Short form of adjectives rule. How adjectives change

When choosing one of the two named forms in the function of the predicate, one should take into account the differences between them.

1. The semantic difference is expressed in the fact that some short forms of adjectives differ sharply in their meaning from the corresponding full ones. Wed: deaf from birth - deaf to requests; the child is very much alive - the old man is still alive; the method is very good - the guy is good-looking. Wed. also the lack of use in short form of individual adjectives expressing a permanent property of objects or serving as a terminological designation of characteristics: The opposite wall is blank; fresh flowers in a vase etc.

   Some short forms are used sparingly. So, they are usually not used when denoting weather, for example: the days were warm, the wind will be cold, the weather is fine.

   The names of some colors or not at all are used in the short form ( blue, brown, pink, purple etc.), or are used with known restrictions. Thus, there are almost no masculine forms drill, blue, black(with the use of feminine and neuter gender and plural forms).

   In phraseological units, in some cases only full forms were fixed, in others only short forms. Wed:

   A) the situation is hopeless, the time is hot, the hand is light and etc.;

   b) everyone is alive and well, the bribes are smooth, the matter is bad, dear to the heart, the hands are short, the conscience is unclean and etc.

2. Long forms usually denote a permanent attribute, a timeless quality, and short forms -
   temporary symptom, short-lived condition; compare: mother is sick - mother is sick; his movements are calm - his face is calm etc.

   This provision is not categorical. Wed:

   1) At that moment he was very worried, his face was red(the full form, although a temporary sign is indicated, is affected by the limited use of the short form of the adjective denoting color, see above);
   

   2) Our land is rich, but there is no order in it(short form, although a constant feature is indicated; such constructions are used in scientific statements, definitions, and descriptions, for example: space is infinite; our youth are very talented, the girl is young and beautiful; these demands are unacceptable and so on.).

   The third option is the full form in the instrumental case, indicating, like the short form, a temporary feature, but between the last two forms in the context shades of semantic difference are revealed. Wed:

   He was old(constant sign).

   He was old when I met him(a sign in relation to a given moment).

   He was old when I knew him(a characteristic limited to a certain period).

3. In other cases, the long form denotes an absolute attribute not related to a specific situation, and the short form denotes a relative attribute in relation to a specific situation. Typically this distinction appears in adjectives denoting size, weight, etc., the short form indicating insufficiency or excess. Wed: the room is low(sign in general) – the room is low(for high furniture); the note is heavy(regardless of who will carry it) – the note is heavy(For weak person, for a child). Wed. Also: boots are too small, gloves are too big, the corridor is narrow, coat is short and so on.
4. The grammatical (syntactic) difference between both forms is that the short form has the ability of syntactic control, while the full form, used in the nominative case, does not have this ability, for example: he is capable of music, we are ready to leave, the child is prone to colds, she was sick with the flu(using the full form in these examples is not possible). Found in fiction constructions with the presence of controlled words in full form are associated with a stylistic task (introducing vernacular coloring into the statement), for example: I am no longer capable of such a burden; Old man... on easy language and entertaining.
5. The stylistic difference between both forms is expressed in the fact that the short form is characterized by a shade of categoricalness, while the full form is characterized by a shade of softened expression. Wed: he is cunning - he is cunning, she is brave - she is brave etc. The short form is often inherent in book language, the full form - in spoken language. Wed: The conclusions and conclusions of the author of the study are clear and accurate. – Student answers are clear and precise.. Wed. use of the short form in book and written speech: Every field of activity is infinitely diverse...(Belinsky); True wisdom is laconic(L. Tolstoy); Our speech is predominantly aphoristic...(Bitter).

   You can choose between the short form and the long form in the instrumental case, for example: became rich - became rich, became famous - became famous.

   Wed. with some linking verbs:

   I would like to be of service to you. – I can't be of any use to your son.

   His babble became unintelligible. – He quickly got drunk and became chatty.

   Grandfather was noticeably becoming greedy. – The silence became painful.

   The corporal turned out to be extremely naive in his admiration for the captain’s activities. – The supply of raw materials in the laboratory turned out to be quite significant.

   IN modern language the second option prevails. But with a linking verb be The construction with a short form is more common. Wed: he was young - he was young, she was beautiful - she was beautiful.

