Constructive solutions in the design and construction of frame houses. Construction of reinforced floors in a frame house How to make a floor in a frame house

Interfloor overlap V frame house- not only the basis for the floor or ceiling. It combines all vertical structures into a rigid single system. Therefore, the installation of interfloor ceilings is no less important stage of construction than, for example, the construction.

Work order

After installing the board bottom trim begin the installation of interfloor ceilings on the first floor. The floor beams are made up of several even quality boards or use LVL beams.

Each beam rests on the concrete foundation wall by at least 100 mm. Its end is adjacent to the bottom trim board. The width of the niche for support should be 13 mm greater than the width of the beam. Niches for supporting beams are laid according to the project at the stage.

The floor joists rest on the floor beams. The distance between the lags depends on the platform sheathing material (subfloor). For example, if they are sheathed with plywood, the lag pitch is taken as a multiple of the size of the plywood slabs.

Eat constructive solution, in which the floor joists are adjacent to the end of the floor beam. In this case, they rest on an additional console nailed to the beam (Figure 1). Another option for attaching the joist to the end of the beam is using metal hangers (Figure 2).

For the manufacture of logs, choose only smooth boards. The use of small “sabers” is allowed. They are installed with the bend upward.

First, the joist is installed in the center of the span so that there are no shifts in the structure during installation. If the length of the log consists of two boards, the overlap at the junction must be at least 75 mm. The overlap is fixed with nails. The lag is attached to the beam and to the strapping board using nails.

When all the logs are installed and secured, check the accuracy of the installation, the horizontalness of the surface so that there are no problems at the stage, and nail the outer perimeter board.

To strengthen the floor structure with composite joists, blocks are placed between them. They are made from scraps of boards, metal rods or wooden strips fastened crosswise. Wooden planks must be sawn at the desired angle. Usually several types of blocks are made at once.

Then they begin laying the subfloor from plywood or OSB boards with a thickness of 15-21 mm. When using OSB boards with a special tongue-and-groove edge, it is not necessary to install blocks between the joists. Plywood without a special edge is nailed to joists and blocks. The plywood slabs are placed in a checkerboard pattern, with the long side across the floor joist.

Glue is carefully applied to the side surface of the log. The slab is laid, being careful not to smear the glue on the joist. A gap of 2-3 mm is left between the plates so that it can expand freely as the humidity and air temperature in the room increases. The slabs are secured to the joists with wood screws or rough nails.

If the installation of the wall frame is postponed for some time, the subfloor slabs are protected from precipitation - either the plywood is treated with a special water-repellent compound, or the platform is covered with plastic film so that the water flows to the ground.

Ceiling above the first floor

In a frame house, the ceiling above the first floor, in addition to its main function - to be part of the floor and ceiling - becomes an important stabilizing element. If the first floor is already completed, then after installation interfloor covering You can remove the temporary jibs supporting the walls.

There is not much difference between the floor structures of different floors (1st and 2nd). They consist of the same structural elements. But in the interfloor ceiling frame house LVL beams are more often used. After all, they can cover a long-span space without intermediate interior walls.

LVL beam consists of layers of veneer coniferous species, glued with formaldehyde glue. It happens that from several standard beams, fastened with wood grouse, a beam is assembled that can withstand heavy loads. But even such a prefabricated beam can be installed by two or three people.

Beams rest on external and internal load-bearing walls and secured with temporary jibs and nails. After installation of LVL beams, floor joists are installed from edged boards. They are attached with nails to the outer perimeter board and to the top trim of the load-bearing walls.

Depth of support on carrier wooden wall is at least 38 mm. The overlap between the joists, when resting on the internal wall, must be at least 75 mm.

The logs are placed above the frame racks of the internal walls. When attaching joists to the end of LVL beams, steel hangers are used (Figure 2).

If the house does not have a second floor or attic, then the ceiling of the 1st floor becomes part of the ceiling. Then the roof rafters are nailed to the ceiling joists. The frame is ready for roof construction.

