Exploration of Asia by Russian explorers.

During this period, the greatest contribution to the exploration of the northern regions of Asia, where Europeans did not penetrate, was made by Russian explorers. By the end of the 16th century, after Ermak’s campaign, it became general outline Western Siberia is known. In 1639 I. Yu. Moskvitin with a detachment of Cossacks reached the coast Sea of ​​Okhotsk. In 1632-38, a detachment under the leadership of E. P. Khabarov studied the Lena River basin. In 1649-53 he crossed the Stanovoy Ridge, traveled to the Amur region, and was the first to draw up a map of it. In 1643-46, a detachment of V.D. Poyarkov passed along the Lena, Aldan, Zeya and Amur rivers, who also presented drawings of the routes taken and collected valuable information about the Far East. In 1648, the expedition of S.I. Dezhnev circled the Chukotka Peninsula and discovered the strait separating Asia from America, and the cape, which is the extreme northeastern point of Asia. The Siberian Cossack V.V. Atlasov traveled through Kamchatka in 1697-99, reached the Northern Kuril Islands and compiled a description (“skask”) of the discovered lands.

In the 17th century Russian explorers, despite extremely difficult climatic conditions, overcoming vast spaces, they discovered almost all of Siberia. This stage ended with the compilation of the first maps of Siberia, made by the Tobolsk governor P. Godunov and his fellow countryman, geographer and cartographer S. Remizov.

Third stage (18th - mid-19th centuries).

During this period, exploration of the north and northeast of the Asian continent by Russian travelers and navigators continued. By decree of Peter I, the Kamchatka expeditions were equipped, led by V. Bering, with A. Chirikov as an assistant. The first expedition (1725-30) passed overland through Siberia to Okhotsk, and then, after the construction of ships, Bering went to sea, rounded the shores of Kamchatka and Chukotka, discovered the island of St. Lawrence and passed through the strait that now bears his name. The Second Kamchatka Expedition (1733-41), also known as the Great Northern Expedition due to the scope of its work, occupies an outstanding place in the history of Arctic exploration and northern regions Asia. The Asian shores of the Arctic Ocean were mapped, the Commander, Aleutian and other islands were discovered, and the shores of Alaska were examined. Separate detachments were led by the Laptev brothers, V.V. Pronchishchev, S.I. Chelyuskin (whose names are immortalized on geographical map). Missionaries made a great contribution to the study of Central Asia, giving at the beginning of the 18th century. description of China, Mongolia and Tibet. At the end of the 18th century. Russian traveler and naturalist P. S. Pallas explored Eastern Siberia and Altai. In 1800-05, Y. Sannikov discovered and described the Stolbovaya and Faddeevsky islands of the Novosibirsk archipelago, and suggested the existence of Sannikov land to the north of it. In 1811 V. M. Golovnin undertook a trip to Kurile Islands, compiled their inventory and map. During the expedition, he was captured by the Japanese. His memoirs about his time in captivity in 1811-13, containing information about the country and customs of the Japanese, became the first description of Japan in Russian. In 1821-23, P. F. Anzhu explored the coast of the Arctic Ocean (between the mouths of the Olenek and Indigirka rivers), performing a number of astronomical and geomagnetic observations. F. P. Wrangel in 1820-24 led an expedition to study the northern shores Eastern Siberia. According to information received from the Chukchi, he determined the position of the island in the Chukchi Sea, which was later named after him. In 1829, at the invitation of the Russian government, A. Humboldt undertook a trip to the Urals, Altai, the southwestern part of Siberia, the shores of the Caspian Sea, and the Kyrgyz steppes, the results of which were highlighted in the works “ central Asia"(vol. 1-3, 1843, Russian translation vol. 1., 1915) and "Fragments on the geology and climatology of Asia" (vol. 1-2, 1831). F. P. Litke, during his trip around the world in 1826-29, explored the eastern coast of Asia and Kamchatka.

1. How does the nature of the Arctic seas change from west to east?

The extreme western sea - the Barents Sea - has more mild conditions, since the influence of the warm North Atlantic Current is affecting. Further east, the nature of the sea becomes harsher. The Kara Sea differs from the Barents Sea in its truly harsh Arctic climate, since warm Atlantic waters practically do not penetrate here. The ice lasts for 8 to 9 months, and most of the sea is covered with drifting ice. The Laptev Sea is just as harsh. Most of the year it is covered with ice. The extreme eastern seas - East Siberian and Chukotka - have milder conditions, which is associated with the warming effect of the Pacific Ocean waters.

2. How can we explain that the Arctic seas have a greater influence on the climate of the interior regions of Siberia in summer rather than in winter?

In winter, the Arctic seas freeze, and the temperature difference between land and sea becomes insignificant.

3. Using the atlas map, trace in which names the memory of the Arctic explorers remains.

Vilkitsky Strait, Dmitry Laptev; capes Chelyuskin and Menshikov, Dezhnev; Bolshoi Lyakhovsky, Wrangel, Vilkitsky, Sverdrup, Bolshoi Begichev islands, Laptev Sea, Barents Sea

4. Which one economic activity population is connected with the Arctic seas? What environmental problems arise from this? What are possible ways their decisions?

