There is hardly any space in the world with a flat topography as vast as the West Siberian Plain. Minerals located in this territory were discovered back in 1960. Since then, this natural storehouse has been of particular value to our state.
The age of the rocks of the West Siberian Plain indicates the presence of a huge amount of resources in them. The development of the northernmost deposits requires additional time and effort. Today, due to the huge area of marshy swamps in an area such as the West Siberian Plain, minerals are mined at the cost of considerable effort.
Location
The West Siberian Plain is located within the boundaries of the Epihercynian plate. It is located on the Asian continent and occupies almost the entire part of Western Siberia, starting from the Ural Mountains and ending
The regions of Russia and Kazakhstan are located on this plain. The total area of this area exceeds three million kilometers. The distance from north to south is two and a half thousand, and from east to west - one thousand nine hundred kilometers.
Description of the West Siberian Plain
This area is a surface with slightly rugged terrain, diluted with minor fluctuations in relative heights. All this determines a clear zoning of the landscape.
The description of the West Siberian Plain gives an idea of the characteristics of this area. The northern part of the territory is dominated by tundra, and the south is steppe. Due to the fact that the plain is poorly drained, a considerable part of it is occupied by marshy areas and swampy forests. The total area of such complexes is more than one hundred twenty-eight million hectares. Due to geographical features, the climate is variable.
Plain structure
The structure of the West Siberian Plain is heterogeneous. At great depths there are Paleozoic rocks, which are covered by Meso-Cenozoic sediments. Mesozoic formations represent marine as well as continental deposits of organic matter.
The structure of the West Siberian Plain indicates repeated changes in climate conditions and the regime of precipitation accumulation on this plate. This was facilitated by its subsidence at the beginning of the Mesozoic period.
Gray clay, mudstones, and glauconitic sandstones represent Paleogene deposits. Their accumulation occurred at the very bottom of the Paleogene sea, which, in turn, connected the Arctic basin with the seas of Central Asia through the depression of the Turgai Strait. Subsequently, in the middle of the Oligocene, this sea left Western Siberia. In this regard, the upper Paleogene deposits represent sandy-clayey continental facies.
Enormous changes in the nature of the accumulation of sedimentary deposits occurred in the Neogene. The rock that rises on the southern side of the plain is formed and consists of continental sediments from rivers and lakes. Their formation occurred under conditions of small dissection of the plain, which was covered by subtropical vegetation, then by broad-leaved deciduous forests. In some places one could find savannah territories inhabited by giraffes, hipparions, and camels.
Process of formation of minerals
The location of the West Siberian Plain suggests the presence of a folded foundation of Paleozoic sediments. These deposits are covered by a cover of loose marine and continental Mesozoic-Cenozoic rock (clay, sandstone, etc.). This gives reason to assume that in some places the age of the rocks of the West Siberian Plain reaches one billion years or more.
As a result of the subsidence of the plate, organic matter accumulated in shallow lakes, which subsequently turned out to be preserved under sedimentary rocks. As a result of pressure and exposure to hot temperatures, the formation of minerals began. The resulting substances moved to the sides with the least pressure. As a result of these processes, oil flowed from a submerged to an elevated state, and gas compounds rose along the edges of the field basins. Above the highest elevations of the basins there is sedimentary rock - clay.
Available resources
Thanks to the work of geologists in an area such as the West Siberian Plain, the minerals discovered in this area have become a powerful basis for the development of Western Siberia. There are deposits of such resources as natural gas, brown coal, and oil.
Large quantities of oil are being produced from developed wells in Western Siberia. Soft sedimentary rocks are easy to drill. One of the richest and highest quality is the West Siberian Plain. Minerals have been mined here for more than fifty years. The largest basin is the West Siberian oil and gas basin. Within the boundaries of the Khanty-Mansi syneclise, as well as the Krasnoselsky, Salym and Surgut regions, the largest shale oil reserves in our country are located in the Bazhenov formation. They are mined at a depth of two kilometers.
The cuff of loose sediments encloses a horizon of underground fresh and mineralized waters. There are also hot springs, the temperature of which varies from one hundred to one hundred and fifty degrees.
West Siberian Plain: minerals (table)
Thus, the structure of the West Siberian Plain indicates the considerable age of the rocks of this territory and the presence of rich mineral deposits. Despite this, there is a problem with the development of gas and oil. It lies in difficult natural conditions. The life and work of people in the northern part are significantly complicated by severe frost and hurricane winds. The soil in the north is frozen by permafrost, so construction is not an easy task. In the summer, the number of blood-sucking insects increases, which creates difficulties for workers.
Instead of a conclusion
Today, the issue of protection and rational use of Western Siberian resources remains relevant. Predatory destruction of the environment can lead to disastrous consequences. It must be taken into account that everything in the natural system is interconnected, and therefore we must strive not to disturb its harmony.
Target. Learn to mark mineral deposits on a contour map, compare an atlas map with a contour map, and correctly apply symbols and signatures.
Equipment. Map "Mineral resources RUSSIA", geographical atlases, contour maps, rulers, colored pencils.
Briefing. Using generally accepted symbols of mineral resources, comparing atlas maps with contour maps and linking deposits to geographic objects, plot the largest mineral deposits.
When drawing up a contour map, comply with the following requirements:
1) make symbols and signatures clearly, carefully, and use different colors if necessary;
2) make signatures of deposits using parallels;
3) arrange all explanations in the symbols of the contour map.
Nomenclature.
Peat deposits. North of the European part: (Moscow, Gorky, Kirov regions), West Siberian Plain.
Coal deposits. Kuzbass, Karaganda basin, Pechora basin, Moscow region basin, Ekibastuz, Kansk-Achinsk basin, South Yakutsk basin.
Oil fields. The central part of Western Siberia (Samotlorskoye, Ust-Balykskoye, Megionskoye, etc.); Volga-Ural oil and gas province (Mishinskoye, Buguruslanskoye, Zhigulevskoye); Eastern coast of the Caspian Sea (Prorva, Uzen, Cheleken), North Caucasus Komi ASSR (Usinsk);
Gas deposits. The north and north-west of the West Siberian Plain (Urengoyskoye, Yamburgskoye, Medvezhye), Volga-Uralskoye (Stepnoye, Orenburgskoye), North Caucasus (Stavropolskoye, Berezanskoye), Komi ASSR (Vuktylskoye, Voyvolzhskoye).
Iron ore deposits. Kursk Magnetic Anomaly (KMA), Krivorozhskoe, Kerchskoe, Kostomuksha, Kachkanarskoe, Sokolovskoe, Sarbaiskoe, Taiga.