Good afternoon, dear frame builders!
I didn’t find a similar topic by searching, so I decided to create it myself.
Often the question flashes on the forum, how to do, how to block the span some kind of length. Sometimes the questioner simply does not have enough experience, sometimes some kind of hint or fresh thought is enough for him, sometimes he needs help choosing from several options, sometimes he needs to do an educational program and warn the person against dangerous mistakes. All this is scattered around different topics, and finding a problem like yours is quite difficult.
Let's help each other here on roofing issues, then you can look at some knowledge base in one place and ask your question about covering a frame house.
Minimum information to ask a question:
1) House plan.
2) Span dimensions
3) What will happen at the top - what is the load on the floor
4) What is the difficulty with this overlap, what would you like and why it doesn’t work out.
I need help optimizing the flooring in a frame house.
Here is the main topic about my construction:
At this stage, the USP is done, I am drawing a frame design in SketchUp.
Here's the layout:
So far the frame of the 1st floor has been pre-rendered:

The pitch of the studs is 500 (optimized for OSB, since the insulation is ecowool, inside there will be plasterboard along the horizontal lathing). Yes, and step 600 seems to me a bit too much for 1.5 storey building. I want it to be strong)
External wall posts are 150x40, internal walls are 100x40. I plan to sheathe OSB, so no miters.
Here is the design of a typical wall:

Maybe someone catches your eye, write.
The plan shows that the house has one problem area- living room, span 4900 mm. There is also an opening for the stairs in this room, size 1100x2350 mm.
Task: To make a ceiling for the first floor, taking into account that there will be a residential attic above, and there will be 40mm screeds on the floor.
Due to my limited experience in designing such structures, I was unable to solve this problem quickly. More precisely, it turned out, and most likely it will work, but I feel that this is not very best option with a huge waste of material:

In the sketch, red lines indicate the walls, blue lines indicate the beams, and the yellow square is the supporting pillar that holds the staircase landing and supports the ceiling.
Beam spacing is 400 mm, beam size is 50x250.
This step and size (according to the calculator) is needed for overlap long span In a living room.
But it is redundant on other spans.
And, although the supply might not be superfluous, it is difficult to find logs of this size to cut 50x250 boards in such quantities (at least in our region). And I didn’t want to throw money away if I could do it cheaper and the result would be good.
What exits do I see:
1) Reformat the entire floor, radically changing the direction of the beams, their sections and pitch, possibly adding additional load-bearing elements. Here I need your help, because I don’t have a good option in my head yet.
2) Change the pitch of the beams, adjusting it to the spans. Then the ends of the beams will not meet so beautifully in the middle of the house, they will overlap and burst apart with breeches.
3) Change the height of the beams. Then it is not clear how to make the floor on the second floor the same height. In principle, you can replace some of the beams with 200-size beams, and place a 50 mm thick board flat in the places of support in order to reach the same height as the 250-size beams. Then the breeches will be sewn up beautifully.
4) maybe there is another option?
Thanks in advance to everyone who cares

The ceiling in a house is its most important element. This is not only a building divider into floors, but also a floor for the second floor, which often experiences heavy loads. Therefore, on the one hand, the ceiling must be light, like other parts of the frame house, and on the other hand, it must be quite reliable.

Required qualities of this element

What to pay attention to when building a floor for a frame house? What qualities should it have?

Ease. Since frame houses are considered lightweight buildings, a light foundation is placed under them. To reduce the load on the foundation, the ceiling is also made lightweight. Wood is traditionally considered the main material for such houses. It is better to choose coniferous species for frame construction, since timber or boards made of coniferous species are less susceptible to bending in places where force is applied to them.
Rigidity. The ceiling structure must be rigid. Its deformations, bends, deflections, etc. are not allowed. It is to improve the rigidity parameters that the boards used in construction are placed with an edge.
Strength. If it is assumed that the weight of the second floor frame building will be big enough Special attention emphasis should be placed on strength. It is often necessary to use not just timber, but glued timber. It has the necessary margin of safety, so it is preferable. If you want to use a board, use elements from three connected boards. If you compare the strength of three connected boards and one piece of timber of the same thickness, then the structure of the boards will be more durable.

Do not forget that the joists for the floor of the second floor must be reinforced, and mesh or reinforcement must be laid in the screed. This will reduce the deformation of the floor. Boards or timber must be processed. If you buy floor beams that have already been treated with a thin layer of wax, you need to be extremely careful when laying them. Place something over the treated wood if you need to walk on it. This will preserve the treatment from abrasion, and you will not slip on a rather slippery surface.

Construction methods: what options are there

There are several types of floors that are suitable for a frame house. They differ from the material from which they are created, and from the design itself. Let's consider all the methods.

