solve the problem that had accumulated in the economy.
For this purpose, Witte's reforms and Stolypin's agrarian reform were undertaken. These reforms did not radically change the situation, and at the beginning of the 20th century in Russia there was a decline in production and the standard of living of the majority of the population. This is where the social dynamite that exploded in 1917 lies.
The situation in the village
The events of 1893 are very important for understanding the situation in the Russian village at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries.
This year a law was passed limiting the community's right to redistribute land. Now the land was divided once every 12 years. What does it mean? Every 12 years the land was divided anew. That is, the community took land plot from one peasant and gave it to another. Some historians talk about the low significance of these events, but this is not so. The land issue has always been very acute in Rus' and most riots, uprisings and revolutions happened precisely because of the land issue.
Subsequent events best represent the significance of the 1893 law. It is enough to add 12 years to convince of this. The following dates are obtained:
- 1905 (1893 + 12) - first revolution
- 1917 (1905 + 12) - February revolution followed by the October revolution
- 1929 (1917 + 12) - beginning of collectivization
Due to the nature of the redistribution, agriculture suffered greatly.
There was no point in investing in land. Anyway, after 12 years this plot will be given to someone else. Therefore, it was necessary to squeeze out the maximum in 12 years, and then let another owner think about restoring the land’s productivity.
And this point of view was widespread!
Once again I want to emphasize the years of land redistribution: 1905, 1917, 1929. These are the most important years of Russian history, and if we consider them without taking into account the specifics of land redistribution, we understand real events in a Russian village in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century is impossible. After all, the overwhelming majority of the population were peasants, and they are fed by the land. Therefore, in the literal sense of the word, the peasants were ready to kill for the land.
International relationships
After the reign of Alexander 3, Russia was very often characterized as a powerful country, but too distant from European political processes.
This was fully consistent with the interests of the Empire, and Nicholas 2 promised to continue this policy. This could not be done.
As a result, Russia was drawn into a world war.
The early 20th century saw the rise of the German Empire, which grew stronger every year and showed signs of subduing Europe.
If we consider this process objectively, Germany did not threaten Russia in any way, but Nicholas 2, who in words guaranteed the Empire’s path to isolation from European intrigues, was in fact afraid of Germany and began to look for allies.
Thus began a rapprochement with France, and after the signing of the Franco-English treaty, the Entente was formed. I will not now describe in detail the idiocy of the behavior of Nicholas 2 (this topic is well discussed in the material about the First World War), but it was his fear of Germany that allowed Russia to be drawn into the war, where its Entente allies (France and England) did not help at all and more interfered.
Russia’s traditional rival, the Ottoman Empire, was experiencing a clear decline, and questions were increasingly raised in Russian society about the need to take Constantinople away from Turkey.
It is noteworthy that this should have happened (all documents were signed) after the First World War. This is precisely one of the reasons why Western countries so quickly recognized Russian revolution legitimate
August 10, 2013
Peoples of the Russian Empire at the beginning of the 20th century. Author: 11th grade
Fine arts / Cartography / School Maps / Album Domestic history of the 20th century. Atlas by National history twentieth century for 11th grade
Posted by: Ivasiv Alexander
Peoples of the Russian Empire at the beginning of the 20th century
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In 1903, Wilbur and Orville Wright built the Flyer airplane. The plane was equipped with a gasoline engine, and its first flight was made to a height of 3 m and lasted for 12 seconds. The first one was opened in 1919 overhead line from Paris to London. The maximum number of passengers allowed was , and the flight duration was 4 hours.