6. As a rule, either only full or only short forms of adjectives act as homogeneous predicates, for example:

   A) October was unusually cold and stormy(Paustovsky); I was young, ardent, sincere, intelligent...(Chekhov);

   b) The open neck is thin and delicate(A N. Tolstoy); The power of sailors is unstoppable, persistent, purposeful(L. Sobolev).

   The following constructions violate the norm: “He is kind, but weak-willed”; “The views are original, although primitive at their core” (in both cases the forms of adjectives should be unified).

   Only in special conditions context or with a stylistic task, it is possible to combine both forms as syntactically homogeneous, for example: How sweet she is, how smart she is(Turgenev) – if there are words How And So Only the short form is used, if there are words Which And such– only full form.
   

7. When politely addressed as “you”, a short form is possible (you are kind, you are persistent), or complete, consistent in gender with the real gender of the person to whom the speech is addressed (you are kind, you are so persistent).

§ 160. Variant forms of short adjectives

1. From doublet forms of short adjectives (on -en and on -enen ), formed from complete forms with unstruck -ny , in neutral styles of speech the form is increasingly fixed on -en . These are, for example:
   
2. Vary short adjectives on -enen and short participles -en . Wed:

   the case is quite certain(clear) – The departure date has already been determined(installed, planned);

   the old man is very respectable(worthy of respect) - The hero of the day is honored by our attention(he was honored with attention).
   

3. Some adjectives in the short form have a fluent vowel between the final consonant of the root and the suffix, while others have no fluent vowel in these cases. Wed:

   A) sour - sour, light - light, warm - warm;

   b) round - round, wet - wet, dark - dark, rotten - rotten.

   Doublet forms possible: spicy - spicy And sharp(colloquial); full - full And full(book, outdated).

§ 161. Forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives

1. Simple form comparative degree used in all speech styles, in particular in colloquial speech, and complexity is mainly characteristic of book (scientific and business) speech. Wed. household: brother is taller than sister, this house is taller than the neighboring one; and book: Foreign trade growth rates this year are higher than last year. Wed. Also: Olya was more serious than Nina. – Further experiments were more complex than previous ones.
   

   Book and colloquial versions of the simple form of the comparative degree are possible, for example: smarter - smarter, louder - louder, smarter - smarter, sweeter - sweeter, sharper - smarter. From the word young a form is formed younger (under has the meaning “lower in position, in rank, in rank”). The form is clearly colloquial more beautiful.

   Conversational nature is inherent in expressions lives better than before(meaning “better than before”), more tired than yesterday(“more than yesterday”), etc.

   Form of comparative degree on -to her (hurry up, boldly etc.) is used in spoken language and in poetic speech.

   The combination in one construction of a simple and complex form of a comparative degree such as “more interesting” does not correspond to the norms of literary language; Wed quite common expressions better position, worse habits etc. The combination is not objectionable older.

   Forms with prefix By- , introducing the added value of a small degree of increase or decrease in quality, are characteristic of colloquial speech, for example: do better, get taller, wake up earlier etc. (cf. in business speech: a little better, a little higher, a little earlier). Combinations like: tell me a little more in detail(in the very form “in more detail” the meaning “a few, a little” is already contained). The forms of the comparative degree with the prefix have the same colloquial connotation By- and in other meanings: 1) in the meaning “to a greater extent than usual”, for example: My business, if you look at it, is more important than this piano(Paustovsky); 2) in the meaning “as far as possible”, for example: Having chosen a more spacious porch, we sat on it(Soloukhin).
   

   In adverbial pairs more - more, less - less, further - further, earlier - earlier first options (on -her ) are characteristic of book speech, the second (in -she ) are used in neutral styles. Wed: all the more so it is necessary to emphasize this, to speak more than seriously - wait more than two hours. The same distinction is made in pairs later - later.
   

2. Simple form superlatives(unlike the same form of the comparative degree) has a bookish character, and the complex form is used in all styles of speech; compare: highest peaks knowledge is the most high buildings in the city; the strictest penalties - the strictest teachers in the boarding school.

