Every person knows and loves raspberries since childhood. The berries of this plant smell pleasant, and their sweet and sour taste cannot be confused with any other. They make sweets from them fragrant jam, and raspberry tea is not only tasty, but also healthy.
This plant is indispensable in folk medicine. If you have your own plot of land, it is worth planting at least a few raspberry bushes on it. To do this, you need to know how to choose the right place for a raspberry plant. In this article you will find a description of the plant, what kind of lighting raspberries prefer and bear fruit best.
Common raspberry: description
The raspberry bush is a branched plant 0.6-2.2 m high. The stem is straight and erect. The root is twisted, has a large number of appendages, and is woody. Aboveground branches are also observed.
The leaves of the plant are ovate and oblong in shape. The leaves are green on top and whitish and bristly underneath. The flowers are light green, they “hide” in the axils of the leaves and flaunt on the tops of the stems. The raspberry berry is a complex drupe, it has a spherical shape. Small drupes are covered with villi. The color of the fruit depends on the variety.
Raspberry bushes bloom in May-June, the berries can be harvested in July-August, and ripe fruits are very easily removed from the receptacle.
Raspberry: where it grows, sensitivity to light
It is very important to know the requirements that raspberry bushes dictate to us. The main thing is to immediately determine what is needed for a plant such as raspberries, where it grows and bears fruit best.
When planting bushes great importance have the following factors:
- Lighting. An area that is well lit by the sun is the place where raspberries grow best. This plant is sensitive to heat and light. It cannot be planted in the shade; it will bear fruit without sun rays will not be.
- Moisture. The soil under the raspberry tree should drain well. Raspberries do not tolerate dampness and excessive moisture at all; where they grow well is in areas that have a certain slope. Wetlands are not suitable for such bushes.
- Temperature. Cold and strong winds are destructive for raspberries. Such plants are afraid of frost, so winter time care must be taken to ensure that a lot of snow accumulates in the area with raspberry bushes. It is not advisable to have large tree plantations nearby.
We plan the place where raspberries grow in advance
If you decide to get your own raspberry bushes, first of all, you need to calculate how many you will need. Approximately one bush produces 0.6-0.7 kg of berries per year. Productivity largely depends, of course, on the variety.
When you have calculated the required number of plants, think about the fact that they tend to grow a lot. Therefore, it is necessary to prevent raspberries from taking over the entire area of the site in advance. To do this, you can simply surround the raspberry tree with sorrel, which blocks the growth of overly active bushes. Or build a fence around the berry garden.
It is known that raspberries can give excellent harvests delicious, aromatic berries for ten years. Therefore, it is important to initially “settle” the bushes in the right place and suitable for a given plant, so that later you don’t have to work on replanting.
Syn: forest raspberry.
Root shoot deciduous, highly branched subshrub with straight rod-shaped or arched shoots, covered sharp spines. It is widely cultivated as a valuable food and medicinal plant for its edible fruits, rich in biologically active substances with anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, diaphoretic, and antispasmodic properties. A good honey plant.
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Flower formula
Forest raspberry flower formula: *Х5Л5Т∞П∞.In medicine
IN official medicine They use fresh and dried raspberry fruits, less often leaves. Syrup from fresh raspberries is used to improve the taste of medicines. Infusion and tea from dried raspberry fruits have a good diaphoretic, antipyretic, antispasmodic, astringent and anti-inflammatory effect, used for colds and viral infections (flu, sore throat), fevers in the postpartum and postoperative periods, and is also recommended as an antiscorbutic (to strengthen the gums ) and a vitamin (general strengthening) agent. An infusion of raspberry leaves is used in gynecology for hyperpolymenorrhea and excessively heavy menstruation. In addition, fresh raspberries are a dietary product; they are recommended for atherosclerosis, anemia, chronic rheumatism, hypertension and diabetes; they also improve digestion, stimulate appetite, and alleviate the condition of patients with eczema of various origins. Dried raspberries are included in many diaphoretic teas and the “Fragrant Tea” collection, as well as anti-cold preparations. Raspberry leaves are included in kidney and gynecological preparations.
