Among the values that a person often considers to be the highest for himself, there are both true and false.
In the novel “The Master and Margarita,” M. A. Bulgakov invites the reader to think about which ideals should be considered true and which should be considered false, but did not give a clear answer to this question. Each of the heroes of this work has its own values and ideals (and some of the heroes change their worldview as the plot develops).
For example, at the beginning of the book, the poet Ivan Nikolaevich Bezdomny does not think about anything in his life except writing mediocre “anti-religious” poems.
(In the thirteenth chapter, he “promises” and “swears” to the master not to write these “monstrous” poems anymore).
The only valuables for Griboedov's regulars are beautiful life with delicious dinners, dancing and relaxing at sea. Of particular importance to them is the decision " housing issue". According to the author, "every second" people are "breaking" into the door with such an inscription.
A separate theme in the novel is the recognition of money as the most important human value. As Woland noted in chapter twelve,
-Well... they are people like people. They love money, but that's always been the case. "Even in the time of Pontius Pilate, money was recognized as one of the main values. Judas of Kiriath betrays his teacher precisely because of it.
The Variety administration is characterized by greed and greed. Throughout the entire development of the action, money constantly appears in the novel as the main false value of humanity: be it the “Yershalaim” chapters or the events taking place in Moscow. Everywhere money is an object of desire, and the goal of many people’s lives is to achieve wealth.
The author makes it clear how far she is from true moral, moral, human values. All this tinsel: luxurious life, beautiful clothes. There is a lot of falsehood, insincerity and delusion in all this. The thirst for profit gives rise to many other vices, such as deceit and deceit. All these qualities are inherent in both the Variety administration and the critic Latunsky, Aloysius Mogarych and Judas. Often, out of fear of losing their earnings and their position in society, people value their prestigious position and, in order to maintain it, are ready to commit dishonest and cowardly acts. This also applies to the heroes of the Moscow chapters, but mainly it is worth remembering the action of the hero of the novel, master Pontius Pilate. “Cowardice is the most terrible vice,” Yeshua Ha-Nozri will say, and the procurator of Judea was subject to this vice.
The decision to execute Yeshua was dictated by nothing more than the fear of losing his position and position.
So, most of Bulgakov's heroes initially have false ideas about values. But this is done in order to create an even greater contrast between them and those who will be on the side of the truth from the very beginning. The only such heroes are Yeshua, the Master and Margarita. Yeshua preaches love for people, calling them good. The main characters of the novel proclaim the power of love and creativity as their core values.
The author considers these highest values to be true and eternal. For the sake of love, Margarita sacrifices a lot; she accepts help from Satan, for which she had to participate in his ball.
The master has to endure a lot for his creativity. His works are persecuted, so he suffers, and then ends up in a psychiatric hospital, where he meets Ivan Bezdomny, who, like Yeshua’s disciple, Levi Matthew, after talking with the “teacher”, understands the true value of life. For the Master this is the power of creativity. Helps make the Master and Margarita's dream come true" devilry"in the person of Woland and his retinue. They give them the opportunity to get the peace they deserve... The heroes received freedom of love and creativity. Pontius Pilate also says goodbye. His dream - to be next to Yeshua - came true thanks to Margarita, who shouted: “Let him go” Love gives the master and Margarita strength and is evidence of other bright qualities that they have: kindness, responsiveness, honesty and many others.
Thus, intertwining completely different worlds, Bulgakov wants to highlight values that remain at all times and even exist outside of time, that is, they are eternal. But, according to the author, it is not completely possible to get rid of false values. The epilogue says that Aloisy Mogarych “not only existed, but also now exists, ... in the position of financial director of the Variety Show.”
There have always been values that were considered an immutable truth; attention, love, mutual understanding, loyalty, empathy, trust. Gradually a person learns to communicate with other people and gains experience. He develops his own view of the world, of people, and gradually develops his own system of values. Everyone chooses how to behave in a given situation. But a person makes a choice based on his existing value system.
People with completely different views on the world are shown in Leo Nikolaevich Tolstoy's epic novel War and Peace. In the work, the author talks about the lives of people from various walks of life. The author's favorite heroes are the conductors of true values in the epic novel. This is Andrei Bolkonsky, Pierre Bezukhov, Natasha Rostova. At the same time, we observe the life of a secular society filled with insincerity, selfishness and arrogance.