   An outdated connotation is inherent in constructions formed by combining the word most with a superlative adjective (in the form of -greatest – -the greatest the expression of the limiting characteristic has already been concluded); Such constructions were found among writers of the 19th century, for example: at the best price(Gogol); one of the most honest people(Aksakov); the most convincing evidence(Belinsky); most honored guest(Dostoevsky). They were used less frequently in later times: the most valuable energy(Bitter); in the most impudent way(Novikov-Priboy); citizens of the most remote places(Mayakovsky); the oldest of our circle(Surkov). Nowadays, single expressions of this type are preserved: the closest way, the shortest road, the closest way and a few others.

   Should be distinguished complex shape superlative degree, containing a pronoun most(in cases where high degree quality is expressed without comparison, the so-called absolute superlative degree), and the form with adverbs most, least(relative superlative degree; the latter form is characteristic primarily of scientific and journalistic speech), for example: the most suitable conditions– the most suitable conditions. Therefore, the option in the sentence was chosen unsuccessfully: “All this requires the most serious approach to the matter from the meeting participants” (instead of: ... the most serious approach to business, since a high degree is expressed without comparing the carriers of the characteristic).

§ 162. Use of possessive adjectives

To express possessiveness (the meaning of belonging), there are several forms that differ in semantic and stylistic shades.


1. -ov(-ev), -in(-yn) are not used in scientific and journalistic language and are found only in colloquial speech and in fiction, for example: Morgunok himself, like everyone else, at first did not believe in his grandfather’s words(Tvardovsky); About twenty minutes later these neighbors were called to the old woman's hut(Kazakevich).

   Wed. colloquial expressions with a double expression of belonging: the genitive case of the noun and the possessive adjective ( to Uncle Petya's house, in Aunt Mashina's jacket) or two possessive adjectives ( Aunt Lizin's husband).

   Possible endings in the genitive and dative cases for masculine and neuter adjectives in -in ; compare: near grandfather's house - near grandfather's house; to the neighbor's son - to the neighbor's son. Short forms (with endings -a, -y ) are obsolete and have been in use for a long time literary language are replaced by forms with a complete ending ( -oh, -oh ).

   Forms are outdated -s(-s) , formed from surnames: instead Marx's "Capital", Hegel's "Logic", Dalev's "Dictionary" combinations with the genitive case of the noun are used – “Capital” by Marx, “Logic” by Hegel, “Dictionary” by Dahl. The specified forms are saved, as well as forms on -in in formations from personal names ( Ivan's childhood, Vera's dolls) and in stable phraseological combinations entrenched in the language ( Adam's apple, Antonov fire, pansies, Ariadne's thread, Achilles' heel, Judas's kiss, Promethean fire, Sisyphus's work, Solomon's solution and etc.).
   

2. When choosing options in synonymous constructions father's house - father's house It should be taken into account that adjectives in -sky (-ovsky, -insky) more often express qualitative meaning; compare: fatherly care, motherly love.
3. Possessive adjectives on -new, -different denote not individual, but group affiliation - belonging to a whole class or breed of animals, for example: whalebone, ivory, snake venom, bee sting. Such forms easily lose their possessive meaning and acquire a qualitative or relative meaning (an expression of property, similarity, relationship to someone, etc.), for example: beaver collar, mink coat, snake cunning, eagle vigilance. Wed. phraseological units: night blindness, swan song and etc.
4. Adjectives on -y, -ya, -ye also express group affiliation or characteristic, attitude, etc., for example: Cossack village, fishing village, camel's wool, swan fluff, bear fat. These forms often acquire a qualitative-relative meaning, for example: ravenous appetite, hare cowardice, fox cunning, hunting dog, shepherd's horn.

§ 163. Synonymous use of adjectives and indirect cases of nouns

Adjectives and nouns of the same root with them in indirect cases without prepositions or with prepositions can perform the same function of definition, for example: fathers' house - father's house, mountain peak - mountain top, bookshelf– bookcase, spelling exercises – spelling exercises. When choosing one of two parallel constructions, one should take into account the shades of meaning and meaning inherent in them in the context of the context. stylistic features(book or colloquial version, shade of obsolescence, expressive coloring).