Natural resources of the Russian Federation, their assessment
Russia is one of the richest countries in the world in terms of natural resources. The Russian Federation has a huge and diverse natural resource potential (more than 200 species). In terms of volume and variety of natural resources, Russia has practically no equal in the world. According to scientists’ calculations, the Russian Federation is provided with reserves of coal, iron ore, potassium salts and phosphate raw materials for 2–3 centuries. Forest, water resources, gas and oil reserves are significant. The population of Russia is 2.4% of the population of our planet, and the territory of the Russian Federation is 10% of the earth's. At the same time, the Russian Federation contains ~45% of the world's reserves of natural gas, 13% of oil, 23% of coal, per capita there are 0.87 hectares of arable land, the territory in Russia is covered with forests, accounting for 22% of the world's “forest” surface. In terms of reserves of certain types of natural resources, Russia ranks first or one of the first places in the world (1st - in reserves of gas, wood, iron ore, potassium salts, hydro resources; in terms of oil reserves - 3rd place in the world). Russia is also rich in bauxite, nickel, tin, gold, diamonds, platinum, lead, and zinc. Many of these resources are located in Siberia, where long distances, sparse populations, harsh climate and permafrost pose significant challenges to economically extracting and transporting raw materials to places of processing and consumption.
1) Water resources
Water is the basis of life on the planet. Russia is washed by the waters of 12 seas belonging to three oceans, as well as the inland Caspian Sea. On the territory of Russia there are over 2.5 million large and small rivers, more than 2 million lakes, hundreds of thousands of swamps and other water resources. The lower reaches of large rivers are most endowed with water resources. An increased level of water availability is typical for humid zones (tundra and forest) of Russia. Among the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the highest indicators are in the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the Kamchatka Region (without autonomous okrugs), the Sakhalin Region, and the Jewish Autonomous Region. In the center and south of the European part of the country, where the main population of Russia is concentrated, the zone of satisfactory water supply is limited to the Volga valley and the mountainous regions of the Caucasus. Of the administrative entities, the greatest shortage of water resources is observed in Kalmykia and the Rostov region. The situation is slightly better in the Stavropol Territory, the southern regions of the Central Chernozem Region and in the southern Trans-Urals.
Total water resources of Russia
Freshwater resources are approximately 790 km 3 /year. More than a third of potential resources are concentrated in the European part of the country. The most explored forecast resources are in the Kaliningrad region - 87.9%, the least - from 2.5 to 4.8% - in the north and north-west of Russia, as well as in the Siberian and Far Eastern regions.
Data on the total resources and reserves of fresh water in Russia are given in the table
2) Land resources
Lands located within the Russian Federation constitute the country's land fund. According to current legislation and established practice, state land registration in the Russian Federation is carried out by categories of land and land.
In accordance with state statistical reporting data, the area of the land fund of the Russian Federation as of January 1, 2005 amounted to 1,709.8 million hectares.
Rice. Structure of the land fund of the Russian Federation by land category
Distribution of the land fund of the Russian Federation by category, million hectares
Land resources are the natural basis for agricultural production. The most significant resources of highly productive lands are available in the chernozem regions, especially in the Central Black Earth region, the Volga-Don interfluve, in the flat part of the North Caucasus and the steppe Trans-Urals. Lands of average agricultural quality occupy vast areas in the non-chernozem regions of European Russia. Local areas of land with satisfactory agricultural potential are available in southern Siberia, in the south of the Far East and even in the alas zone of Yakutia.
There is a noticeable underutilization of agricultural potential in industrialized regions - the Moscow region, Kuzbass, Samara and Rostov regions. In such conditions, only large farms (or powerful cooperation) specializing in food supply to industrial cities are able to compete with factories for personnel and investment.
For the north of Siberia - from the Urals to Chukotka, we can also talk about the presence of certain reserves for the production of agricultural products (in particular, reindeer husbandry).
3) Hydropower resources
Russia has enormous hydropower resources.
But they are used at less than 20%. The majority of hydropower resources are located in Siberia and the Far East (80%). They are especially large in the basins of the Yenisei, Lena, Ob, Angara, Irtysh, and Amur rivers. The rivers of the North Caucasus are rich in hydropower resources.
Rivers are of great importance for the development of inter-district and intra-farm relations. Russia has the most extensive river network in the world; The length of navigable river routes in Russia is over 400 thousand km.
4) Fuel resources
A feature of the placement of fuel resources on the territory of Russia is the high localization and remoteness of the most productive and intensively used deposits. As a result, the centers of production and consumption of resources are separated from each other by enormous distances, even on the scale of Russia.
The unique significance for the country's fuel and energy supply of the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets districts is well known. The regions of the Volga-Ural oil and gas province - Tatarstan, Udmurtia, Samara and Orenburg (to a lesser extent Perm), as well as Komi, Kuzbass and Yakutia - have an increased potential for natural fuels relative to the average Russian level. There is a natural decrease in resource potential in regions with a large age of active exploitation of deposits.
5) Biological resources
Flora: on the territory of Russia there are 11,400 species of vascular plants; 1370 – bryophytes; more than 9,000 algae, about 3,000 species of lichens, more than 30,000 fungi.
1363 species have various beneficial properties, of which 1103 species are used in medicine
It should be noted that, according to some estimates, the volume of commercial stocks of wild plants is about 50% of biological stocks.
Fauna: The territory of Russia is huge - over 17 million square kilometers. Natural conditions are very diverse. Therefore, a significant part of the world's biological diversity is located in our country. There are about 1513 species of vertebrates in Russia:
320 species of mammals,
732 species of birds,
80 species of reptiles,
29 species of amphibians,
343 species of freshwater fish,
9 species of cyclostomes.
In addition, about 1,500 species of marine fish live in the seas surrounding our country.
As for the invertebrate fauna, it numbers up to 150,000 species, of which 97 percent are insects.
And many of these species exist only in our country; they are not found anywhere else in the world. Scientists call such species endemics.
6) Forest resources
Russia is the largest forest power. The area of the forest fund and forests not included in the forest fund exceeds 1180 million hectares in the Russian Federation. In terms of forest supply, Russia ranks first in the world, possessing approximately 1/5 of the world's forest plantations and timber reserves, and in relation to boreal and temperate forests it is practically a monopolist, possessing 2/3 of the world's reserves. The forest fund of the Russian Federation, stretching for many thousands of kilometers from the pine forests of the Curonian Spit on the shores of the Baltic to the birch forests of Kamchatka and the spruce forests of Northern Sakhalin, from the sparse dwarf vegetation of the north of the Kola Subpolar region to the richest in species composition of the forests of the Black Sea region, occupies 69% of the country's landmass. At the same time, the level of forest cover (the ratio of forested area to the entire territory) in Russia as a whole is 45.3%.
The forests of Russia are rich in animals and game.