Most often, solid timber covered with oriented strand boards (OSB) is used to construct the floor. Glued laminated timber, which is more durable, can also be used.
The second way to make overlaps is to use I-beam made of wood with OSB sheathing.
You can use a wooden prefabricated truss, which is also sheathed with OSB.
“Sandwich” panels, which are complemented by strapping made of calibrated timber, have become very popular due to the lightness of the device.
In addition to wood, you can use metal beams made of cold-rolled bent profile, which in its parameters is an order of magnitude stronger than wood.
Another way to use metal is to install floors from a prefabricated metal truss based on a bent profile.

All these methods have both their pros and cons.

Step by step creation

So, where to start construction? First of all, you should pay attention to the harness. The strapping is the platform on which the boards or beams for the ceiling will be laid. When installing the strapping, we make so-called nests in the upper beam. It is in them that the timber from the ceiling will be laid.

If according to your plan there is a staircase to the second floor, you need to mark its location. Using timber or joined boards, we make a frame for the floor, going around the opening under the stairs. We connect with metal corners, which give rigidity to the connection. It is believed that the use of self-tapping screws is inferior in reliability to connections with nails, but the use of self-tapping screws saves time. So, using nails and corners, we securely attach the floor beam to the top frame.

We waterproof the resulting floor frame in the house on both sides, for which we use either a film or a membrane.

Since when using two-story house The issue of sound insulation is acute; it is necessary to use a sound-, heat-, and waterproofing polymer. At the moment this is the most modern material for floors, and the thinnest one.

If you want to improve the thermal insulation between floors of a frame building, you can also use mineral wool or polystyrene foam, but this is not always financially sound.

The surface of the floor and ceiling is formed by sheets of chipboard or OSB, which are laid on logs. If possible, the joists should also go along the top trim. Flooring from OSB boards or fiberboard must be at least 2 cm thick. They are screwed on with self-tapping screws.

If you don't want to bother with frame construction floors in the house, pay attention to SIP panels. The panels are a ready-made structure, which consists of OSB-3 on both sides, and contains polystyrene foam insulation inside.

At frame construction SIP panels are used as walls, but they can also be used as ceilings. These are special reinforced panels with an increased threshold of rigidity and strength.

Also don't forget that concrete screed enhances sound transmission in the house, so it is better not to use it for the second floor of a frame building. In this regard, porous substances, such as expanded clay, are much better at preventing the propagation of sounds.

In contact with

Classmates

To build your house strong and reliable, you need to do quite a lot of work, including designing the top frame.

This simple design has a number of its own features and nuances in its design and installation process. Before proceeding with installation, it is worth understanding the essence of all processes.

and the top frame of the frame house give it strength and reliability. There are differences in design, but as for the top frame, it serves to create the integrity of the frame building. In addition to the fact that the upper type of piping combines internal and external, it transfers the load and distributes it evenly in the direction from the top of the building to the bottom.

Important: the construction of the upper wall trim is necessary in a frame house, regardless of what the attic space will be like or whether there will be one at all.

Types of floors

As for the types of floors, they are divided depending on how the attic is planned to be constructed.

Namely, such a room will be intended for storing things, will it be residential or non-residential:

Under a residential attic (heated). Such an overlap is installed in the case of residential attic space or attic, as well as with a full second floor. The design of such a ceiling does not require the use of special layers of hydrocarbons. insulating materials, but a vapor barrier is required.
Under an unheated attic. Such a frame ceiling is installed in the case of a non-residential roof space. This species is characterized by the presence large quantity insulating materials, their specific location and reinforced layer of thermal insulation.

Important: the ceiling of the second floor in a frame house must have enhanced strength and the ability to withstand high level loads

Device

"Pie"

If you look at the layer-by-layer structure of the ceiling of a frame house, you can see a kind of “pie”. And also do not forget that the interfloor ceiling in a frame house is the ceiling for one room and the floor for another. This moment determines the availability of certain materials depending on the individual situation.

The interfloor pie in a frame house consists of the sequence from the lower floor (its ceiling) to the second floor ( finished floor) from the following layers:

finishing materials for the first floor ceiling;
plasterboard sheets;
layer of sheathing;
vapor barrier material;
a layer of waterproofing (only for an unheated attic or in the case of a residential second floor - under wet rooms, for example, in a bathroom on the second floor);
soundproofing material of cork type (only for residential second floor);
moisture-resistant plywood (laid in two layers);
finishing coating.