The Arctic seas are associated with fishing, offshore mining (oil and gas), sea ​​transport. The ecological situation in the waters of the Arctic Ocean is far from favorable. Currently, the international community is faced with the problem of solving several problems at once. environmental problems associated with the Arctic Ocean. The first problem is the massive destruction of marine biological resources, the disappearance of some species of marine animals living in the Far North. The second problem on a global scale is the widespread melting of glaciers, thawing of the soil and its transition from the permafrost state to the unfrozen state. The third problem is the secret activities of some states related to testing nuclear weapons. It is the secretive nature of such events that makes it difficult to establish the true picture of the environmental situation in the waters of the Arctic Ocean.

5. The Arctic seas, despite the harshness of their nature, attract tourists. Suggest tourist routes along them. What objects and natural phenomena, in your opinion, can attract tourists?

Such objects - mines, mines, oil rigs - old, closed and currently operating can be of unconditional interest not only as evidence of the development of the North, but also as examples of industrial and technical achievements. One of the most popular routes is visiting the North Pole, and despite all the difficulties, many people strive to reach this “top” of the Earth. Such voyages are carried out on the icebreaker "Yamal"

Natural protected areas provide an opportunity to see the uniqueness of the local nature and the most interesting natural attractions of the region; see animals and birds in their natural habitat (rookeries of marine animals, bird colonies, etc.); give an opportunity to get to know real life representatives of the small peoples of the North.

6. Think about which countries in the world Russia could cooperate with and is currently cooperating with in solving the problems of economic development of the Arctic.

With all Arctic countries (Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, USA, Canada).

Where Asia meets America. In 1725, the 1st Kamchatka expedition set off from St. Petersburg. Russian Emperor Peter I appointed Vitus Bering (1681 -1741) as its head, ordering him to build ships in Kamchatka, sail north on these ships and look for where Asia met America. Bering was a native of Denmark who served in the Russian naval service for 20 years. As a result of his research, the first accurate maps of the Bering Sea and Chukotka were created.

In 1741, during the second expedition on the ships “St. Peter” and “St. Paul” under the command of captain-commanders Vitus Bering and Alexei Chirikov (1703-1748), the coasts of Alaska and the Aleutian Islands were explored, their nature and population were described.

This voyage marked the beginning of Russian research in Pacific Ocean. The great merit of A. Chirikov is that he summarized the material collected during the expeditions and compiled extremely valuable maps. For the first time in the history of cartography, the northwestern coast is marked on them North America and the Aleutian Islands. On the world map you will also find Chirikov Island.

Great Northern Expedition consisted of five separate detachments that explored the northern coast of Asia from 1733 to 1743. Among the participants in one of them were outstanding Russian pioneers Semyon Chelyuskin (1700-1764), Khariton (1700-1763) and Dmitry (1701-1767) Laptevs, Vasily Prdnchishchev (1702-1736). As a result, the rivers flowing into the Arctic Ocean (Ob, Yenisei, Lena, Yana, Indigirka) were explored, and the northernmost point of the continent - Cape Chelyuskin - was discovered.

3. Voyage routes of V. Bering and A. Chirikov. 4. Alexey Chirikov. 5. Semyon Chelyuskin. 6. Research routes of V. Pronchishchev, X. Laptev and S. Chelyuskin.

The expedition members collected and presented invaluable material for geography about the ebb and flow of the sea, the nature of the northern region, and the life and everyday life of the local population.

Since that time, new geographical names have appeared on the map: the Laptev Sea, Dmitry Laptev Strait, Cape Laptev, Khariton Laptev Coast, Cape Chelyuskin. The eastern coast of the Taimyr Peninsula is named after Vasily Pronchishchev. On the same shore there is a bay that bears the name of Maria Pronchishcheva - the first Russian polar explorer, the wife of a brave explorer.

The first Russian trip around the world lasted three years (1803-1806). The expedition circumnavigated the globe on the ships Nadezhda and Neva under the command of Ivan Kruzenshtern and Yuri Lisyansky.

Discovery of Antarctica. The circumnavigation of the Antarctic by Thaddeus Bellingshausen (1778-1852) and Mikhail Lazarev (1788-1851) on the ships “Vostok” and “Mirny” in 1819-1821 is a great feat, and their discovery of a new continent - Antarctica - on January 28, 1820 is the most important event.

Since ancient times, cartographers have designated the area around the South Pole as land on maps. Sailors, attracted by the “Terra Australis Incognita” (unknown southern land), made sea voyages in search of it, discovered Australia and a chain of islands, but Antarctica remained a “blank spot”.

The famous English navigator James Cook (1728-1779) crossed the Antarctic Circle several times in 1772-1775, discovered islands in Antarctic waters, but never found the southern polar continent.

“I went around the ocean of the Southern Hemisphere,” Cook wrote in his report, “at high latitudes and did it in such a way that I undeniably rejected the possibility of the existence of a continent...” However, it was he who said that, judging by the great cold, a huge number of ice islands and floating ice, there must be land in the south.

1. Discoverers of the ice continent Thaddeus Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev. 2. Route of the expedition of F. Bellingshausen and M. Lazarev. 3. The ships “Vostok” and “Mirny”. 4. Discovery of Antarctica.

Members of the expedition of Bellingshausen and Lazarev conducted meteorological observations of air temperature, winds, precipitation, cloudiness and thunderstorms. Based on these data, Bellingshausen made a conclusion about the peculiarities of the Antarctic climate.

The cartographic material of the researchers was notable for its accuracy. This was subsequently confirmed by many travelers.