1. In pairs factory workers - factory workers, apprentice work - student work, garden trellis – garden trellis the first combinations have a more specific meaning (meaning workers of the factory about which we're talking about, the work of a particular student, the lattice of a particular garden), and the second - more general; in the first version two objects are named, in the second - an object and its attribute. Wed. in the context:

   Factory workers finished their shift. – Factory workers make up a high percentage of people employed in manual labor;

   The student's work was rated as good. – The story under review is far from a mature work; it is still student work;

   The garden trellis is painted in green color . – Garden trellis encloses and protects green spaces.

   My brother's help was very timely. – They gave me truly brotherly help.

2. Adjectives-definitions have the meaning of a qualitative characteristic, indicate hallmark subject, characteristic and stable, and nouns in indirect cases highlight any specific meaning (belonging, origin, purpose, etc.). Wed:

   father's house - father's house(accessory);

   company commander - company commander(relationship between objects);

   water pipe - water pipe(relationship of part to whole);

   emerald color - emerald color(definitive relations);

   morning exercises - exercises in the morning(circumstantial relations);

   Moroccan oranges – oranges from Morocco(origin);

   laboratory equipment – ​​laboratory equipment(purpose);

   bronze chandelier – bronze chandelier(material);

   raspberry jam – raspberry jam(substance);

   watch chain - watch chain(separate relations: one object is called in isolation from another).

   Depending on the context, one of the above options is selected. In general terms, it can be stated that combinations of an adjective and a noun are used more often than combinations of two nouns.

   So, the usual designs wool muffler(not “wool muffler”), leather gloves(not “leather gloves”), allowing you to point out characteristic feature subject, and not just the material.

   Combinations are also common Georgian wines(and not “wines from Georgia”), Pacific herring(not “herring with Pacific Ocean»), Orenburg shawl(and not “a scarf from Orenburg”), since it is more important to give qualitative characteristics object than to indicate its origin. Wed. breaking this last connection in such combinations as Riga bread, Poltava sausage, safety pin and so on.

   More common combinations Kids toys(not “toys for children”), writing paper(not “writing paper”), Desktop(and not “desk for work”), since they show not only the purpose, but also the distinctive feature of the object.

   However, it should be noted that in some cases each of the two options has its own advantages. Yes, in pairs climb with the agility of a monkey – climb with the agility of a monkey The first construction is supported by its wider applicability (the concept of “monkey agility” is broader than the concept of “monkey agility”, since both humans and animals can demonstrate this dexterity); The second construction is supported by its imagery: we not only define the word dexterity, but also evoke the idea of ​​the bearer of the trait - a monkey. In addition, the second construction has richer expressive possibilities, since it allows you to more fully and accurately characterize the dependent noun with the help of an adjective that defines it; compare: howl of wolves - howl of hungry wolves(which cannot be done when combining wolf howl).

   Wed. also the justification of each option in a pair: I knocked and took the door handle . – There was a door handle on the table.

3. Parallel phrases can diverge in their meanings and express different meanings. Wed:

   The enlarged village has real city streets(not “city streets”). – Before the advent of electricity in Moscow, city streets were illuminated by gas jets(not “city streets”);

   A new urban center has been created in the region. – After reconstruction, we have created a new city center.

4. Combinations with a qualifying adjective can have a figurative meaning (cf. his body was covered with goosebumps, his crane-like gait was funny, he moved at a snail’s pace), metaphorical use ( a man on thin, birdlike legs).

Only qualitative adjectives have a short form. Short adjectives differ from full adjectives in certain ways morphological characteristics(they do not change by case, they only have the form of gender and number) and syntactic role (in a sentence they are predicates). For example: Molchalin was so stupid before! (Gr.). Short adjectives act as definitions only in certain phraseological turns(throughout the world; on bare feet; in broad daylight, etc.) or in works of oral folk art (good fellow, beautiful maiden).

Short adjectives, having lost the ability to change by case and, as a rule, acting as a predicate, sometimes acquire a new lexical meaning that differs from the meanings of full adjectives.

The adjectives prominent and visible, right and right, capable and able, etc. can have different meanings. Moreover, such adjectives as much, necessary, glad and some others are used only in a short form: Hello, Balda little man, what kind of rent do you need? (P.), Is handsome Lel good at singing? (A. Ostr.).