Contraindications and side effects
The use of raspberry preparations is contraindicated for gout and nephritis due to the content of purine bases. Take raspberry infusions and teas, especially in childhood need to be used with caution as they can cause allergies.
In cosmetology
In cosmetology, fresh raspberries are mainly used. Raspberry juice is used externally for vitiligo, oily porous skin dotted with acne, abundant freckles, and to stimulate hair growth in case of baldness.
In dermatology, fresh fruits, juice, decoction of fruits, flowers and leaves of raspberries are used internally as a dermatonic agent for psoriasis, a general tonic, anti-inflammatory and adaptogenic for pyoderma. Fresh fruits and juice, a decoction of their dried raspberry fruits are used for ichthyosis, baldness, vitiligo, pustular and viral diseases skin. A decoction of leaves and flowers is used for hyperkeratosis, food allergies with itching.
For food purposes
Fresh raspberries have been eaten since time immemorial. They have high nutritional qualities and are very aromatic. The fruits are eaten processed and fresh with milk and cream, they make jam, jelly, syrups, prepare marmalade, marshmallows and other products. Raspberry wines, tinctures, and liqueurs have high taste qualities. The leaves and flowers are used as tea.
Classification
Common or forest raspberry (Latin Rubus idaeus) is the most famous species of the raspberry genus (Latin Rubus) of the rose subfamily (Latin Rosoideae) of the Rosaceae family (Latin Rosaceae). The genus is one of the largest among the Rosaceae, according to various estimates, including up to several hundred (250 or more) or thousands of species distributed throughout the globe, especially in the temperate climate zone of the Northern Hemisphere. Most members of the genus reproduce apomictically (seeds are set without fertilization). The generic name comes from the Latin “ruber” - after the color of the fruit, and the specific epithet comes from the name of the mountain or mountain range of Ida.
Botanical description
Branched, prickly subshrub up to 1.5-2 meters high with a long creeping rhizome developing above-ground biennial shoots. In the first year of life, the shoots are sterile, green, with a bluish coating, herbaceous, twig-like, lined with thin sharp prickly spines, becoming lignified by winter. The shoots of the second year form inflorescences, bear fruit, after which they dry out and die. The leaves are alternate, compound, odd-pinnate with 5 (7) leaflets, trifoliate on fruiting shoots. The leaves are ovate, glabrous above, grey-tomentose below with thick silky pubescence. Petioles 2-6 cm long with small stipules. The flowers are white (1-1.5 cm in diameter) on long pedicels, with sepals bent back, remaining with the fruit and rapidly falling petals, collected in few-flowered terminal corymbose-paniculate or axillary drooping inflorescences - racemes. The perianth is double, actinomorphic. The formula of wild raspberry flower is *CH5L5T∞P∞. The fruits are red clustered drupes (1-2 cm in diameter). Mature fruits are easily separated from the white conical receptacle. It blooms in June-July, sometimes in September, the fruits ripen from late July to September.
Spreading
Wild raspberries are widespread throughout the European part of Russia (usually in the non-chernozem zone), except for the far north. Light-loving species, nitrophile - prefers nitrogen-rich soils. Found in various types forests in cleared areas, edges, clearings, clearings and burnt areas, often grows strongly, forming extensive thickets. In the mountains it comes out onto rocks and screes.
Currently, raspberries as a valuable food and medicinal plant are widely cultivated in the forest and steppe zones of Russia. Cultivated varieties of raspberries come from wild common raspberries and from the closely related American species black-haired raspberries (R. melanolasius).
Regions of distribution on the map of Russia.
Procurement of raw materials
The fruits of wild raspberries are mainly used for medicinal purposes. The fruits are collected as they ripen, without pedicels and receptacle, in dry weather, withered, and then dried in dryers at a temperature of 50-60 o C, scattered in a thin layer (2-3 cm) on paper or fabric. Can also be dried in an oven. The smell of dried fruits is pleasant, the taste is sweet and sour. Dried fruits are stored for 2 years. Raspberry leaves and flowers are collected in May-June and dried under a canopy in the open air.