New geographical names appeared on the world map: the Bellingshausen Sea, Peter I Island, Lazarev Island, the Mirny polar station and others.

Questions and tasks

1. Who was the initiator of geographical expeditions in Russia in the 18th century?
2. Mark on the contour map the route of one of the Russian expeditions of your choice.
3. Using the text of the textbook, find and mark on the contour map all the geographical objects that were discovered during Russian expeditions.
4. Match the table columns.

• 6th grade student

• School No. 41

• Samara

Biography

Expedition route maps

Hiking in Eastern Siberia

• Beginning in 1640, Dezhnev became a yasak collector. He often had to reconcile tribes that were warring among themselves, but he knew how to get along with the indigenous population of Siberia without resorting to harsh methods of military control.

• Dezhnev's service in Yakutsk was often associated with danger to life; during 20 years of service here he was wounded 9 times.

• In 1639-1640, Dezhnev forced the native prince Sahei to submit,

• And in 1641, with a party of 15 people, he withstood a fight with a gang of 40 people.

• In 1642, he, together with Stadukhin, was sent to collect yasak on the Oemokon River (now Oymyakon), from where he descended into the Indigirka River, and along it went out into the Arctic Ocean.

• Remaining in the Kolyma prison with 13 people, Dezhnev repelled the attack of more than 500 Yukaghirs who wanted to destroy the small garrison.

"Behind the Fish Tooth"

• In 1646, Isai Ignatiev made the first voyage across the Arctic Ocean to the East from the mouth of the Kolyma River and brought a walrus bone (fish tooth) to Nizhne-Kolymsk.

• In 1647, a new batch of industrialists was sent for a fish tooth, which included Dezhnev. Having encountered impassable ice on the way, they were forced to return.

• In the Kolyma delta, the Cossacks were attacked by the Yukaghirs, but they broke through along the river and set up a fort near Srednekolymsk.

Fishing expedition of Fedot Popov

• Dezhnev served in Kolyma until 1647, then was included as a yasak collector in Popov’s expedition.

• In the summer of 1648, Popov and Dezhnev went to sea on seven boats.

• A storm in the Bering Sea separated two Kochas. Dezhnev was thrown back to the Olyutorsky Peninsula, and after 10 weeks, having lost half of the explorers, they reached the Anadyr Bay.

• 6 ships out of seven passed through the Bering Strait, and in the Bering Sea or in the Gulf of Anadyr, five Kochis and Popov’s ship died in “bad weather.”

• Dezhnev and the detachment, having overcome the Koryak Highlands, “cold and hungry, naked and barefoot,” reached Anadyr. Of those who went in search of the camps, only three returned.

• The Cossacks barely survived the winter of 1648-49, building ships.

• In the summer, having risen, Dezhnev founded a winter hut, where the detachments of Semyon Motors and Stadukhin came. Led by Dezhnev, they tried to reach the river. Penzhin, but without a guide, they wandered for 3 weeks.

Research of the Anadyr River basin

• For several years, Dezhnev conducted a survey of the Anadyr River basin, drew up a detailed plan, and explored part of the Anyui River basin. Petition reports were drawn up about the work to the authorities in Yakutsk.

• Dezhnev informed the Yakut governor I. Akinfov that he had passed along the “ocean sea” past the islands, that the shores of the “mother land” were not connected to the “New Land” (America).

• The petitions described the Chukotka Peninsula, the nature and population of the Anadyr Territory.

• Having opened a walrus rookery in the bay, Dezhnev founded the animal fishery in 1652, which brought profit to the Russian state.

Researcher's contribution to geography

• I. Dezhnev solved an important geographical problem: there was proof that America is an independent continent, and from Europe to China it is possible to sail the northern seas around Siberia.

Dezhnev’s “big stone nose” must mean Cape Chukotka, as the only one whose location matches Dezhnev’s description. This circumstance, together with Dezhnev’s indication (in a petition of 1662) that his koch was thrown “beyond the Anadyr River,” confirms Dezhnev’s honor as the first explorer of the strait, which Cook called the Bering Strait only out of ignorance of Dezhnev’s feat.

• However, due to the lack of information about this discovery in European countries (the materials of Dezhnev’s campaigns remained in Yakutsk under prison), the priority of the discoverer went to V.I.Bering.

• Made a drawing of the river. Anadyr and parts of the river Anyui described his voyage and the nature of the Anadyr region.

• Established collection of yasak in Eastern Siberia

• Having discovered a rich walrus rookery in the Gulf of Anadyr, Dezhnev founded the animal fishery in 1652, which brought great profit to the Russian state.

• In 1665, by royal decree, it was decided “for her, Senkina, service and for the mine of a fish tooth, for a bone and for wounds, become atamans”.

Explorer's name on a modern map

• In commemoration of the merits of S.I. Dezhnev before the Fatherland the following were named after him:

• peninsula and mountain range on the western coast of the Bering Strait,

• bay in Kamchatka,

• cape - the eastern tip of the Asian continent, islands in the Nordenskiöld archipelago in the Kara Sea,

• sea ​​vessels.

• In 1898, at the request of the Russian Geographical Society, the extreme eastern tip of Asia was given the name “Cape Dezhnev”.

• A monument to him was erected in the center of Veliky Ustyug in 1972.

about the author

• Nowadays the world has become very small. Satellites circle the globe in a matter of minutes, radio and television bring information from the most remote corners of the planet, and it only takes tourists from Europe a few hours to get to the opposite side of the Earth.