The adjective must is used in certain phraseological units in its full form: in due measure, properly, etc., but has a different meaning.

In modern Russian, short adjectives are formed from full ones. In the singular, the gender endings are: for the masculine gender - the zero ending (strong - strong, new - new, skinny - skinny, etc.); for the feminine gender the ending is -a (strong, new, skinny); for the neuter gender - the ending -o, -e (strong, new, thinner). In the plural there are no gender differences: all short adjectives end in -ы, -и (strong, new, skinny).

If the base of a full adjective has two consonant sounds at the end, then when forming short masculine adjectives, a fluent vowel sound o or e sometimes appears between them (sharp - sharp, eternal - eternal, etc.). Short forms are also formed from full adjectives in -н and -ні (-ні, -ніні). In the masculine gender they end in -en or -nen (red - red, honest - honest, muddy - muddy, hungry - hungry and modern - modern, fragrant - fragrant).

If the short form of adjectives is formed from passive participles on -nny, then it ends in -en (-an, -yan) (sure - sure, used - used).

There are fluctuations in the use of these forms. For example, along with the form in -en, forms in -enen are also used (natural and natural, related and related). Forms in -en are more productive for the modern Russian language.

In modern Russian there are no short forms:

• 1. Qualitative adjectives, which are relative in origin, as evidenced by their word-formation connections with nouns: fraternal, tragic, comradely, enemy, friendly, blood, whole, efficient, slanderous, free, fighting, draft, advanced, etc.
• 2. Adjectives that are part of terminological names of a qualitative nature: deep rear, fast train, urgent mail, etc.
• 3. Some polysemous adjectives in their individual meanings. For example: glorious in the meaning of “pleasant, good”: Nice song, matchmaker! (G.); round in the meaning “full”: The prince’s second misfortune was his round loneliness (Ch.); bitter in the meaning of “unhappy”: Nothing, Polya, you’re laughing at your happiness, bitter widow (Trenev); poor in the meaning of “unfortunate”: Ah, poor Snow Maiden, savage, come to me, I will take care of you (A. Ostr.) and some others. These same adjectives, which have a different meaning, can also have a short form. For example, glorious in the meaning of “famous, worthy of glory”: Kochubey is rich and famous... (P.); round in the meaning of “having the shape of a ball”: She [Olga] is round, red-faced... (P.); bitter in the sense of “sharply unpleasant to taste”: Without me, chaos begins in the house: this is not so; the other is not for you; Either the coffee is bitter, or lunch is late... (A. Ost.); poor in the sense of “having a lack of something”: Her [Gorchakova’s] low voice was dull and poor in shades (Shol.); poor in the meaning of “inexpensive, wretched”: The candle sadly and somehow blindly illuminates the room. Its furnishings are poor and bare... (S.-Shch.).
• 4. Adjectives with the suffix -l-, formed from verbs and retaining a connection with them: experienced, emaciated, backward, skillful, etc. The short forms of such adjectives would coincide with the past tense forms of the verb: experienced, emaciated, behind, able. When they lose connection with verbs, adjectives gain the opportunity to form short forms: flabby - flabby, dull - dull, etc.
• 5. Individual adjectives that receive the meaning of an enhanced degree of quality (without changing the main lexical meaning), with the prefixes pre- and raz- and with the suffixes -ush-, -yusch-, -enn-: pre-kind, pre-smart, cheerful, thin, healthy and other.

Short forms qualitative adjectives differ from truncated adjectives, i.e. those that are formed by cutting off the final vowel of the full form. Wed, for example: The fields were covered with gloomy night (Lom.). - My soul is gloomy (L.). The first adjective is truncated, the stress in it falls on the base, in a sentence it performs the function of a determiner (like all truncated adjectives in general). The second adjective is short, the emphasis in it falls on the ending, and it acts as a predicate. Truncated forms were widely used in poetic language XVIII-XIX centuries

Most qualitative adjectives form a short form. Short adjectives answer the questions “what?”, “what?”, “what?”, “what are?”.