7) Mineral resources
Russia has a rich and diverse mineral resource base. Mineral resources (mineral resources) are understood as a set of minerals identified in the bowels of the earth as a result of geological exploration and available for industrial use. Mineral resources are among the non-renewable types of natural resources. Mineral raw materials extracted from the depths and the products of their processing provide the vast majority of energy, 90% of heavy industry products, and about one fifth of all consumer goods.
A distinctive feature of Russia's mineral resource base is its complexity - it includes almost all types of minerals: fuel and energy resources (oil, natural gas, coal, uranium); ferrous metals (iron, manganese, chrome ores); non-ferrous and rare metals (copper, lead, zinc, nickel, aluminum raw materials, tin, tungsten, molybdenum, antimony, mercury, titanium, zirconium, niobium, tantalum, yttrium, rhenium, scandium, strontium, etc.); precious metals (gold, silver, platinum group metals) and diamonds; non-metallic minerals (apatites, phosphorites, potassium and table salts, fluorspar, mica-muscovite, talc, magnesium, graphite, barite, piezo-optical raw materials, precious and semi-precious stones, etc.).
Russia's mineral resource potential as a whole is sufficient for pursuing an independent and effective economic policy. Russia accounts for almost 1/2 of the world's coal resources, approximately 1/7 of the world's oil reserves and 1/3 of natural gas. Russia, along with Canada, the USA, Australia, South Africa, France, and Niger, is a major producer and exporter of enriched uranium. The main deposits are located in Eastern Siberia, the Northern region, etc. Large mineral resources are contained in the depths under the waters of the internal and external seas of Russia (shelves, continental slopes), in the coastal and bottom sediments of these seas. The subsoil of the shelves has large oil and gas deposits; in the coastal bottom sediments of the seas, mainly in the form of coastal placers, accumulations of tin, gold, titanium, zirconium, iron, manganese, etc. are concentrated.
8) Recreational resources
Recreational resources include natural, cultural and historical complexes and their elements, each of which has its own specifics
Recreational resources are a complex of physical, biological and energy-informational elements and forces of nature that are used in the process of restoration and development of a person’s physical and spiritual strength, his ability to work and health. Almost all natural resources have recreational and tourist potential, but the degree of its use varies and depends on recreational demand and the specialization of the region.
There are areas in Russia where recreational activity is the determining industry in the structure of their social reproduction. It includes a network of recreational enterprises and organizations. The greatest wealth in terms of recreational resources is represented by zones of mixed forests and forest-steppe. Of the mountainous regions, the Caucasus is of greatest interest. The Altai Territory and a number of eastern mountainous regions are promising.
PR placements by region
Natural resources are distributed extremely unevenly in Russia. This is explained by differences in climatic and tectonic processes occurring on Earth, and different conditions for the formation of minerals in past geological eras.
In nature, resources are not located separately, but in the form of their complex combinations located in certain territories. Large combinations of resources that are of national importance and cover vast territories are called natural bases. There are several of them on the territory of Russia: in the Eastern Zone - South Siberian, North Siberian, North-Eastern, Primorsky; in the Western Zone - North European, Central, Ural-Volga region.
Almost all types of resources (except iron ores and potassium salts) are concentrated in the eastern regions (Siberia and the Far East), and the main consumers are in the European part of Russia. This leads to the need to transport huge amounts of cargo from east to west.
Resources in the European part of Russia were used much more intensively than in the eastern regions, and at present their reserves are largely depleted. This especially applies to the forest resources of the European North, oil and gas reserves of the Volga region and the North Caucasus, chernozem soils of steppes and forest-steppes (their humus content has decreased, mechanical properties have deteriorated, most of them are susceptible to erosion, etc.). Therefore, in the European part of Russia, careful use of resources is required and, most importantly, a reduction in the resource intensity of the economy in order to produce more finished products from fewer resources.
In recent decades, efforts have been made to locate the most resource-intensive industries (electricity, heat and water-intensive) in Siberia and the Far East. The eastern regions are now the main fuel and energy base of Russia and the main producer of non-ferrous metals. Raw material bases are increasingly shifting to the east and north - areas rich in resources, but with harsh natural conditions. Naturally, their extraction there is much more difficult and more expensive. In recent years, environmental protection costs have increased, especially in the extractive industries. This trend is intensifying.
70% of oil reserves are concentrated in Western Siberia. There are significant reserves in the Far East and Eastern Siberia. More than 80% of the gas is also located in the north of Western Siberia. Giant deposits are located here, including those that are among the ten largest in the world. There is a certain potential for gas reserves in Eastern Siberia and the Far East.
The distribution of forest resources is mainly of a zonal nature.
Maximum reserves are available in the regions of the taiga zone (Irkutsk region, Krasnoyarsk region, the central part of the Khabarovsk region, in the European part of the country - Kostroma and Novgorod regions). To the north and south of the central part of the country's forest zone, there is a noticeable decrease in wood reserves per unit area.
In addition, the central part of Russia, in the course of long-term economic development, lost a significant part of its forests. The steppe zone itself and the tundra are the most forest-deficient regions of Russia.
Complete the definition: Minerals are
In the south of the country, a local hotspot of forest resources is noted in the mountain forests of the Caucasus. The forest potential of semi-desert Kalmykia is of minimal importance in the country.
Coal deposits are more differentiated. However, the Eastern regions account for more than 90% of all coal reserves. The first place in terms of coal reserves is occupied by Western Siberia ~ 50%, Eastern Siberia accounts for >30%, and the Far East – 9%. In the Eastern regions (Siberia and the Far East) there are deposits that are among the ten largest coal basins in the world (Kuznetsky, Lensky, Tungussky, Taimyrsky, Kansko-Achinsky).
Russia has large hydro potential - 2500 billion kW/hour (of which it is technically possible to use 1670 billion kW/hour). 86% of hydropower resources also come from the eastern regions, only 53% from the Far East. The Angara-Yenisei cascade of 5 hydroelectric power stations has been created, 4 of them are large.
Western Siberia has the world's largest artesian basin.
Thermal springs are known in Kamchatka - Valley of Geysers (~70 springs), in Chukotka (~13 springs), in Altai, in Buryatia. In 1967, the Pauzhetskaya Geothermal Power Plant (GTPP) was built.
There are significant reserves of iron ore in Gornaya Shoria in the south of the Kemerovo region, the Angara-Ilim basin (Irkutsk region), etc.
Manganese ore reserves are small in the Kemerovo region. - Usinsk.
Nepheline reserves are known in the Krasnoyarsk Territory (Kiya-Shaltyrskoye deposit).
Promising deposits include deposits of cuprous sandstones – Udokanskoye (Chita region).
Copper-nickel ores are concentrated in the Norilsk region in the north of the Krasnoyarsk Territory.
Polymetallic ores are concentrated in Transbaikalia - the Nerchinskoye deposit, and the Primorsky Territory - Dalnegorskoye.