Tolstoy contrasts false values with true values and reveals them in full using the example of the Kuragin family.
We meet the head of the family, Vasily Kuragin, already in the first chapter of the novel. During a conversation with Anna Pavlovna Sherer, we learn that main goal visiting Kuragin, it was impossible to ask about the health of the maid of honor (she was sick with the flu) or talk about the war with France. No. The main task was to find out “whether it is true that the Dowager Empress wants to appoint Baron Funke as first secretary in Vienna.” Prince Vasily wanted to appoint his son to this place. Subsequently, we learn that Kuragin only wanted wealth for himself and his children, which is why he married his daughter Helen to the rich Pierre Bezukhov.
Anna Scherer also shows an interest in wealth. Her attitude towards Pierre changed dramatically as soon as he became rich.
At the first meeting, “Anna Pavlovna greeted him with a bow that belonged to people of the lowest hierarchy in her salon.” When the count received the inheritance, “everything he said came out charming.” For both Kuragin and Anna Scherer, the main advantage of a person was his wealth.
The Kuragin family is opposed to the Bolkonsky family. Nikolai Andreevich Bolkonsky undoubtedly loves his children. He considers it necessary to constantly study mathematics with his daughter. He himself is constantly busy with some kind of physical or mental activity: “a high writing table on which lay an open notebook, lathe with tools laid out and shavings scattered around." Nikolai Andreevich also loves his son Andrei. The old prince knew the military and political circumstances of Europe in every detail, but did not dissuade his son from going to war, although he was very worried. Unlike Prince Kuragin, Bolkonsky did not try to place his son in a prestigious, profitable position.
A lot of space in the novel is devoted to the description of military events. This is the Battle of Shengraben, the Battle of Austerlitz, and the Battle of Borodino. In the work, when describing the Battle of Shengraben, the author talks about the manifestation of heroism by Captain Tushin and the manifestation of heroism by Fedor Dolokhov.
Dolokhov, who had recently been demoted to the ranks of soldiers, sought to regain the rank of officer as quickly as possible. Fedor proved himself by killing one Frenchman and capturing an officer of the enemy army. But perhaps the least of all thoughts flashed through his mind that he was fighting for the good of the country, and not for his own benefit. It was important for Dolokhov that his action was noticed and remembered by the regimental commander. Fyodor persistently repeats: “I captured an officer. I stopped the company... Please remember, Your Excellency.” Thus, Dolokhov only cares about returning his rank, he is only concerned about promotion. Unlike Tushin, who cares about the success of the common cause, Dolokhov is only concerned with selfish interests.
Captain Tushin showed considerable heroism and courage in battle. With only four cannons, the captain repelled French attacks for a long time. The captain will show courage by not allowing enemies to approach the main army. Tushin could have drawn the attention of Prince Andrei to his contribution to the common cause when he arrived with the order to retreat, but did not do this, since he was not looking for glory.
Tolstoy developed family thought throughout the work. At the end of the novel, the results are summed up. The author concludes "War and Peace" with a description of the life of two families. Maria Bolkonskaya married Nikolai Rostov, and Natasha Rostova married Pierre Bezukhov. Mutual understanding reigned in the families, the spouses loved each other. Using the example of Natasha Rostova, the author shows that in life, a rich spiritual world, love for people, the ability to empathize and sympathize with them are much more important than external indicators. Comparing Natasha with Helen, whose “unchangeable smile” never left her face, we can say that Natasha did not seek her own benefit in communicating with people, did not seek happiness in money and wealth. She shows sincere feelings and emotions. She loves to sing and dance. Natasha seems alive, real. With the formation of a family, Natasha finds happiness. She devotes herself completely to her family; she now sees her purpose in serving her husband and children.
Thus, in Tolstoy's novel great attention is given to true values. Their bearers are the author’s favorite heroes. They care about each other and love their fatherland. Lies, cunning, opportunism are unacceptable to them. Tolstoy shows that it is precisely such people that the future belongs to, it is precisely such people that Russia can be proud of.