Chemical composition
Fresh raspberries contain up to 11% sugars (glucose, sucrose, fructose), traces essential oil, organic acids (malic - up to 2.2%, tartaric, citric, salicylic, formic), pectin, protein and mucus substances, vitamins A, B, C, PP, nicotinic and folic acids, alcohols (tartaric, isoamyl), carotene, flavonoids, tannins and anthocyanins, coumarins, sitosterol, cyanine chloride, ketones (acetoin, diacetyl), benzaldehyde, micro- and macroelements. Leaves and flowers contain tannins, flavonoids, sugars, organic acids, vitamin C and various mineral salts. The seeds contain fatty oil (up to 22%) and phytosterol - 0.7%. Leaves accumulate manganese.
Pharmacological properties
The fruits of common raspberry have diaphoretic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, antiscorbutic, astringent, tonic and mild diuretic effects, preparations from leaves and young shoots have hemostatic, antispasmodic, blood purifying and antitoxic properties, they are used to normalize metabolism.
Use in folk medicine
All parts of the plant are used in folk medicine. The fruits are eaten in any form (fresh or dried) for flu and loss of strength. Dried fruits, jam and decoction of young branches are used for colds, coughs, sore throats, high temperature as a diaphoretic and antipyretic. In folk medicine, the fruits are also used as an anti-hangover and anti-emetic. Raspberry leaves are used for diseases of the respiratory system (choking) and digestion. A decoction of flowers and roots is used for leucorrhoea, menstrual disorders, influenza with intestinal manifestations, to strengthen gums, purify the blood, gastrointestinal diseases, hemorrhoids, erysipelas and fever. Flowers are also used as an anti-toxic for bites poisonous snakes and scorpions and as an anti-inflammatory for eye diseases (conjunctivitis). In folk medicine, raspberry syrup has long been used for stomach pain, to improve appetite and heart function. An infusion of leaves and fruits was used as a cosmetic for cleansing the face of acne and skin rashes; it was also used to treat dermatoses and gum diseases.
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M.: Eksmo. 2011. p. 944.
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Common raspberry, red raspberry (lat. Rubus idaeus) - the Latin name of raspberry is derived from the words “ruber” (red) and “ideos” - the name of the mountain range on the island of Crete-Ida, the place where the bush grows. Wild raspberries became the ancestor of many cultivated varieties.
Spreading
Grows in the zone of mixed and coniferous forests. Wild raspberries grow in forests, between bushes, in clearings, in clearings, along ravines, banks of rivers and streams, and in other damp shady places. Widely cultivated as a food and ornamental plant. Distributed in the middle and northern zone of the European part of Russia, in Siberia, found in the Caucasus and Central Asia. Widely distributed in the forests of the Altai Territory and the Altai Mountains.
A shrub from 50 cm to 2 meters high with a large number of erect, slightly woody stems. The stems are covered with small thorns.
The rhizome is creeping with small, hard, brown roots.
The leaves are trifoliate-pinnate on the underside with white pubescence, and bright green on the top. The leaves are ovate, mostly entire, and wrinkled on the outside.
Flowers white, sometimes pinkish, have five petals, form small, loose clusters.
The fruit is a bright red drupe with pleasant taste and a specific aroma.
Raspberries contain malic, citric, caproic, formic and salicylic acids, vitamins C and B, carotene, sucrose, glucose, fructose, tannins, cyanidin chloride. The seeds contain up to 15% fatty oil.
Raspberry fruit
Application in medicine
Roots. In Bulgaria, the decoction is a diaphoretic for ascites.
Wood. In Tibetan medicine - for acute and chronic infections, neurasthenia, neuritis, as an antipyretic.
Branches. In Tibetan medicine they are used in a similar way to wood. In Buryatia - for fever. Decoction - for respiratory infections. Tops of branches (with flowers, unripe fruits) - “raspberry tea” - for acute respiratory diseases.