Large tin deposits are concentrated in the Pacific ore belt and Eastern Transbaikalia. Kavalerovo - Primorsky Territory, Komsomolskoye - Khabarovsk Territory, Esse-Khaya - Sakha Republic, Sherlovaya Gora and Khapcheranga in the Chita region.
Certain reserves of natural resources are concentrated in the European part of the country, including the Urals. It is necessary to highlight the iron ore reserves of the KMA in the Central Chernobyl Region with a high iron content in the ore. KMA reserves account for 55% of the country's iron ore reserves.
More than 9% of oil is concentrated in the Urals. There are oil reserves in the North Caucasus.
The potential of natural gas in the North Caucasus is noticeable. Significant reserves of gas - condensate - are in the Lower Volga region (Astrakhan region) and in the Urals (Orenburg region).
There are reserves of coal in the Pechora basin (Komi Republic) and the eastern wing of Donbass.
Reserves of manganese ores (Sverdlovsk region), bauxite - the north of the Sverdlovsk region, nickel-cobalt ores - Khamilovskoye (Orenburg region) are concentrated in the Urals.
On the Kola Peninsula there are appatitic-nepheline and copper-nickel ores.
In the Komi Republic there are bauxites - the South Timan bauxite region, as well as in the Arkhangelsk and Leningrad regions (Boksitogorsk).
In the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania there are polymetallic ores - the Sadonskoye deposit.
SULFUR INDUSTRY (a. sulfur industry; n. Schwefelindustrie; f. industrie du soufre; i. industrie de azufre) is a branch of the chemical industry that unites enterprises for the production of elemental natural and gas (associated) sulfur. Natural sulfur is obtained from deposits of sulfur ores, gas sulfur is obtained from the purification of natural gases, gases from oil refining, non-ferrous metallurgy and other industries.
In Russia they knew how to extract “flammable sulfur” from hydrogen sulfide springs in a number of places in the Northern Territory. In the mid-17th century, deposits of native sulfur were discovered in the Samara and Kazan Volga regions. It has been mined in small quantities since the time of Peter I. By the beginning of the 20th century. its production ceased, and since 1911 Russia has been importing sulfur from other countries. In 1913, 26 thousand tons of sulfur were imported into the country.
The first sulfur mine in the CCCP was put into operation in Crimea (Chekur-Koyash) in 1930. Then, autoclave sulfur plants (based on the Karakum sulfur deposits) and the Shorsu mine in the Uzbek CCCP were put into operation, where the combined method of smelting natural sulfur was first implemented. In 1934, sulfur enterprises were put into operation in the Volga region and the Turkmen CCP, where a combined method of producing sulfur was also used. This made it possible to increase the volume of natural sulfur production in the country to 40 thousand tons per year. At the same time, the production of gas sulfur from waste from non-ferrous metallurgy and coke production was developed. With the production of gas sulfur at the Mednogorsk copper-sulfur plant, the volume of its production in the country by 1940 was increased to 50 thousand tons per year. In the 50s deposits of native sulfur were discovered in the Ciscarpathian region, on the basis of which the Rozdolsky (1958) and Yavorivsky (1970) mining and chemical plants were put into operation. During these same years, the underground smelting (ISU) method was widely introduced into mining practice, making it possible to extract sulfur reserves that were not available for open-pit mining. Production capacity for processing natural sulfur is being increased at the Gaurdak sulfur plant and Kuibyshevsky, and the production of gas sulfur obtained from the purification of natural and coke gases, sulfurous oils, and waste gases of non-ferrous metallurgy is intensively developing. The production of gas sulfur increased with the commissioning of the Mubarek (1970), Orenburg (1974) and Astrakhan (1986) gas processing plants. The dynamics of elemental sulfur production is shown in Fig. For industrial-genetic types and location of deposits, see Sulfur ores.
About 50% of all reserves can be developed by open-pit mining with subsequent enrichment and smelting of sulfur from concentrates. The remaining reserves are suitable for mining using the PVA method. Developed deposits: Yazovskoye, Nemirovskoye, Rozdolskoye, Podorozhnenskoye, Zagaypolskoye in the Ciscarpathian region, Vodinskoye in the Middle Volga region, Gaurdakskoye in Central Asia. The largest enterprises for processing natural sulfur are the Rozdolsk and Yavorovsk production associations and the Gaurdak sulfur plant.
Minerals in Russia
Natural sulfur is obtained by a combined method (autoclave or reagent-free) by smelting it from flotation concentrate during the enrichment of sulfur ores. In open-pit mining, the technological scheme for enriching sulfur ores includes: crushing, fine grinding in an aqueous environment and flotation (for details, see Native sulfur). The total sulfur recovery with the combined method is 82-86%. The coefficient of sulfur extraction from the subsoil during underground smelting is 40%. The development depth is from 120 to 600 m, sometimes more.
Industrial gas sulfur is obtained from hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide during the purification of natural and associated gases, gases from the oil refining industry and non-ferrous metallurgy. Hydrogen sulfide is isolated from gases using absorption methods. Sulfur is obtained from gases (from sulfur dioxide, etc.) by reducing it with methane, coal, etc. There are many technological schemes and modes, the effectiveness of which depends mainly on the content of sulfur-containing compounds in the processing raw materials.
Associated sulfur is obtained from gases from the Orenburg deposit and the Astrakhan deposit, the gases of which contain up to 27% hydrogen sulfide.
The main types of products obtained from natural and gas sulfur are lump and liquid sulfur. GOST 127-76 “Technical sulfur” also provides for the production of granulated, ground and flaked sulfur. The specified GOST defines the production of 4 grades of natural sulfur (sulfur content from 99.2 to 99.95%) and 3 grades of gas sulfur (from 99 to 99.98%). For each variety, standards for the mass fraction of various impurities (%) are established: ash 0.05-0.4, acid 0.002-0.002, organic matter 0.01-0.5, moisture 0.1-1, arsenic up to 0.005, etc.
The industry for the production of natural sulfur is managed by the All-Union Association “Soyuzsera” of the Ministry for the Production of Mineral Fertilizers CCCP. The association is in charge of the VNIPIser Industrial Institute, Rozdolsk and Yavorovsk Production Associations, as well as the Gaurdak and Kuibyshev sulfur plants. Enterprises producing associated sulfur are subordinated mainly to the ministries of gas, oil refining, and non-ferrous metallurgy.
In socialist countries, the sulfur industry is developed in the GDR, KHP, Romania and Poland (for more details, see the “Mining” section in articles about these countries).