• But it was not always so. The discovery of new lands is one of the topics that has always captivated and fascinated me.

• And if today we know our Earth better than in ancient times, then this is the merit of brave sailors, courageous explorers and tireless researchers.

Glossary

Peasants- population engaged in agricultural production, and Pomors- a subethnic group of the Russian people, descendants of ancient Russian settlers who settled on the southwestern and southeastern coast of the White Sea starting from the 12th century ( Subethnos- ethnological taxon, in the passionate theory of ethnogenesis, an ethnic system that is an element of the structure of an ethnos).

• Koch- Pomeranian wooden, single-masted, flat-bottomed, single-deck fishing, sail-rowing vessel, XI -XIX centuries

• Yasak- in the language of the Mongolian and Turkic tribes it means tribute, usually paid in kind, mainly furs (soft junk, as it was called in Rus').

Basics general education

Line UMK I. L. Andreeva, O. V. Volobueva. History (6-10)

Learning to work with atlases and contour maps on history

We analyze the tasks and explain the solutions to tasks for contour maps on the history of Russia for grade 7.

Sergey Agafonov, teacher highest category, co-author of textbooks on national history: "Knowledge and ability to work with historical map- a mandatory competency for everyone studying this subject. Since 2015, the DROFA publishing house (part of the Russian Textbook Corporation*) has been publishing a full line of atlases for the IKS (historical and cultural standard), approved by the Russian Military Historical Society. However, it is worth noting that not all schools have completed the transition to this standard, so the new academic year we will be able to offer schools atlases with contour maps inside (blue cover), corresponding to the program for studying Russian history from grades 6 to 9 (suitable for textbooks published before 2015 by any publisher). Atlas+, a free interactive application that expands the capabilities of a printed atlas, will also be a good simulator for mastering the material.”

Larisa Kadyrova, deputy director for educational work, GBOU School No. 1317, teacher of the highest category, specialty - history:“When working with a contour map and atlas, I advise using two main ways to solve tasks: 1) Visual - find the correct answer based on the map legend 2) Historical - restore the chronology of events and give the appropriate answer).”

The textbook, prepared in accordance with the historical and cultural standard, covers the period of Russian history from the 16th to the end of the 17th century. The content of the textbook is aimed at developing the cognitive interests of students. The textbook's methodology is based on a system-activity approach that promotes the formation of the ability to independently work with information and use it in practical activities. Buy a history textbook for grade 7

We carry out and explain the solution to Atlas+ tasks for grade 7

I. The Russian state under Vasily III

Russia under Vasily III. Map

Color on the map the territories annexed to the Russian state in appropriate colors. different years. To complete the task, use the map on p. 2 atlases

• Look at map p.2 of the atlas, in which the date of annexation is written on the annexed territories (Smolensk - 1514, the Ryazan Grand Duchy - 1521, southern appanage principalities - 1523), and then paint over the territories with the appropriate colors;
• Determine the time period about which we're talking about and remember the name of the ruler - Ivan III, who actually completed the unification of Russian lands around Moscow in the following sequence of annexation of lands (Pskov, Smolensk, Ryazan, southern appanage principalities).

Russia under Vasily III. Trade

Write down which states the trade routes that passed through the indicated cities led to. To complete the task, use the map on p. 2 atlases

The solution can be done in 2 ways:

• Look at the map legend, it shows symbol“main trade routes” (dashed lines). Now let's find Pskov, Chernigov, Nizhny Novgorod on the map and carefully look at which countries the dotted lines lead to (Pskov - Livonian Order, Chernigov - Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Nizhny Novgorod - Kazan Khanate);
• In 1417, an agreement was concluded between Pskov and the Livonian Order on a 10-year peace and terms of trade; in the 2nd half of the 14th century. Chernigov became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania; after the victory of Moscow troops in the war against Lithuania, Chernigov, together with the Chernigov-Seversk land, was returned to Russia. Despite this, trade ties between the two lands were preserved; The main occupation of the population of the Kazan Khanate was agriculture, crafts and trade.

Merchants from Persia, Transcaucasia, Central Asia and the Moscow state came to the Kazan fair. In order to deprive the Tatars of important trading positions, as well as for security reasons, the Grand Duke of Moscow and All Rus' Vasily III forbade Russian merchants from going to the Kazan fair and founded a new fair near Nizhny Novgorod in 1523, which later received the name Makaryevskaya.

Russia under Vasily III. Monastery

Determine which monastery was located on the White Sea. To complete the task, use the map on p. 2 atlases

The solution can be done in 2 ways:

• Find the White Sea in the north of the state, determine the name of the monastery marked on the map
• Remember the main monasteries of the Moscow state and their geographical location (Trinity-Sergius Monastery (Lavra) - the largest monastery of the Russian Orthodox Church. Located in the center of Sergiev Posad, Moscow region; Spaso-Evfimiev Monastery is a male monastery located in the northern part of Suzdal; Savvino-Storozhevsky Monastery is a male monastery located near the city of Zvenigorod, Moscow region; Spaso-Preobrazhensky Solovetsky Monastery is a male monastery located on the Solovetsky Islands in the White Sea.