*Pay attention!
After hissing short masculine adjectives, b is not written: the day is good, the wind is fresh, the flower is fragrant

Some adjectives in the short form have a vowel o or e (е) in the root. This makes it easier to pronounce the word:

low - low
bright - bright
narrow - narrow
bitter - bitter
poor - poor
smart - smart

Some adjectives form two short forms at once (enen and -en):
immoral - immoral, immoral
courageous - courageous, courageous
responsible – responsible, responsible
characteristic - characteristic, characteristic

Short adjectives do not change by case (they can only be in the I.p. form), but they change by gender (singular) and number. Sometimes in set expressions you can find short adjectives not in the nominative case:
on bare feet, in broad daylight

Meaning

long form = short form	long form ~ short form (according to text)	long form ≠ short form
unyielding character – character is unyielding	full f. denotes a constant sign, cr.f. - temporary: They are raising a cheerful, healthy boy. (=always) Are you healthy? (=at the moment)	For polysemantic words there is not always a cr.f.: The weather was clear. (= sunny, cr.f. no) The purpose of the attack was clear. (=understandable, full length no) Pushkin is a great Russian poet and writer. The Russian language is great and powerful! (=outstanding) The suit is too big for him. (= big (about clothes), cr.f. no) Have you bought tickets to the performance at the Maly Theater? This year the sweater is too small for me. (=small (about clothes), cr.f. no)
	cr.f. indicates an excess of manifestation of the trait: An old grandmother is sitting on a bench. Grandma is too old for long walks. (=too old, too old) cr.f. denotes a sign in relation to something: Skinny jeans are back in fashion. Jeans in this size are too tight for me	The adjectives glad, must, are used only in cr.f.

Some qualitative adjectives do not form a short form:

• names of derived colors: brown, lilac, orange
• animal colors: bay (horse), brown (bear)
• verbal adjectives with the suffix -l-: past, tired, outdated
• adjectives with suffixes -sk-, -esk-: brotherly, friendly, enemy, hellish, comic
• adjectives with the suffix -ov-: advanced, business, combat (about character), circular
• adjectives of subjective assessment: hefty, skinny, tiny, enormous, very unpleasant

Qualitative adjectives have constant sign– they have full and short forms. This article describes in detail the types of ratios of the two forms and provides illustrative examples to secure the material.

What are the forms of adjectives?

In the Russian language, there are full and short forms of adjectives. This grammatical feature is constant and is characteristic only of qualitative adjectives:

• Full adjectives– attributive, inflected forms (change according to gender, number, cases), neutral in meaning. In sentences they are most often used as a definition. Examples of full adjectives: dry, cold, red, neat.
• Short adjectives– predicative, indeclinable forms (change only by gender and number, not indeclinable by cases), differ in book meaning. Sentences usually include nominal predicate. Examples of short adjectives: distant, young, white, meek.

Full and short adjectives are studied at school in the 5th grade.

Types of relationships between full and short forms of adjectives

Not all words of a given part of speech have full and short forms of adjectives. Based on the presence (or absence) of this grammatical feature, adjectives are divided into three groups:

• Adjectives that have both full and short forms (good - good, cheerful - cheerful, fresh - fresh, smart - smart). Short forms are formed by adding endings to the adjective stem -a (s), -o (s), -s (s) And zero (cute - sweet, strong - strong).
• Adjectives that have only the full form. These include – adjectives with evaluation suffixes (tall, green), qualitative adjectives formed from relative (coffee, brown, milk) naming the colors of animals (bay, brown) and non-derivative adjectives (alien, former).
• Adjectives that have only a short form (too small, necessary, much, dear).

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Words denoting the characteristics of an object and answering the questions “which?” and “whose?” in Russian they are called adjectives. The name speaks for itself - this is what attached to something, namely to another word - to a noun. Without it, an explicit or implied noun, an adjective cannot exist at all. Otherwise, it loses the meaning of its presence in a sentence and can even turn into a noun itself (cf.: blind(Which?) old man– adj. and sat (who?) blind– noun).

Accordingly, with a change in the defined word, the dependent word will adapt to it, assimilating its morphemic characteristics. This is expressed by endings. Adjectives always have the same gender, number and case as the noun with which they are related in meaning.