Sulfur is mined and produced in approximately 60 industrialized capitalist and developing countries. Until the beginning of the 50s. 20th century it was obtained from native ores, from pyrite as the main one and from sulfur metal ores as by-products. In the 50-60s. The technology for producing sulfur from natural gas purification is becoming widespread. Similar technology began to be used in oil refining, which led to a significant increase in the scale of sulfur extraction from gases during oil cracking. The main product is elemental sulfur. The leading producers of sulfur are countries that carry out large-scale production of natural gas and oil or have large reserves of native sulfur, which is extracted, depending on the conditions of occurrence, by open-pit or borehole methods. Low-grade ores are pre-enriched. To extract sulfur from rich ores and concentrates, a combined method is used in industry. For deep-lying rich sulfur ores, the underground smelting method is used.
Among the industrialized capitalist and developing countries, the largest deposits of native sulfur are located in Iraq, Mexico, the USA, and Chile. The total production of sulfur of all types in these countries in 1986 exceeded 36.7 million tons, with most of the total production occurring in industrialized capitalist countries (table).
About 51% of all sulfur was produced in the United States and Canada. In the USA, sulfur production in 1986 amounted to about 12 million tons, of which about 5.8 million tons were elemental reduced sulfur obtained from oil refining, from natural and coke oven gases, 4 million tons were native sulfur extracted by the well method, and 1.1 million tons - sulfur contained in sulfuric acid obtained as a by-product during the metallurgical processing of non-ferrous metals, as well as in pyrite, sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide.
In Canada, sulfur is obtained mainly from natural gas purification and oil cracking (87%), as well as from pyrite concentrates, etc.
Japan ranks third in sulfur production: 2.5 million tons in 1986, of which about 1.2 million tons were obtained as a by-product of metallurgical production, 1 million tons from natural gas refining and oil cracking, and 0.2 million tons from pyrite.
Traditionally, the main source of sulfur production was native sulfur deposits, but the production of reduced sulfur is growing at a faster pace. In 1986, more than 2/3 of the total output of all types of sulfur in industrialized capitalist and developing countries accounted for reduced sulfur. The largest amounts of this type of sulfur are produced in Canada, the USA, France, Germany and the countries of the Middle East, especially in Saudi Arabia.
The production of native sulfur in industrialized capitalist and developing countries in 1986 amounted to 6.2 million tons; since the beginning of the 80s. production levels are constantly declining. It is mined mainly in the USA, Mexico, Iraq, and Chile.
Pyrite is an important fossil type of sulfur-containing raw material, the extraction of which, like native sulfur, tends to decrease. In 1985, world production of pyrite (excluding socialist countries) amounted to 4.2 million in terms of sulfur, most of the production occurred in Western European countries. The main producers are Spain (30% of all production), South Africa, Japan, USA, Italy.
The main exporters of sulfur are Canada, the USA, Mexico and France, but competition from oil-producing countries in the Near and Middle East is increasing. Over 1/2 of the exports of industrialized capitalist and developing countries is granulated sulfur (the main supplier is Canada), about 35% is liquid (Canada and Mexico), the rest is lump sulfur.
Natural mineral resources are distributed unevenly.
Their placement on our planet is subject to geological laws. Fuel minerals (coal, oil, natural gas, shale, peat) are of sedimentary origin and are associated with the cover of ancient platforms and its troughs. Coal ranks first in terms of reserves among fuel resources. Its geological reserves amount to almost 15 trillion. tons, and explored -1139 billion tons. The world's coal resources are located in the 10 largest basins.
Topic: “Putting the main mineral deposits on the contour map of Russia.”
In Russia - Tunguska, Lensky, Taimyr, Kansko-Achinsky (bur.), Kuznetsk, Pechora; in Ukraine - Donetsk; in the USA - Appalachian, Western; in Germany - Ruhrsky. There are significant coal reserves in India, China, Australia, Poland, Kazakhstan, Great Britain and other countries.
Oil and gas resources are located in Asia, North America, and Africa. There are 50 giant oil fields in the world with reserves of 500 million tons. More than 50% of them are in the countries of the Near and Middle East. Gas giants (about 20 fields) are located in Russia and Iran. Oil and gas production is carried out in Romania, the Netherlands, Mexico, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and other countries.
Ore minerals are found in the foundations of platforms or in their shields, as well as in folded areas, forming ore belts. These are the “tin” and “copper” Pacific belts. The “iron ore belt” covers eastern South America and western Africa. Russia, Ukraine, Canada, USA, Sweden, China have iron ore reserves.
India, South Africa, Australia. 90% of cobalt, tin, 75% of bauxite, 60% of copper are concentrated in the depths of developing countries. Aluminum ores are found in Australia, France, Russia, Hungary, China, Croatia, Bosnia, Brazil, Guyana, and Jamaica.
Distribution of natural resources Wikipedia
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The distribution of different minerals depends on the conditions under which they were formed. The formation of certain minerals is influenced by the depth of occurrence, temperature, pressure, the presence of nearby active magma chambers, etc.
Along fault lines in the earth's crust, magma intrudes from the depths of the earth, and ore minerals are formed. Accordingly, they are of igneous origin.
Ores usually lie deep. But if the area of their formation is destroyed under the influence of external forces or rises so that deep sections of the earth’s crust appear on the surface, then the ore deposits end up close to the surface or even on it. Ore minerals are found in the area of shields of ancient platforms (Baltic, Baltic shields), rejuvenated mountains of Paleozoic or Mesozoic folding (Urals, Appalachians).
Gold, silver, iron, copper, platinum and other metals are extracted from ore minerals.
Non-metallic minerals include oil, natural gas, coal, peat, and salts. All of them are of sedimentary origin. This means that their formation is associated with processes occurring on the surface or in the upper layer of the earth’s crust.
Minerals of Russia
Many minerals accumulated in the past in swamps, at the bottom of reservoirs and oceans. This led to the formation of oil and natural gas deposits (for example, on the West Siberian Plain).
Marble and some other building materials were formed during the metamorphism (change) of rocks. This happens at great depths, where there is high pressure and temperature.
Minerals are also mined in the World Ocean, especially on the shelf. Typically these are oil, natural gas, coal, sulfur and iron ore.
About the magazine
Scientific and technical journal in Russian
“MINERAL RESOURCES OF RUSSIA. ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT"
ISSN 0869-3188
Re-registered by the Federal Service for Supervision of Communications, Information Technologies and Mass Communications
Certificate of registration of the mass media PI No. FS 77 - 67315 dated September 30, 2016.
Founders:
- Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology of the Russian Federation
- Joint Stock Company "Rosgeologia"
- Public organization "Russian Geological Society" (ROSGEO)
Magazine publisher: LLC "RG-Inform"
Subjects of materials published in the journal covers the problems of development and development of the raw material base of the most important types of minerals both in the country as a whole and in its individual regions, the most important problems of the economy associated with subsoil use, including investment in geological exploration and production, problems of managing the state subsoil fund and processes subsoil use, as well as legislative support for subsoil use.
The pages of the magazine discuss the state and prospects for the development of the oil, gas and mining industries, including their technical and technological equipment, the activities of individual companies, national and world markets for mineral raw materials, and issues of international cooperation.