Effective preparation for the Unified State Exam (all subjects) -
False Values
A very fundamental thing to remember is that man is very cunning in creating false values. Real values require your totality, require your entire being; false values are very cheap. They look real, but they do not require your totality - this is only a superficial formality.
For example, instead of love and trust, we created the false value of “devotion.” A devoted person appears to be loving. He makes all the gestures of love, but does not mean anything by them; his heart is beyond these formal gestures.
A slave is betrayed - but do you think that anyone who is enslaved, whose human dignity and pride is taken away, can so deeply love a person who has caused him such deep harm? He hates him, and if he gets the chance, he will kill him! But on the surface he remains loyal - he is forced. It's not out of joy, it's out of fear. It is not out of love, it is the conditioned mind that says that you must be loyal to your master. This is a dog's devotion to its owner.
In fact, just look at it from another angle - no man jumped into his wife's funeral pyre! And no one asked the question: “Does this mean that no husband has ever been faithful to his wife?” But this is a double standard of society. One standard is for the master, owner, proprietor, and another for the slave.
Love is a dangerous experience because you are controlled by something greater than yourself. And this cannot be controlled; you can't create love on demand. Once she leaves, there is no way to bring her back. All you can do is pretend, be a hypocrite.
Loyalty is a completely different matter. It is produced by your own mind, it is not something from outside you. This is an upbringing in a certain culture, just like all other upbringing. You start playing, and little by little you begin to believe in your own game. Loyalty requires that you always, in life or death, be devoted to a person, whether your heart wants it or not. This is a psychological type of enslavement.
Love brings freedom. Devotion brings slavery. Only on the surface do they look similar; deep down they are opposites, diametrically opposed. Devotion is a game; you were taught it. Love is wild; all its beauty is in wildness. She comes like a gust of wind, with a great aroma, fills your heart, and suddenly, where there was a desert, there is a garden full of flowers. But you don't know where it comes from, and you know there is no way to cause it. It comes on its own and remains as long as existence wants. And just like one day she comes, like a stranger, like a guest, suddenly one day she goes away. There is no way to cling to it, no way to hold it.
Society cannot depend on such unpredictable, unreliable experiences. It wants guarantees, reliability; therefore, it completely removed love from life and put marriage in its place. Marriage knows only devotion, devotion to the husband, and because it is formal, it is in your hands... but this is nothing compared to love, it is not even a drop in the ocean of what love is.
But society is very happy with it because it is reliable. Your husband can trust you, trust that tomorrow you will be as devoted as you are today. Love cannot be trusted - the strangest thing is that love is the greatest trust, but it cannot be trusted. In this moment it is total, but the next moment remains open. It can grow inside you; it can evaporate from you. The husband wants his wife to be his slave all her life. He cannot rely on love; he must create something that looks like love, but which is produced by the human mind.
This happens not only in loving relationships, but also in other areas of life - devotion is also very respected. But it destroys the mind... a soldier must be loyal to the nation. The man who dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki... he cannot be held responsible, he was simply doing his duty. He was ordered and was betrayed by his superiors; This is what army training is all about. You are trained for many years, and you become almost incapable of rebellion. Even if you see that what you are being told is absolutely wrong, still the training that has gone so deep says: “That’s right, I’ll do it.”
I can't imagine that the man who dropped the bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki was a machine. He also had a heart, just like yours. He also had a wife and children, an old father and mother. He was a human being just like you, with only one difference. He was trained to follow orders without question, and when an order was given, he simply carried it out.
I thought about his intelligence again and again. Is it possible to imagine that he did not know that this bomb would destroy almost two hundred thousand people? Couldn't he have said: "No! It's better for the general to shoot me, but I won't kill two hundred thousand people"? Maybe this idea never occurred to him.
The army works in such a way as to create loyalty; it starts with small things. It is not clear why every soldier for many years has to go to the parade and follow stupid orders - turn left, right, go forward, go back - for hours, without any purpose. But there is a purpose to this. It destroys his mind. His being turns into an automaton, into a robot. And when the order comes: “Left,” his mind does not ask why. If someone else tells you, "Turn left," you will ask, "What nonsense is this? Why should I turn left? I'll turn right!" But a soldier should not doubt, ask; he must simply follow. This is his basic conditioning - devotion.