Leaves. In Tibetan medicine they are used in a similar way to wood. Infusion or decoction (externally) - for erysipelas. Infusion (orally) - for colitis, cough, skin rashes. Decoction (inside) - for coughs, colds, sore throat. Fresh - wound healing; in the form of an ointment - for acne, burns, skin rashes. In Bulgaria, the infusion is used for diarrhea, gastritis and enteritis, hemorrhages, menorrhagia, bronchopneumonia and dermatitis. Externally - for diseases of the throat and oral cavity. Aqueous, alcoholic and acetone extracts and juice are antibacterial. Aqueous extracts stimulate the central nervous system.
Leaves, flowers. Infusion (lotions, douching) - for hemorrhoids and gynecological diseases.
Leaves, flowers, fruits. Anti-sclerotic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and high-vitamin agent for hypertension, atherosclerosis and acute respiratory diseases.
Flowers. Decoction, infusion - for gastralgia, respiratory infections; externally - for acne, eye diseases, erysipelas. Tincture - hemostatic; for respiratory diseases; It was considered an antidote for snake and scorpion bites. In Bulgaria, infusion of olive oil- for the treatment of dermatitis from insect bites.
Fruit. Dried - a diaphoretic. In Tibetan medicine, the powder is used for pneumonia and acute respiratory diseases. In folk medicine - to improve appetite and intestinal activity; antiemetic, hemostatic for gastric and intestinal bleeding, menorrhagia, expectorant; for chronic rheumatism and measles; externally - for eczema, acne and conjunctivitis. Infusion - for diarrhea, anemia; tincture and decoction - for diabetes.
Juice- for colds, gastritis, colitis. Raspberries are included in diaphoretic, vitamin, anti-inflammatory, and antitussive preparations.
But raspberries began to spread quite widely across Europe only in the sixteenth century. They began to transplant berry bushes from the forest into gardens at monasteries in an attempt to cultivate them.
Raspberries appeared in America even later. At first, the varieties brought from Europe did not adapt well to the new climatic conditions. But gradually, mainly in North America, the berry began to enjoy great success. Hybrids have appeared that are fully adapted to the local climate.
In Rus', the appearance of raspberries as a garden crop occurred thanks to Yuri Dolgoruky. The raspberry garden, founded by him in the twelfth century, is mentioned in ancient chronicles. Nevertheless, the berry, as a garden crop, gained recognition only in the seventeenth century, and a hundred years later there is a description of three varieties of cultivated raspberries. In 1831, 12 varieties were already noted, and a few years later - 150. Until the twentieth century, breeders could not boast of diversity, unlike today when in the world there are great amount varieties of berries differing in color, taste, fruiting time and others characteristic features. But people still not only grow raspberries in gardens, but also collect them in the forest.
Wild (forest) raspberries
Wild (forest) raspberries grow throughout almost the entire territory of Russia, extending far to the north. It can also be found in the CIS countries, Europe, America, and Japan. Favorite places are river banks, ravines, bushes, forest glades and clearings. Raspberry forests often form dense thickets that are difficult to navigate. Wild bushes prefer fertile and moist soils.
Wild berries are an excellent honey plant; from one hectare of raspberry thickets you can get up to 100 kg of honey. Wild raspberries are very loved by forest inhabitants: animals and birds. The fruits of wild berries are aroma, nutritious and healing properties superior to garden ones, but they are smaller.
Unfortunately, every year there are fewer and fewer raspberries in the forests. The main reasons: unmotivated deforestation and fires. In nature, everything is interconnected, therefore, when certain species of trees and shrubs adjacent to raspberries are destroyed, the berry itself disappears. Caring for nature is a task of paramount importance. A person must always remember this and do everything to preserve the forest.
Cultivated (garden) raspberries
The largest number of garden varieties are “relatives” of wild red raspberries. There are two types of cultivated berries. The first includes raspberries, which produce a harvest once per summer, the second - two or more times (remontant). The fruits of garden raspberries are different color: red, yellow, white and black, similar to blackberries. Unlike forest raspberries, which most often grow in shaded places, garden berries love open areas. Raspberry productivity largely depends on proper care and soil selection. The soil should not be too moist or too dry. Excess moisture interferes with the development of bushes, which leads to a decrease in the quality of the fruit. They become smaller and waterier. Fertile black soil - best option for growing raspberries. Lack of moisture also affects the yield and taste of the berries.