5 reasons to use atlases in history lessons

Ermak's campaign. Map

Place objects on the map that correspond to the indicated conventional signs. To complete the task, use the map on p. 5 atlas

The solution can be done in 2 ways:

• Look at the map legend, find the symbols of Ermak’s campaign route, and then determine the position of Kashlyk and Pelym on the map; Next, we determine the border of the Russian state by 1552 and the border of the lands annexed to the Russian state as a result of Ermak’s campaigns;
• Let's remember that the history of Ermak's campaign begins with the arrival of the Cossacks on the Kama at the invitation of the Stroganovs to protect their possessions. The campaign begins on September 1, 1581. In October 1582, Ermak’s detachment conquered Kashlyk, the capital of the Siberian Khanate, and in 1584, the capital of the Pelym principality, Pelyma.

Ermak's campaign. Conventional signs

Indicate the names of settlements located on the territory of the Siberian Khanate. To complete the task, use the map on p. 5 atlas

The solution can be done in 2 ways:

• We determine from the map that settlements Chardyn, Sol-Kamskaya, Verkhne-Chusovaya are located on the Kama River (territory of the Russian state), Karachin, Kashlyk, Pelym are located on the territory of the Siberian Khanate
• We remember that the cities of Karachin, Kashlyk, Pelym offered fierce resistance during Ermak’s campaign in Siberia (Kashlyk is the capital of the Siberian Khanate)

Ermak's campaign. Death of Ermak

Determine in what year Ermak died. To complete the task, use the map on p. 5 atlas.

The solution can be done in 2 ways:

• View the map legend, find the symbol “place of Ermak’s death on August 5, 1585.”
• Remember the end of Ermak’s campaign. Ermak died along with a small detachment at the mouth of the Vagai. The Cossacks and servicemen who remained in Kashlyk gathered a circle in which they decided not to spend the winter in Siberia. “She sat down in her plow on the 15th day of August and traveled down the Oba... and through Kamen she came to Rus' to her homes, but left the city [Kashlyk] empty.”

Introducing updated atlases on the history of Russia

III. Livonian War. 1558-1583

Livonian War. Map

Transfer into the table the numbers corresponding to the names of settlements marked on the map. To complete the task, use s. 6 atlases

The solution can be done in 2 ways:

• Using the map legend, we will find the main directions of action of the Russian, Livonian, Lithuanian, Polish-Lithuanian and Swedish troops. Let's correlate these designations in the form of arrows different colors with a map, all of the above settlements were involved in one way or another during the war. Let's correlate the location of settlements with the task on the map, mark the correct answers in the table (Weissenstein - 4, Velizh - 9, Korela - 1, Narva - 3, Pskov - 6, Revel - 2, Riga - 7, Smolensk - 10, Ermes - 5, Yam-Zapolsky - 8);
• We recall the area of ​​the main military operations ( modern territories Estonia, Latvia, Belarus and North-Western Russia), we note settlements on the coast of the Gulf of Finland (Narva, Revel, Riga). Russian cities of Pskov and Smolensk. Let us take note of the course of hostilities and events associated with the above cities: In 1560, German forces were defeated at Ermes; in 1562, Lithuanian troops raided the Smolensk and Velizh regions. In November 1580, the Swedes took Korela, and in 1581 they occupied Narva. In 1581-1582 passed heroic defense Pskov garrison and the population of the city, and in 1577 the unsuccessful siege of Revel took place. In January 1582, not far from Pskov, a 10-year truce between Yam-Zapolsky and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was concluded; under the terms of the agreement, Russia renounced Livonia and Belarusian lands, but some border lands were returned to it.

Livonian War. States

Answer the questions. To complete the task, use the map on p. 6 atlases

What state arose during the Livonian War? Which state ceased to exist in 1562 during the Livonian War?

The solution can be done in 2 ways:

• Find on the map the name of the state, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, under it it is written “since 1569 as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth”; find the Livonian Order on the map, the date is indicated under the name (before 1562);
• Let's remember that during the Livonian War in the middle of the 16th century, the Order suffered a number of defeats from Russian troops, after which it ceased to exist in 1561; In 1569, the Union of Lublin was concluded between Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, according to which both states were united into one - with an elected common monarch (with the double title of King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania), a common Sejm, a single foreign policy and a unified coin system

Livonian War. date

Determine in what year the Plyus truce was concluded. To complete the task, use the map on p. 6 atlases

The solution can be accomplished in 2 ways:

• Find in the map legend the symbol “signing of the Truce of Plus between Russia and Sweden in 1583.”
• Remember that in 1583, the Truce of Plus was concluded between Sweden and the Moscow state for a period of 3 years (later extended for another 4 years), which was one of the diplomatic acts that completed Livonian War 1558-1583.

Unified State Examination in History: reviewing assignments with the teacher

IV. Oprichnina 1565–1572

Oprichnina. Map

Color on the map the territories included in the oprichnina in different years with the appropriate colors. To complete the task, use the map on p. 7 atlas

• Find in the map legend the symbol “lands included in the oprichnina.” Lands are marked on the map in three colors, corresponding dates entry of the territory into the oprichnina - 1565, 1566-68, 1569-71. Mark territories on the map different colors in accordance with the catch designation
• Remember that Ivan IV divided all Russian lands into 2 parts - zemshchina and oprichnina. The oprichnina included the best and strategically important lands. In 1565, the oprichnina included: in the central part of the country - Mozhaisk, Vyazma, Suzdal; in the southwest - Kozelsk, Przemysl, Belev, Medyn; in the north - Dvina, Veliky Ustyug, Kargopol, Vologda, as well as palace possessions. Later, Kostroma, Staritsa, part of Novgorod, Obonezhskaya and Bezhetskaya Pyatina were additionally included in the oprichnina inheritance.