It is good for kings and generals for armies to be loyal to the point that they act almost like machines, not like people. It is convenient for parents to have their children be loyal because a rebel child creates problems. The parents may be wrong and the child may be right, but he must be obedient to his parents; this is part of the education of the old man, which has existed until now.
I am teaching you a new human being, in which there is no place for devotion, but who instead has reason, inquisitiveness, the ability to say “no.” To me, unless you are able to say no, your yes is meaningless. Your “yes” is just a recording on a gramophone record; you cannot do anything, you have to say “yes” because “no” simply does not arise in you.
Life and civilization would be completely different if we trained people to have more intelligence. So many wars would not have happened if people had asked: “What is the reason? Why should we kill people who are not guilty of anything?” But they are loyal to one country, and you are loyal to another, and the politicians of both countries fight and sacrifice their people. If politicians like wrestling so much, they can hold a wrestling championship and everyone else can enjoy it like a football match.
But kings and politicians, presidents and prime ministers do not go to war. Simple people who have nothing to do with the order to kill, go to war and kill. They are rewarded for loyalty - they are given Victoria Crosses and other awards for inhumanity, for irrationality, for mechanicalness.
Loyalty is nothing more than a combination of these three diseases: faith, duty and respectability. All this is food for your ego. This is against your spiritual growth, but for mutual protection of interests. The priests want you not to ask any questions about their belief system because they know they can't give any answers. All belief systems are so false that if you question them they will fall apart. Unquestioned, they create great religions with millions of followers.
Now the Pope has millions of people under his command, and of these millions of people not one asks: “How can a virgin give birth to a child?” That would be sacrilegious! Out of millions of people, not one asks: “What is the proof that Jesus is the only son of God? - no one can claim it. What is the proof that Jesus saved people from suffering? - He could not even save himself.” But such questions are very confusing, so they simply are not asked. Even God is nothing but a hypothesis, which religious people have been trying to prove for thousands of years... all kinds of evidence, but they are all false; there is nothing essential in them, no support for existence.
From day one, people are trained to be loyal to the belief system into which they were born. It is convenient for priests to exploit you, it is convenient for politicians to exploit you, it is convenient for husbands to exploit their wives, for parents to exploit children, for teachers to exploit students. For each of the interests of mutual responsibility, loyalty is simply necessary. But it reduces all of humanity to a state of mental retardation. She doesn't allow any questions. She allows no doubt. It doesn't allow people to be reasonable. And a person who is not able to doubt, ask questions, say “no” when he feels that something is wrong has fallen below the human and has become a sub-human animal.
If love is demanded, it becomes devotion. If love is given when not asked, it is your free gift. Then it arises from your consciousness. If trust is demanded, you are enslaved. But if trust arises in you, something superhuman grows in your heart. The difference is very small, but it is of immeasurable importance: if love and trust are asked or demanded, they become false. When they arise spontaneously, they have immeasurable intrinsic value. They don't make you a slave, they make you the master of yourself, because it's your love, your trust. You follow your own heart. You don't follow anyone else. You are not forced to follow. From freedom comes your love. From dignity comes your trust - and together they will make you richer human beings.
To live life according to his heart, to follow its beat, to go into the unknown, just like an eagle flies to the sun, freely, without knowing the limits... no one orders him to do this. This brings incomparable joy. This is a statement of spirituality, inherent in man from nature.