Therefore, in order not to make a mistake in the spelling of the ending of an adjective, you should:

1. find the noun it refers to (attached);
   
2. put a question from a qualified noun to an adjective. The end of the question will indicate the correct ending for the adjective; For the most part, they are consonant: weather(which?) warm; morning(which?) sunny; songs(which?) quiet; growth(which one?) high; branches(which ones?) thin);
   
3. At the same time, we must remember that the question “which one?” it is impossible to check the endings of adjectives of the initial form (adjectives in m. r. singular. h. I./V. p.).
   In these cases:
   • the ending is written under the accent -Ouch (pencil(m. r. unit h. I. p.) (which one?) color);
     
   • without accent - -y/y (pencil(Which?) sharp, blue).
     
   In addition to those mentioned, adjectives also have other variable features:
   • degree of comparison;
     
   • full or short form.
     

Both of them are valid only for qualitative adjectives!

What are quality adjectives?
According to their meaning, all adjectives are divided into three categories.

1. High quality. They answer the question “which one?” And indicate the quality of objects: color ( yellow Red), size ( big, small), weight ( heavy, small), character traits ( funny, gloomy), age ( young, old), taste qualities ( bitter, sour). You can easily find antonyms for most of them ( big – small, sharp – dull) or synonyms ( big – large, huge, huge);
   
2. Relative. They also answer the question “which one?”, but define an object in relation to another object: its location ( street flashlight, school yard), material ( paper snake, silk tape), purpose ( ski costume, shoe brush), relation to time ( evening cool, early dinner);
   
3. Possessive. The only ones answer the question “whose?”, since characterize an object by its belonging to any living creature (mom's apron, fox tail, Sashin scream).
   

Qualitative adjectives are significantly different from the rest. They alone can:

• form a short form, answering the question “what?”, ( high - high, bitter - bitter);
  
• show signs of objects to a greater or lesser extent ( high – higher – even higher – highest – highest).
  

The strengthening of the attribute, as can be seen from the example, is increasing: from the initial, positive, it takes the form of comparative and superlative degrees; which can be expressed in different ways:

• simple forms using suffixes: higher, highest;
  
• compound forms using additional words: more (less, most, very, most...) high.
  

All adjectives are declined by case, number and gender (in singular). And only high-quality ones have exceptions.

1. Short adjectives do not decline! That is, they do not change by cases, but change only by numbers and genders (in singular): hungry, hungry, hungry.
   
2. In general, qualitative adjectives in a comparatively simple form do not change in any way ( higher, lower, narrower, wider, faster...) and in the compound superlative built on its basis ( above - above all).
   

Other qualitative adjectives are declined in the same way as relative adjectives. Depending on the last consonant at the base, their endings can be in the hard and soft versions (-a-i, -o-e, -u-yu, -s-i).

Also, adjectives agree with the noun in animation if the noun is in the V. plural form. h., and for the masculine gender - in units. hours (cf.: I see beautiful ones(what?) shoes and I see handsome ones(which?) girls).

Possessive adjectives are inflected differently. Their type of declination is called mixed. The set of endings there is special. They won't necessarily be in tune. Moreover, in the declension of adjectives with the suffix -iii- and adjectives with suffixes -yn-/-in- or -ov-/-ev- there are some differences.

For possessive adjectives with a suffix -iii- must be written in the middle of the word soft sign (dog, sable, mustelid, fox...); in all forms except the initial one (m.r. unit h. I./V. p.), in it the endings will be zero ( hare_, fox_, cat_, sable_).

The categories of adjectives do not have clear boundaries, which allows them to move from one to another. Such changes depend on the context, usually when used in figurative meanings. So possessive adjective fox(whose?) Nora becomes relative in case fox(which one? What is it made of?) fur coat, A relative adjective iron(which one? what is it made of?) tap turns into quality iron(what kind? i.e. strong) patience.

And finally, there are some special adjectives for colors ( beige, khaki, indigo, etc.), nationalities ( Khanty, Mansi, Urdu...) and clothing styles ( corrugated, flared, mini...), as well as words (weight) Gross Net, (hour) peak, which have their own characteristics: they are always unchangeable and are always placed after the noun ( beige jackets, flared skirt).

Some qualitative adjectives in modern language have only short forms, for example: glad, must, much, which are also unchangeable.