Garden raspberries must be protected from pests and diseases. Recently, breeders have developed a large number of varieties that resist diseases and insects. Therefore, preference should be given to these varieties. Unlike wild raspberries, garden berries require additional measures to prepare for winter, as they grow at higher altitudes. open spaces. To prevent the stems of the bushes from freezing and drying out, it is better to bend them down for the winter. Garden raspberries overwinter well under snow cover and can withstand even very coldy(up to 40 degrees).
Valuable qualities of raspberries
Wild and cultivated raspberries, thanks to their valuable properties, have been used in cooking, medicine and cosmetology since ancient times. For treatment and prevention various diseases Not only fruits are used, but also leaves and branches. Raspberries help with colds, flu, metabolic disorders, diseases of the stomach, intestines, heart and other problems in the body. Excellent taste, aroma, availability large quantity vitamins and useful minerals make raspberries one of the favorite berries not only in our country, but throughout the world.
Common raspberry (lat. Rúbus idaeus) is a deciduous subshrub and belongs to the class dicotyledonous plants, order Rosaceae, family Rosaceae, genus Rubus.
Common raspberry - description and characteristics.
Raspberries are perennial with a very developed and sinuous rhizome, on which many adventitious roots are formed. Aboveground shoots are erect, 1.5 to 2.5 meters high, in the first year of growing season they are green, with a barely noticeable bluish bloom, herbaceous and covered with thin thorns. By the second year of life, raspberry shoots become woody, acquiring a bright brown color. After the fruiting period they die, but a new shoot-stem grows from the same root bud in the spring.
On the stem of the common raspberry there are complex oval leaves, consisting of 3-7 dark green ovoid leaves, each of which is covered with hairs below and has a whitish tint. Raspberry flowers are white, with many stamens and pistils, with a subtle honey aroma, collected in miniature racemose inflorescences, which are located on the tops of the shoots or in the axils of the leaves.
Common raspberry fruit.
Sweet and very aromatic raspberries are numerous, small-sized drupes, fused into a complex fruit. Interestingly, the color of the fruit can vary from light pink and burgundy to yellow, orange and even almost black.
Where do raspberries grow?
This subshrub is distributed throughout almost the entire territory of Europe and the countries of America. In Russia, ordinary raspberries are found in middle lane and in the south, in the cold climate of Siberia and the Urals, and also grows in the mountainous areas of Kazakhstan, Bashkiria and Kyrgyzstan.
Raspberry is often called a pioneer plant because of its unpretentiousness to soil indicators: it is the very first to appear in the place of burnt-out forest clearings, and feels comfortable both in dry zones and along the edges of swamps.
Wild (forest) raspberries are mentioned in chronicles dating back to the 3rd century BC. How about garden culture This plant was discovered only in the 16th and 17th centuries.
Types, varieties, classification of raspberries.
A huge number of raspberry varieties can be divided into the following groups:
- by berry size (large, medium, small);
- by color (yellow, red, black, orange);
- by ripening period (early ripening, mid-early, mid-ripening, mid-late, late ripening);
- by resistance to cold (winter-hardy, not winter-hardy).
Separately, it is necessary to distinguish standard and remontant raspberries.
Standard raspberry– a feature of the species are thick, powerful, branched, erect shoots, which, after pinching, resemble small tree, most often not requiring a garter.
Remontant raspberry- a type of raspberry that bears fruit in summer and also in autumn.
Below are some varieties of raspberries:
Varieties of yellow raspberries.
Yellow sweet tooth
Mid-early, productive variety raspberries yield 3.5 - 4 kg per bush. The elongated berries, weighing 3-6 g, are distinguished by a pale yellow color and a bright aroma; the ripened fruits do not crumble for a long time.