Magazine headings:
- Editor's column
- Geological exploration and raw material base
- Economics and Management
- Legal support
- Companies and projects
- Technics and techology
- Mineral market
- Foreign experience and international cooperation
- News and information
The magazine is distributed by subscription and direct mailing in Russia, CIS countries and abroad, as well as at conferences, seminars, exhibitions. Circulation - 1000 copies.
Index in the all-Russian catalog "Rospechat" - 73252
Natural substances and types of energy that serve as the means of subsistence of human society and are used in the economy are called .
One type of natural resource is mineral resources.
Mineral resources - These are rocks and minerals that are used or can be used in the national economy: to obtain energy, in the form of raw materials, materials, etc. Mineral resources serve as the mineral resource base of the country's economy. Currently, more than 200 types of mineral resources are used in the economy.
The term is often synonymous with mineral resources "minerals".
There are several classifications of mineral resources.
Based on the physical properties, solid (various ores, coal, marble, granite, salts) mineral resources, liquid (oil, mineral waters) and gaseous (flammable gases, helium, methane) are distinguished.
Based on their origin, mineral resources are divided into sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic.
Based on the scope of use of mineral resources, they distinguish between combustible (coal, peat, oil, natural gas, oil shale), ore (rock ores, including metallic useful components and non-metallic (graphite, asbestos) and non-metallic (or non-metallic, non-combustible: sand, clay , limestone, apatite, sulfur, potassium salts).Precious and ornamental stones are a separate group.
The distribution of mineral resources on our planet is subject to geological laws (Table 1).
Mineral resources of sedimentary origin are most characteristic of platforms, where they are found in the strata of the sedimentary cover, as well as in foothills and marginal troughs.
Igneous mineral resources are confined to folded areas and places where the crystalline basement of ancient platforms is exposed to the surface (or lies close to the surface). This is explained as follows. The ores were formed mainly from magma and hot aqueous solutions released from it. Typically, magma rises during periods of active tectonic movements, so ore minerals are associated with folded areas. On platform plains they are confined to the foundation, and therefore can be found in those parts of the platform where the thickness of the sedimentary cover is small and the foundation comes close to the surface or on shields.
Minerals on the World Map
Minerals on the map of Russia
Table 1. Distribution of deposits of main minerals by continents and parts of the world
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Minerals |
Continents and parts of the world |
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|
North America |
South America |
Australia |
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|
Aluminum |
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|
Manganese |
||||||
|
Floor and metals |
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|
Rare earth metals |
||||||
|
Tungsten |
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|
Non-metallic |
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|
Potassium salts |
||||||
|
Rock salt |
||||||
|
Phosphorites |
||||||
|
Piezoquartz |
||||||
|
Ornamental stones |
They are primarily of sedimentary origin. fuel resources. They were formed from the remains of plants and animals, which could accumulate only in sufficiently humid and warm conditions favorable for the abundant development of living organisms. This happened in the coastal parts of shallow seas and in lake-marsh land conditions. Of the total mineral fuel reserves, more than 60% is coal, about 12% is oil and 15% is natural gas, the rest is oil shale, peat and other types of fuel. Mineral fuel resources form large coal and oil and gas basins.
Coal Basin(coal-bearing basin) - a large area (thousands of km2) of continuous or discontinuous development of coal-bearing deposits (coal-bearing formation) with layers (deposits) of fossil coal.
Coal basins of the same geological age often form coal accumulation belts extending over thousands of kilometers.
More than 3.6 thousand coal basins are known on the globe, which together occupy 15% of the earth's land area.
More than 90% of all coal resources are located in the Northern Hemisphere - in Asia, North America, and Europe. Africa and Australia are well supplied with coal. The coal-poor continent is South America. Coal resources have been explored in almost 100 countries around the world. The majority of both total and proven coal reserves are concentrated in economically developed countries.
The largest countries in the world in terms of proven coal reserves are: USA, Russia, China, India, Australia, South Africa, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Poland, Brazil. Approximately 80% of the total geological coal reserves are found in only three countries - Russia, the USA, and China.
The qualitative composition of coals is of significant importance, in particular, the proportion of coking coals used in ferrous metallurgy. Their largest share is in the fields of Australia, Germany, Russia, Ukraine, the USA, India and China.
Oil and gas basin— an area of continuous or island distribution of oil, gas or gas condensate fields, significant in size or mineral reserves.
Mineral deposit is a section of the earth's crust in which, as a result of certain geological processes, an accumulation of mineral matter occurred, in quantity, quality and conditions of occurrence, suitable for industrial use.
Oil and gas bearing More than 600 basins have been explored, 450 are being developed. The main reserves are located in the Northern Hemisphere, mainly in Mesozoic deposits. An important place belongs to the so-called giant fields with reserves of over 500 million tons and even over 1 billion tons of oil and 1 trillion m 3 of gas each. There are 50 such oil fields (more than half are in the countries of the Near and Middle East), 20 gas fields (such fields are most typical for the CIS countries). They contain over 70% of all reserves.
The bulk of oil and gas reserves are concentrated in a relatively small number of major basins.
Largest oil and gas basins: Persian Gulf, Maracaiba, Orinoco, Gulf of Mexico, Texas, Illinois, California, Western Canada, Alaska, North Sea, Volga-Ural, West Siberian, Datsin, Sumatra, Gulf of Guinea, Sahara.
More than half of the proven oil reserves are confined to offshore fields, the continental shelf zone, and sea coasts. Large accumulations of oil have been identified off the coast of Alaska, in the Gulf of Mexico, in the coastal areas of northern South America (the Maracaibo depression), in the North Sea (especially in the waters of the British and Norwegian sectors), as well as in the Barents, Bering and Caspian seas, off the western shores Africa (Guinea), in the Persian Gulf, off the islands of Southeast Asia and in other places.
The countries in the world with the largest oil reserves are Saudi Arabia, Russia, Iraq, Kuwait, UAE, Iran, Venezuela, Mexico, Libya, and the USA. Large reserves have also been discovered in Qatar, Bahrain, Ecuador, Algeria, Libya, Nigeria, Gabon, Indonesia, Brunei.
The availability of proven oil reserves with modern production is generally 45 years worldwide. The OPEC average is 85 years; in the USA it barely exceeds 10 years, in Russia - 20 years, in Saudi Arabia it is 90 years, in Kuwait and the UAE - about 140 years.
Countries leading in gas reserves in the world, are Russia, Iran, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the UAE. Large reserves have also been discovered in Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, USA, Canada, Mexico, Venezuela, Algeria, Libya, Norway, the Netherlands, Great Britain, China, Brunei, and Indonesia.
The supply of natural gas to the world economy at the current level of its production is 71 years.