Oprichnina. Cities

Indicate the names of the cities in which mass executions took place during the campaign of Ivan IV. To complete the task, use the map on p. 7 atlas

There are 2 ways to solve the problem:

• Find in the map legend the symbol “cities in which mass executions were carried out during Ivan the Terrible’s campaign against Novgorod and Pskov”, mark the corresponding cities on the map (Tver, Torzhok, Vyshny Volochek)
• Remember the events of 1569. Suspecting the Novgorod nobility of complicity in the “conspiracy” of Prince Vladimir Andreevich Staritsky, who was recently killed on his orders, and at the same time of the intention to surrender to the Polish king Sigismund II Augustus, Ivan the Terrible, accompanied by a large army of guardsmen, marched against Novgorod. Moving towards Novgorod in the fall of 1569, the guardsmen carried out mass murders and robberies in Tver, Klin, Torzhok, Vyshny Volochyok and other oncoming cities (the murder of 1,505 people is documented).

Oprichnina. date

Determine in what year the oprichnina army made a campaign against Novgorod and Pskov. To complete the task, use the map on p. 7 atlas

• Find in the map legend the symbol “Ivan IV’s campaign against Novgorod and Pskov in 1570.”
• Recall the events of 1569, when, suspecting the Novgorod nobility of complicity in the “conspiracy” of Prince Vladimir Andreevich Staritsky, who was recently killed on his orders, and at the same time intending to surrender to the Polish king Sigismund II Augustus, Ivan the Terrible, accompanied by a large army of guardsmen, opposed Novgorod. On January 2, 1570, advanced detachments led by V. G. Zyuzin approached Novgorod and cordoned off the city with outposts, sealed the treasury in monasteries, churches and private houses, arrested and put monks, priests and prominent Novgorodians on the right. On January 6, Ivan the Terrible himself appeared near the city. As a result, mass executions began in the city. The number of deaths is unknown, scientists estimate from 4-5 (R. G. Skrynnikov) to 10-15 (V. B. Kobrin) thousand people, with a total population of Novgorod of 30 thousand. From Novgorod, Ivan the Terrible went to Pskov. The tsar limited himself only to the execution of several Pskov residents and the robbery of their property.

Cinema in history lessons: to the 100th anniversary of the Great Russian Revolution

V. Culture of the Russian state in the 16th century

Culture of Russia in the 16th century. Map

Mark the monasteries with numbers on the map. To complete the task, use the map on p. 9 atlas

You can complete the task in 2 ways:

• Find the symbol “monasteries” in the map legend, find the indicated monasteries on the map and fill in the gaps in the task (if you complete the task from south to north, you will get the following sequence of numbers 3,4,2,6,5,1,7)
• Recall the history of the Russian Orthodox Church and the main spiritual centers of the Russian state. In the central part of Russia there are the Trinity-Sergius, Pafnutev-Borovsky, Joseph-Volotsky monasteries, to the north ( Novgorod region) are the Ferapontov and Kirillo-Belozersky monasteries, to the north near the Northern Dvina River is the Antoniev-Siysky Monastery and the Solovetsky Monastery is located on the White Sea on the islands.

Culture of Russia in the 16th century. Centers

Indicate the names of cultural centers that were annexed to the Russian state in the 16th century. To complete the task, use atlas maps

You can complete the task in 2 ways:

• To complete this task, you must use 2 maps on p. 2 and p. 9 of the atlas. First you need to find the symbol on the map p. 9 “largest cultural centers", then compare the territories of the Russian state by the beginning of the 16th century (p. 2 of the atlas) and by the beginning of the 17th century (p. 9 of the atlas). By comparing the maps, it can be determined that the territories of Pskov, Kazan and Smolensk were not part of the Russian state at the beginning of the 16th century.
• Recall the history of the annexation of new territories to Russia in the 16th century. Pskov became part of the Russian state in 1510, the Smolensk lands - in 1514, and the capture of Kazan occurred in 1552.

Culture of Russia in the 16th century. Monasteries

Answer the question. To complete the task, use the map on p. 9 atlas

Enter the name of the city in which the Novodevichy Convent was founded.

You can complete the task in 2 ways:

• Find in the map legend the symbol "outstanding fresco ensembles", in the list find 1526-1530 - Smolensk Cathedral of the Novodevichy Convent
• Recall the history of the Orthodox women's Novodevichy Convent in Moscow, on Devichye Pole near Luzhniki, at the very end of the historical Prechistenka (currently Bolshaya Pirogovskaya Street), which was founded by Grand Duke Vasily III in 1524 - in honor of the Smolensk Icon of the Mother of God "Hodegetria" - the main shrine of Smolensk, in gratitude for the capture of Smolensk in 1514. During the first two centuries of its existence, it served as a place of imprisonment for female royalty.