Golden autumn
Mid-late remontant variety Raspberries are distinguished by the golden yellow color of the fruits with slight pubescence. Raspberries are sweet, large, have a bright aroma, and are well transported.
Morning dew
A remontant raspberry variety with golden-yellow fruits. The shoots of this variety are tough, about 1.5 meters in height, covered with a large number of thorns. The berries are large, spherical in shape, hard, weighing up to 5 kg. Grown mainly on personal plots and a little on the plantations. Raspberries of the Morning Dew variety are suitable for transportation.
Yellow giant
Semi-remontant, winter-hardy variety of yellow raspberries, bearing fruit until frost. It has a high yield (up to 6 kg per bush) and unusually large, very sweet berries, weighing up to 8-10 g.
Orange miracle
The remontant raspberry variety got its name due to the non-standard, golden-orange hue of the fruit. Raspberries are large, weighing 5-6 g; there are specimens weighing up to 10 g. The berries are characterized by sweetness with a slight sourness and delicate aroma. The variety has excellent productivity and does not tolerate severe frosts and heat.
Varieties of standard raspberries.
Tarusa
The slender bush is highly decorative and has no thorns at all. The yield of one “raspberry tree” is more than 5 kg. The bright red berry with small seeds weighs up to 10 g. The aroma of raspberries is intense, but the taste is not expressed, so the Tarusa raspberry variety is more suitable for preparations. Medium grade early date ripening, a drop in temperature below 25 degrees can be detrimental to young shoots.
Firebird
A productive variety of standard raspberries with a medium ripening period, it begins to bear fruit at the end of July. The berries are large, red, shiny, weighing from 12 to 15 g. The taste of raspberries is excellent, the berries are sweet, juicy, and do not crumble even when fully ripe. The winter hardiness level of the variety is 23-25 degrees, drought resistance is high.
Sturdy
A consistently fruit-bearing variety of standard raspberries with medium ripening period. The fruits are red, weighing up to 10 g, very tasty and aromatic, easily separated from the stalk, but do not fall off for a long time. One bush can produce up to 4 kg of berries. The variety does not respond well to snow-white winters and sudden temperature changes.
Varieties of black raspberries.
Cumberland
The early-ripening variety of black raspberries has increased winter hardiness and unpretentiousness. The fruits are round, medium-sized, weighing 2-4 g, initially red, becoming glossy black as they ripen. The berry is dense, sweet, with a slight sourness and blackberry flavor. The yield of a raspberry bush is 3-4 kg.
Bristol
Most popular variety black raspberries of a new promising selection. It is characterized by late ripening and produces extremely stable yields. Round raspberries weighing 3-5 g have a black color with a blue coating, a pleasant sweet taste and aroma. The Bristol variety does not tolerate severe cold and is not resistant to anthracnose, a fungal disease of stems.
Ember
An early ripening variety of black raspberries. The berries weighing up to 2 g are dense, black, and do not fall off when ripe. The taste is sweet and sour, the berries are perfectly stored without losing their taste and presentation. From one bush you can collect up to 5.5 kg.
Varieties of large-fruited raspberries.
Hercules
A remontant high-yielding raspberry variety, distinguished by large fruits weighing 5-8 g. Individual specimens weigh 15 g. The first harvest is harvested in mid-July, the second from the end of August until frost. Under cover it is possible to ripen 2 weeks earlier. The cone-shaped berries have a bright ruby color, a pleasant, sweet and sour taste and excellent presentation.
Patricia
An early, winter-hardy, productive raspberry variety with velvety, red, conical berries weighing from 4 to 12 g. The yield reaches 8 kg per bush. Characteristic for the variety non-standard shape fruits prone to deformation. Patricia raspberries have an excellent taste, but do not tolerate transportation and storage well.
Senator
Mid-season raspberry variety with berries weighing 7-12 grams, in some cases 15 grams. The oblong fruits are burgundy-orange in color, have a glossy shine, velvety pubescence and a rich, sweet and sour taste. The variety is characterized by increased winter hardiness and tolerates frosts down to -35 degrees without damage.