An example of igneous mineral resources is metal ores. Metal ores include ores of iron, manganese, chromium, aluminum, lead and zinc, copper, tin, gold, platinum, nickel, tungsten, molybdenum, etc. They often form huge ore (metallogenic) belts - Alpine-Himalayan, Pacific etc. and serve as a raw material base for the mining industry of individual countries.
Iron ores serve as the main raw material for the production of ferrous metals. The average iron content in ore is 40%. Depending on the percentage of iron, ores are divided into rich and poor. Rich ores, with an iron content above 45%, are used without enrichment, and poor ores undergo preliminary enrichment.
By size of general geological iron ore resources The first place is occupied by the CIS countries, second by Foreign Asia, third and fourth by Africa and South America, fifth by North America.
Many developed and developing countries have iron ore resources. According to them total and confirmed reserves Russia, Ukraine, Brazil, China, Australia stand out. There are large reserves of iron ore in the USA, Canada, India, France, and Sweden. Large deposits are also located in the UK, Norway, Luxembourg, Venezuela, South Africa, Algeria, Liberia, Gabon, Angola, Mauritania, Kazakhstan, and Azerbaijan.
The supply of iron ore to the world economy at the current level of its production is 250 years.
In the production of ferrous metals, alloying metals (manganese, chromium, nickel, cobalt, tungsten, molybdenum), used in steel smelting as special additives to improve the quality of the metal, are of great importance.
By reserves manganese ores South Africa, Australia, Gabon, Brazil, India, China, Kazakhstan stand out; nickel ores - Russia, Australia, New Caledonia (islands in Melanesia, southwest Pacific), Cuba, as well as Canada, Indonesia, the Philippines; chromites - South Africa, Zimbabwe; cobalt - DR Congo, Zambia, Australia, Philippines; tungsten and molybdenum - USA, Canada, South Korea, Australia.
Non-ferrous metals are widely used in modern industries. Ores of non-ferrous metals, unlike ferrous ones, have a very low percentage of useful elements in the ore (often tenths and even hundredths of a percent).
Raw material base aluminum industry make up bauxite, nephelines, alunites, syenites. The main type of raw material is bauxite.
There are several bauxite-bearing provinces in the world:
- Mediterranean (France, Italy, Greece, Hungary, Romania, etc.);
- coast of the Gulf of Guinea (Guinea, Ghana, Sierra Leone, Cameroon);
- Caribbean coast (Jamaica, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Guyana, Suriname);
- Australia.
Reserves are also available in the CIS countries and China.
Countries of the world with largest total and proven bauxite reserves: Guinea, Jamaica, Brazil, Australia, Russia. The supply of bauxite to the world economy at the current level of production (80 million tons) is 250 years.
The volumes of raw materials for the production of other non-ferrous metals (copper, polymetallic, tin and other ores) are more limited compared to the raw material base of the aluminum industry.
Reserves copper ores concentrated mainly in the countries of Asia (India, Indonesia, etc.), Africa (Zimbabwe, Zambia, DRC), North America (USA, Canada) and the CIS countries (Russia, Kazakhstan). Copper ore resources are also available in Latin America (Mexico, Panama, Peru, Chile), Europe (Germany, Poland, Yugoslavia), as well as in Australia and Oceania (Australia, Papua New Guinea). Leading in copper ore reserves Chile, USA, Canada, DR Congo, Zambia, Peru, Australia, Kazakhstan, China.
The world economy's supply of proven reserves of copper ore at the current volume of annual production is approximately 56 years.
By reserves polymetallic ores containing lead, zinc, as well as copper, tin, antimony, bismuth, cadmium, gold, silver, selenium, tellurium, sulfur, the leading positions in the world are occupied by the countries of North America (USA, Canada), Latin America (Mexico, Peru), as well as Australia. The countries of Western Europe (Ireland, Germany), Asia (China, Japan) and the CIS countries (Kazakhstan, Russia) have resources of polymetallic ores.
Place of Birth zinc are available in 70 countries of the world; the supply of their reserves, taking into account the growing demand for this metal, is more than 40 years. Australia, Canada, the USA, Russia, Kazakhstan and China have the largest reserves. These countries account for more than 50% of the world's zinc ore reserves.
World deposits tin ores are found in Southeast Asia, mainly in China, Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand. Other large deposits are located in South America (Bolivia, Peru, Brazil) and Australia.
If we compare economically developed countries and developing countries in terms of their share in the resources of different types of ore raw materials, it is obvious that the former have a sharp advantage in the resources of platinum, vanadium, chromites, gold, manganese, lead, zinc, tungsten, and the latter - in cobalt resources, bauxite, tin, nickel, copper.
Uranium ores form the basis of modern nuclear energy. Uranium is very widespread in the earth's crust. Potentially, its reserves are estimated at 10 million tons. However, it is economically profitable to develop only those deposits whose ores contain at least 0.1% uranium, and the production cost does not exceed $80 per 1 kg. The world's proven reserves of such uranium amount to 1.4 million tons. They are located in Australia, Canada, the USA, South Africa, Niger, Brazil, Namibia, as well as in Russia, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan.
Diamonds are usually formed at depths of 100-200 km, where the temperature reaches 1100-1300 ° C and the pressure 35-50 kilobars. Such conditions promote the metamorphosis of carbon into diamond. After spending billions of years at great depths, diamonds are brought to the surface by kimberlite magma during volcanic explosions, forming primary diamond deposits - kimberlite pipes. The first of these pipes was discovered in southern Africa in the Kimberley province, after which the pipes were called kimberlite, and the rock containing precious diamonds was called kimberlite. To date, thousands of kimberlite pipes have been found, but only a few dozen of them are profitable.
Currently, diamonds are mined from two types of deposits: primary (kimberlite and lamproite pipes) and secondary - placers. The bulk of diamond reserves, 68.8%, are concentrated in Africa, about 20% in Australia, 11.1% in South and North America; Asia accounts for only 0.3%. Diamond deposits have been discovered in South Africa, Brazil, India, Canada, Australia, Russia, Botswana, Angola, Sierra Lzona, Namibia, the Democratic Republic of Congo, etc. The leaders in diamond production are Botswana, Russia, Canada, South Africa, Angola, Namibia and others. DR Congo.
Non-metallic mineral resources- These are, first of all, mineral chemical raw materials (sulfur, phosphorites, potassium salts), as well as building materials, refractory raw materials, graphite, etc. They are widespread, found both on platforms and in folded areas.
For example, in hot, dry conditions salt accumulation occurred in shallow seas and coastal lagoons.
Potassium salts are used as raw materials for the production of mineral fertilizers. The largest deposits of potassium salts are located in Canada (Saskatchewan Basin), Russia (Solikamsk and Bereznyaki deposits in the Perm Territory), Belarus (Starobinskoye), Ukraine (Kalushskoye, Stebnikskoye), as well as in Germany, France, and the USA. At the current annual production of potassium salts, proven reserves will last for 70 years.