VI. Time of Troubles. Polish intervention in 1604-1618.

Polish intervention. Map

Place numbers on the map that correspond to events. To complete the task, use the map on p. 10 of the atlas

You can complete the task in 2 ways:

• Find in the map legend the symbol “the campaign of False Dmitry I against Moscow in 1604-1605” from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (via Kiev, Chernigov) (number 3), find the designation “directions of action of Russian troops in 1604-1605”, marked on the map place and date of collision opposing forces(Dobrynichi, 05/21/1605) (number 1). Find the designation “the campaign of False Dmitry II against Moscow in 1607-1608 (through the cities of Starodub, Bryansk, Kozelsk, etc.) (number 5). Find the designation “the campaign of the First Zemstvo Militia under the leadership of Lyapunov and Trubetskoy in 1611.” (Shatsk, Pereyaslav-Ryazansky, Kolomna) (number 2). Find the designation “the campaign of the Polish-Lithuanian troops in 1609-1611” (Minsk, Orsha, Smolensk) (number 4).
• Remember the events of the beginning of the Time of Troubles. False Dmitry I, who laid claim to the Russian throne, enlisted the support of the Polish king Sigismund III and, together with 3,000 Polish troops, set out on a campaign against Moscow, occupying cities and villages virtually without a fight. The impostor was opposed by government troops led by Prince F. I. Mstislavsky. The tsar sent the boyar Prince Vasily Shuisky to help Mstislavsky. Moscow troops were expecting the enemy near the village of Dobrynichi, where the battle between the two sides took place. The battle ended with the complete defeat of False Dmitry I, who lost a significant part of his army in the battle. However, False Dmitry I still managed to occupy Moscow, where he stayed until May 1606. On May 17, 1606, as a result of a conspiracy, False Dmitry I was killed. Soon another contender for the Russian throne is announced - False Dmitry II, who is also making attempts to capture Moscow. The impostor's camp is founded in Starodub, the Tula campaign, the siege of Bryansk, and the first campaign against Moscow take place. Then the camp is moved to Tushino and a second campaign against Moscow is made. However, False Dmitry II never conquered Moscow and was killed by Peter Urusov. In 1609, the stage of Polish-Lithuanian intervention in Russia began, which would last until 1611.

Polish intervention. Dates and events

Match events and years. To complete the task, use the map on p. 10 of the atlas

You can complete the task in 2 ways:

• Find on the map the campaigns of False Dmitry I against Moscow (dates are indicated under the arrows) (1605); find on the map the designation “Russian fortresses and fortified settlements”, then find Smolensk, under the name the dates of the siege of 1609-1611 are indicated. West of Moscow, find the settlement of Klushino, which is marked as the site of the battle and the date 06/24/1610 is signed. In the map legend, find the symbol “signing of the Deulin truce between Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth on 12/01/1618.”
• These events were described in the tasks above.

Polish intervention. Monastery

Indicate which monastery withstood the siege of the troops of False Dmitry II for two years. To complete the task, use the map on p. 10 atlas

You can complete the task in 2 ways:

• Find on the map the direction of movement of False Dmitry II, the Trinity-Sergius Monastery is indicated north of Moscow and the dates of the siege are 1608-1610.
• Remember that the siege of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery lasted almost sixteen months - from September 23, 1608 to January 12, 1610, when it was lifted by the troops of Mikhail Vasilyevich Skopin-Shuisky and Jacob Delagardie.

Approved by the Russian Military Historical Society: atlases on the history of Russia

VII. Time of Troubles. Swedish intervention 1610-1617

Swedish intervention. Map

Using s. 14 of the atlas, determine which letter indicates the place where the Stolbovo Peace Treaty was concluded

You can complete the task in 2 ways:

• Find in the map legend the symbol “conclusion of the Stolbovo Peace Treaty between Russia and Sweden on November 27, 1617”, then find this designation on the map and correlate it with the task
• Remember that on February 27, 1617, a peace treaty was signed in Stolbovo (near the Volkhov River), putting an end to the Russian-Swedish war of 1614-1617. Under the terms of the agreement, Sweden returned Novgorod, Porkhov, Staraya Russa, Ladoga, Gdov and Sumerskaya volost to Russia. Russia ceded Ivangorod, Yam, Koporye, Oreshek, Korelu to Sweden - that is, the entire access to Baltic Sea In addition, Russia had to pay Sweden 20 thousand rubles.

Swedish intervention. City

Determine which city was captured by the Swedes in 1611. To complete the task, use the map on p. 14 atlases

You can complete the task in 2 ways:

• Find the symbol “campaigns of the Swedish troops” in the map legend and trace the route of the Swedish troops. Dates are signed under the captured cities; you need to find 1611 and correlate it with the city of Novgorod. In addition, on the left there is an image of a detail of the icon - the preparation of Novgorodians for defense against Swedish troops in 1611.
• Remember that in 1610-1617. The Russian-Swedish war took place. In 1611, taking advantage of the political situation, the Swedes began to seize the Novgorod border lands - Korela, Yam, Ivangorod, Koporye and Gdov were captured. On July 16, 1611, Novgorod was attacked by a Swedish army; Due to the betrayal and retreat of the Moscow governor Buturlin with his detachment, the city was quickly captured.

Swedish intervention. Fortresses

Arrange in sequence from north to south the Russian fortresses that went to Sweden under the Treaty of Stolbovo. To complete the task, use the map on p. 14 atlases

• Find in the map legend the symbol “territories ceded to Sweden under the Stolbovo Peace Treaty of 1617.” Find these territories on the map and write them down in the required sequence from north to south (Korela, Oreshek, Koporye, Yam, Ivangorod)
• Method 2 is inappropriate to use in this case.