From the book Meditation. First and last freedom author Rajneesh Bhagwan ShriFALSE METHODS MEDITATION IS NOT CONCENTRATION Meditation techniques can be wrong. For example: any meditation technique that puts you into deep concentration is wrong. You will become more and more withdrawn instead of becoming
From the book Open to the Source by Harding Douglas From the book On the Wings of Hope: Poetry author Ozornin ProkhorFalse goals How many years have passed - there’s no way to say, I was my own strongest, notorious enemy, Prejudice flowed from all sorts of cracks... I was full of the stupidest, meaningless goals. Conceit, pride, wealth and power - Millions managed to fall at their feet, Billions
From the book Breakthrough! eleven the best trainings By personal growth author Parabellum Andrey Alekseevich From the book The main book about happiness and well-being by Viilma LuuleLook for life values. Every whole has good and bad. Giving a one-sided assessment is stupid. A fool learns through suffering. Who gives positive assessment others who truly appreciate the achievement of another, but are not blind to shortcomings, elevate
From the book Your Personal Success Coaching. Guide to action author Kozlova Anna M. From the book Anything is Possible! Dare to believe it... Take action to prove it! by Aiken John Vaughn1) I. Bunin in the story "Mr. from San Francisco" showed the fate of a man who served false values. Wealth was his god, and this god he worshiped. But when the American millionaire died, it turned out that true happiness passed the man by: he died without ever knowing what life was.
2) The name of a simple peasant girl Joan of Arc today everyone knows. For 75 years France waged an unsuccessful war against the English invaders. Jeanne believed that she was destined to save France. The young peasant woman persuaded the king to give her a small detachment and was able to do what the smartest military leaders could not: she ignited people with her fierce faith. After years of ignominious defeats, the French were finally able to defeat the invaders.
When you reflect on this truly wonderful event, you realize how important it is for a person to be guided by a great purpose.
3) Few people know that during the filming of a famous film N. Mikhalkova “Burnt by the Sun”, The weather turned bad, the temperature dropped to minus six. Meanwhile, according to the scenario, it should be a sultry summer. The actors portraying vacationers had to bathe in ice water, lie on the cold ground. This example shows that art requires sacrifice and complete dedication from a person.
4) French writer G. Flaubert in the novel "Madame Bovary"talked about the fate of a lonely woman who, entangled in life's contradictions, decided to poison herself. The writer himself felt signs of poisoning and was forced to seek help. It is no coincidence that he later said: “Madame Bovary is me.”
5) Loyalty to your calling cannot but command respect. Narodovolets Nikolay Kibalchich was sentenced to death for attempting to assassinate the Tsar. While waiting to die, he worked on the project jet engine. More than his own life, he was concerned about the fate of the invention. When they came for him to take him to the place of execution, Kibalchich gave the gendarme the drawings spacecraft and asked to hand them over to scientists. “It’s touching that a person before a terrible execution has the strength to think about humanity!” - this is how I wrote about it spiritual feat K. Tsiolkovsky.
6) “I have always been amazed at the immense hard work and patience of Kirill Lavrov,” recalls director Vladimir Bortko about the outstanding actor: “We had to film a 22-minute conversation between Yeshua and Pontius Pilate, such scenes take two weeks to film. On the set, Lavrov, an 80-year-old man, spent 16 hours in chest armor weighing 12 kg, without uttering a word of reproach to the film crew.”
Problems:
The moral responsibility of a person (artist, scientist) for the fate of the world
The role of personality in history
Human moral choice
Conflict between man and society
Human and nature
Supporting theses:
1. A person comes into this world not to say what it is like, but to make it better.
2. It depends on each person what the world will be like: light or dark, good or evil.
3. Everything in the world is connected by invisible threads, and a careless act or an unexpected word can result in the most unpredictable consequences.
4. Remember your High human responsibility!
Quotes:
1. There is one undoubted sign that divides people's actions into good and evil: love and unity of people increases the action - it is good; he produces enmity and disunity - he is bad (L. Tolstoy, Russian writer).
2. The world in itself is neither evil nor good, it is a container of both, depending on what you yourself have turned it into (M. Montaigne, French humanist philosopher).
3. Yes - I'm in the boat. The spill won't touch me! But how can I live when my people are drowning? (Saadi, Persian writer and thinker)
4. It is easier to light one small candle than to curse the darkness (Confucius, ancient Chinese thinker).
6. Love - and do what you want (Augustine the Blessed, Christian thinker).
7. Life is a struggle for immortality (M. Prishvin, Russian writer).
8. They went into the darkness, but their trace did not disappear (W. Shakespeare, English writer).
Arguments:
In everyone's hands fate peace
1) In a military operation near Pervomaisk, fighters repelling an attack by militants rushed to a box of grenades. But when they opened it, they discovered that the grenades had no fuses. The packer at the factory forgot to put them in, and without them, a grenade is just a piece of iron. The soldiers, suffering heavy losses, were forced to retreat, and the militants broke through. The mistake of a nameless person turned into a terrible disaster.