Sulfur It is used primarily to produce sulfuric acid, the vast majority of which is spent on the production of phosphate fertilizers, pesticides, as well as in the pulp and paper industry. In agriculture, sulfur is used to control pests. The USA, Mexico, Poland, France, Germany, Iran, Japan, Ukraine, and Turkmenistan have significant reserves of native sulfur.
The reserves of individual types of mineral raw materials are not the same. The demand for mineral resources is constantly growing, which means that the size of their production is growing. Mineral resources are exhaustible, non-renewable natural resources, therefore, despite the discovery and development of new deposits, the resource supply of mineral resources is declining.
Resource availability is the relationship between the amount of (explored) natural resources and the extent of their use. It is expressed either by the number of years for which a particular resource should last at a given level of consumption, or by its reserves per capita at current rates of extraction or use. The resource availability of mineral resources is determined by the number of years for which this mineral should last.
According to scientists' calculations, the world's general geological reserves of mineral fuel at the current level of production may last for more than 1000 years. However, if we take into account the reserves available for extraction, as well as the constant increase in consumption, this supply may decrease several times.
For economic use, the most advantageous are territorial combinations of mineral resources, which facilitate the complex processing of raw materials.
Only a few countries in the world have significant reserves of many types of mineral resources. Among them are Russia, USA, China.
Many states have deposits of one or more types of resources of global importance. For example, the countries of the Near and Middle East - oil and gas; Chile, Zaire, Zambia - copper, Morocco and Nauru - phosphorites, etc.
Rice. 1. Principles of rational environmental management
The rational use of resources is important - more complete processing of extracted minerals, their integrated use, etc. (Fig. 1).
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Plant protection products Organic Fertilizers Cadastral works Technical inventory, accounting Mining operations Hydrogeological works Geological exploration...
Canadian company engaged in mineral exploration, mining of gold, silver, antimony, etc.
GOSTs, TUs, standards
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The share of titanium dioxide for feldspathic and quartz-feldspathic materials of all grades is determined during the development of new deposits or areas.
Various mineral complexes on the territory of Eurasia, as well as on other continents, correspond to certain geological structures. The rocks of the Precambrian foundation of the platforms contain gold, precious stones, reserves of uranium ores, and diamonds (the Hindustan Peninsula, Sri Lanka, the Siberian Platform). The richest deposits of ores of various metals are confined to the outcrops of igneous and metamorphic rocks in the ledges of the platform foundations (on shields). For example, iron ores are mined in Scandinavia, northeast China, and the Hindustan Peninsula. Along the eastern edge of the continent, in the areas of the Hercynian and Mesozoic folding, a belt of mountain structures rich in ores of tin, tungsten and other rare and non-ferrous metals stretches for many thousands of kilometers.
Rich reserves of oil and gas have accumulated in many intermountain troughs of the earth's crust. Of particular importance are the deposits of the Mesopotamian foothill trough - the oil and gas bearing region of the Persian Gulf (Iraq, southern Iran, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia). About half of the actual oil reserves of foreign countries are concentrated in this area. The southeastern oil and gas bearing region of Eurasia, covering southeastern China, Burma, Thailand, part of the islands of the Malay Archipelago (Sumatra Island) and the adjacent shelf of the South China Sea, is also considered promising. Oil has also been discovered on the continental shallows of the seas of the Arctic Ocean (for example, the Kara Sea).
Oil and gas fields (Volga-Ural oil and gas region, fields in Poland, Germany, the Netherlands, Great Britain, underwater fields in the North Sea); a number of oil fields are confined to Neogene deposits of foothill and intermountain troughs - Romania, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Bulgaria, Italy, etc. Large fields in Transcaucasia, on the West Siberian Plain, on the Cheleken Peninsula, Nebit-Dag, etc.; the areas adjacent to the coast of the Persian Gulf contain about 1/2 of the total oil reserves of foreign countries (Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, Iraq, southwest Iran). In addition, oil is produced in China, Indonesia, India, Brunei. There are flammable gas deposits in Uzbekistan, on the West Siberian Plain in the countries of the Near and Middle East.
In tectonic depressions filled with sedimentary rock deposits, deposits of coal, various salts, and oil and gas bearing strata were formed. This is the “coal axis of Europe”: the coal basins of Russia, deposits on the Great Chinese Plain, in the depressions of Mongolia, Hindustan and some other areas of the mainland.
Deposits of hard and brown coal are being developed - Donetsk, Lvov-Volyn, Moscow Region, Pechersk, Upper Silesian, Ruhr, Welsh basins, Karaganda basin, Mangyshlak Peninsula, Caspian lowland, Sakhalin, Siberia (Kuznetsk, Minusinsk, Tunguska basin), eastern parts of China, Korea and the eastern regions of the Hindustan Peninsula.
Powerful deposits of iron ore are being developed in the Urals, Ukraine, and the Kola Peninsula; the deposits of Sweden are of great importance. A large deposit of manganese ores is located in the Nikopol region. There are deposits in Kazakhstan, in the Angaro-Ilimsky region of the Siberian Platform, within the Aldan Shield; in China, North Korea and India.
Bauxite deposits are known in the Urals and in the areas of the East European Platform, India, Burma, and Indonesia.
Non-ferrous metal ores are distributed mainly in the Hercynides belt (Germany, Spain, Bulgaria, in the Upper Silesian basin of Poland). India and Transcaucasia have the largest manganese deposits. In the northwestern part of Kazakhstan, Turkey, the Philippines and Iran there are deposits of chrome ores. The Norilsk region is rich in nickel, Kazakhstan, Northern Siberia, and Japan are rich in copper ores; There are tin deposits in the regions of the Far East, Eastern Siberia, Burma, Thailand, the Malay Peninsula and Indonesia.
Deposits of rock and potassium salts are widespread among the Devonian and Permian deposits of Ukraine, Belarus, the Caspian region and the Urals.
Rich deposits of apatite-nepheline ores are being developed on the Kola Peninsula.
Large salt-bearing deposits of Permian and Triassic age are confined to the territories of Denmark, Germany, Poland, and France. Deposits of table salt are located in the Cambrian deposits of the Siberian Platform, Pakistan and southern Iran, as well as in the Permian deposits of the Caspian Lowland.
Yakut and Indian diamonds are associated with volcanism that manifested itself on ancient platforms. Diamonds are found in the crystalline foundation of ancient platforms that fell into the compression zone of the lithosphere. Compressed, the platforms split, and mantle material was introduced into the cracks in the foundation. This process is called trap magmatism (or volcanism). Very high pressure in the fractures led to the formation of concentric structures - explosion pipes, or kimberlite pipes. And they contain diamonds - the hardest minerals on Earth.