ATLAS+. Test tasks for the ability to work with atlases and contour maps on history

VIII. Siberia and the Far East in the 17th century

Siberia in the 17th century. Map

Mark the explorers' routes with numbers on the map. To complete the task, use the map on p. 16–17 atlas

You can complete the task in 2 ways:

• Find in the map legend the symbol “routes of development of Siberia and Far East Russian explorers in the 16th and 17th centuries." Find these designations in the form of arrows on the map; under all the arrows the names of the explorers and the dates of the expeditions are signed. Next, you need to correlate the map and the task, and then write down the corresponding numbers (if you follow the direction from west to east, you will get the following order of numbers: 7,6,5,2,3,1,4.
• Remember the names of explorers and the territories that were developed by them: S. Dezhnev - opening of the strait between Asia and America, E. Khabarov - annexation of the Amur lands to Russia, V. Poyarkov - development of lands along the Amur River, V. Atlasov - development of Kamchatka, I. Rebrov - discoverer of the lands of Northern Yakutia, V. Bugor - pioneer of Siberia, Pyanda - pioneer who discovered the Lena River

Siberia in the 17th century. Siege

Answer the question. To complete the task, use the map on p. 16–17 atlas

Enter the name of the city in which the Russian detachment in 1685–1686. withstood a siege by Chinese troops.

You can complete the task in 2 ways:

• Find the symbol “actions of Chinese and Mongolian troops” in the map legend; find these symbols in the form of arrows on the map. The dates of the siege are indicated under the names of the cities; in 1685-1686 the city of Albazin was besieged
• Remember that the Manchu imperial Qing dynasty, established in China from the mid-17th century, did not recognize the annexation of the Amur lands, which it considered its ancestral domains, to Russia. The siege of Albazin was a struggle between the Russian state and Qing China for the main Russian stronghold on the Amur River.

Siberia in the 17th century. Cities and rivers

Match the settlements with the rivers on which they are located. To complete the task, use the map on p. 16–17 atlas

You can complete the task in 1 way:

• Move along the map from west to east, finding the major rivers of Siberia and the Far East and the settlements that are located on them: Ob - Surgut, Yenisei - Krasnoyarsk, Angara - Bratsk, Shilka - Nerchinsk, Lena - Yakutsk, Kolyma - Srednekolymskoye, Amur - Albazin

IX. Urban uprisings and popular movements of the 17th century

Popular movements of the 17th century. Map

Place the names of cities on the map. To complete the task, use the map on p. 21 atlases

There is only 1 way to complete this task:

• Correlate the map and the task, mark the cities in the direction from south to north (Astrakhan, Tsaritsyn, Voronezh, Tambov, Tula, Simbirsk, Temnikov, Kazan, Romanov, Novgorod)

Popular movements of the 17th century. Cities

Indicate the names of the cities that were captured by the rebel army of S. Razin. To complete the task, use the map on p. 21 atlases

• Find in the map legend the symbol “campaigns of S. Razin” and “campaigns of the atamans of S. Razin”, trace their route and mark the captured cities (Astrakhan, Tsaritsyn, Saratov)
• Recall the course of events of the uprising led by Stepan Razin (1767-1771). In the spring of 1670, the Razins captured Tsaritsyn and approached Astrakhan, which the townspeople surrendered to them. After this, the population of the Middle Volga region (Saratov, Samara, Penza) voluntarily went over to Razin’s side.

Popular movements of the 17th century. Moscow

Answer the question. To complete the task, use the map on p. 21 atlases

Write under what name the uprising that took place in Moscow in 1648 went down in history.

You can complete this task in 2 ways:

• Find in the map legend the symbol “places and years of urban uprisings”, then find the city of Moscow, under which the dates of urban uprisings are written. Below the map is an image of the work of E. Lisner " Salt riot»
• Remember that in 1648 a riot broke out in Moscow, the cause of which was the introduction of a tax on salt, the price of which had risen sharply. Let us remember that in those years salt was the main preservative.

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X. The Russian state on the eve of Peter’s reforms

Russia on the eve of Peter's reforms. Map

Color agricultural areas on the map. To complete the task, use the map on p. 22 atlases

• Find in the map legend the symbol “main areas of agriculture and fishing”, correlate the specialization of the territories with the task. Pay special attention to mixed areas (Nizhny Novgorod, Belev)

Russia on the eve of Peter's reforms. Trade fairs

Indicate the names of cities that were major centers of fair trade. To complete the task, use the map on p. 22 atlases

This task is performed in 1 way:

• Find the symbol “main trade centers” in the map legend, find these symbols on the map and relate them to the task (Nezhin, Pskov, Arkhangelsk)

Russia on the eve of Peter's reforms. People

Answer the question. To complete the task, use the map on p. 22 atlases

Determine which people populated the territory of the Lower Volga region.

This task is performed in 1 way:

• Find the Volga River on the map, find the territory of the Lower Volga region (the confluence of the Volga into the Caspian Sea). In this territory, the people inhabiting it are noted - Kalmyks

*Since May 2017, the united publishing group "DROFA-VENTANA" has been part of the Russian Textbook corporation. The corporation also includes the Astrel publishing house and the LECTA digital educational platform. General Director appointed Alexander Brychkin, graduate Financial Academy under the Government of the Russian Federation, candidate economic sciences, head of innovative projects of the DROFA publishing house in the field of digital education.