2) Historians write that the Turks were able to capture Constantinople by passing through a gate that someone forgot to close.
3) The twentieth century is the first century of world wars in human history, the century of the creation of weapons of mass destruction. An incredible situation is emerging: humanity can destroy itself. In Hiroshima, on the monument to the victims of the atomic bombing, it is written: “Sleep well, the mistake will not be repeated.” To prevent this and many other mistakes from being repeated, the struggle for peace, the struggle against weapons of mass destruction, acquires a universal character.
4) Sown evil turns into new evil. In the Middle Ages, a legend appeared about a city that was overrun by rats. The townspeople did not know where to get away from them. One man promised to rid the city of vile creatures if he was paid. The residents, of course, agreed. The rat catcher played the pipe, and the rats, bewitched by the sounds, followed him. The sorcerer took them to the river, got into the boat, and the rats drowned. But the townspeople, having got rid of the misfortune, refused to pay what they had promised. Then the sorcerer took revenge on the city: he played the pipe again, children came running from all over the city, and he drowned them in the river.
The role of personality in history
1) “Notes of a Hunter” by I. Turgenev played a huge role in the public life of our country. People, having read bright, vivid stories about peasants, realized that it was immoral to own people like cattle. A broad movement for the abolition of serfdom began in the country.
2) After the war many Soviet soldiers who were captured by the enemy were condemned as traitors to their homeland. Story M. Sholokhov “The Fate of Man”, which shows the bitter fate of a soldier, forced society to take a different look at tragic fate prisoners of war. A law was passed on their rehabilitation.
3) American writer G. Beecher Stowe wrote a novel "Uncle Tom's Cabin" which recounted the fate of a meek black man beaten to death by a ruthless planter. This novel shook up the entire society, an outbreak broke out in the country. Civil War, and shameful slavery was abolished. Then they said that this little woman started a big war.
4) It is unlikely that King Edward III of England fully understood what his insolence would lead to: state emblem he depicted delicate lilies. Thereby English king showed that from now on neighboring France was also subject to him. This drawing of a power-hungry monarch became the reason for the Hundred Years' War, which brought countless disasters to people.
Human and nature
1) Man, before our eyes, continues the fatal work that he began thousands of years ago: in the name of the needs of his production, he destroyed forests filled with life, dehydrated and turned entire continents into deserts. After all, the Sahara and Kara Kuma are obvious evidence of human criminal activity that continues to this day. Isn’t the pollution of the World Ocean evidence of this? A person deprives himself in the near future of the last necessary nutritional resources.
2) In Russians folk tales The selflessness of man is often glorified. Emelya had no intention of catching the pike - it ended up in his bucket. If a wanderer sees a fallen chick, he will put it in the nest; if a bird gets caught in a snare, he will free it; if a wave throws a fish ashore, he will release it back into the water. Do not seek profit, do not destroy, but help, save, protect - this is what folk wisdom teaches.
3) Human intervention in the complex life of nature can lead to unpredictable consequences. One famous scientist decided to bring deer to his region. However, the animals were unable to adapt to the new conditions and soon died. But the ticks that lived in the skin of deer took hold, flooded the forests and meadows and became a real disaster for the other inhabitants.
4) Global warming, which has been increasingly talked about lately, is fraught with catastrophic consequences. But not everyone thinks that this problem is a direct consequence of human life, who, in the pursuit of profit, upsets the stable balance of natural cycles. It is no coincidence that scientists are increasingly talking about reasonable self-restraint of needs, that not profit, but the preservation of life should become the main goal of human activity.
5) Polish science fiction writer S. Lem in their "Star Diaries" described the history of space vagabonds who ruined their planet, dug up all the subsoil with mines, and sold minerals to the inhabitants of other galaxies. Retribution for such blindness was terrible, but fair. That fateful day came when they found themselves on the edge of a bottomless pit, and the ground began to crumble under their feet. This story is a threatening warning to all humanity, which is rapaciously robbing nature.