Regardless of the size of the frame house, the ceiling of the second floor is divided into the following types:

beam It consists of logs on which a subfloor is installed using fiberboard sheets, chipboard or plywood. The pitch of the beams in this case is quite wide;
beam-ribbed.

Peculiarities

If we consider the design of the ceiling depending on its type, i.e. whether the attic will be residential or not, then the features of the device for a house with a residential heated attic are as follows:

1. For floors made of joists, a rubber or cork underlay is laid between the joists and the finished floor to provide sound insulation. If the installation is carried out in two layers, then soundproofing material must also be laid between them.

2. All materials for the future structure are selected depending on the future load on the floor and individual wishes, for example, providing enhanced sound insulation.

The attic floor in a frame house in the case of an unheated second floor is arranged as follows::

1. Waterproofing is laid from above. It will protect the room from moisture coming from the roof. This is prerequisite design equipment that cannot be neglected.

3. The beams in the structure are pre-impregnated with special preparations that protect the wood from rotting processes, the formation of fungal microorganisms, etc.

Safety measures during work

Any construction process involves an increased risk of injury.

In addition to the fact that all manipulations are performed manually, which is very unsafe, the construction of the harness involves working at height.

In order to protect yourself as much as possible from injury, you should adhere to the following rules::

Maintain maximum orderliness of things and tools during the construction process.
If work takes place at a height exceeding 1.2 m, then scaffolding must be used.
Frame elements, beams, boards or joists are folded onto safe distance, while the height of the stacked elements should not exceed 1.5.
The stack of structural elements must be secured with some kind of tie to prevent unexpected spillage.
Electrical devices used in the construction process must be grounded.
Cables to electrical devices must be protected from any kind of mechanical impact.
When carrying out manipulations to secure elements and use electrical equipment, it is necessary to be on a strong support; additional safety measures are safety cables and mounting belts.

Installation of the top trim

The strapping of the second floor of a frame house begins after it has been leveled using a special level.

You will need boards 50 mm thick, which are laid on top of the frame walls.
The installation is carried out overlapping with the adjacent wall and secured with nails. Fastening is carried out in a checkerboard pattern, with a minimum number of nails equal to 5 pcs.
Next, the fastening process is carried out internal partitions To external walls. This manipulation can be carried out in three ways:
- you can use jumpers that are constructed and fastened between the frame posts. Partitions are then attached to such jumpers. In this case, the top board is laid with an overlap, due to which the connection between the wall and the partition is obtained;
- for the second option, additional racks are installed on the main frame wall. If a partition is attached to an existing rack, build another one and attach the partition to them. Further, the process of constructing the harness is similar;
- for the third option you will need timber, which requires a little more expense than in the previous options. Instead of a rack, a beam is installed to which the partition is attached. Further, the process of arranging the strapping is identical.

Floor construction

After the top trim of the Scandinavian frame wall ready, they begin to construct the ceiling between the floors.

There are some differences in this process depending on the planned second floor space.

For an unheated upper floor type the process is as follows:

Initially, a rough ceiling is constructed. Start the process from the bottom for further convenience of the equipment with insulation.
Boards with a thickness of 3 cm are attached to the beams, which are located transversely.
After this, the boards are covered with vapor barrier film material. This is done with an overlap of 10 cm.
After this, the slabs are laid out and mineral wool is rolled out. The thickness of such a layer should be at least 10 cm, and the width should be maintained at the same distance between the beams.
After this, a layer of waterproofing material is laid on top.
The final stage is the installation of the floor of the upper floor and the ceiling of the first floor.

If the second floor of the house is heated, residential type, then the process is similar to that described, except for the following features:

Instead of waterproofing, a layer of vapor barrier is laid on top of the insulated beams. The insulation will eventually be located between two layers of vapor barrier.
The ceiling is equipped with soundproofing materials.
Finishing the floor of the second floor is carried out depending on individual preferences.

Important: when attaching boards to beams, it is best to drive nails at an angle of 45 degrees; this method will protect against the appearance of cracks after the wood dries out.

It is very important not to forget to leave an opening for passage to the second floor. To do this, cut out two beams with a cross-section equal to the floor joists and cut them between them. This process is carried out before the construction of the floor begins.

Useful video

Visually familiarize yourself with the process of constructing the upper frame and floors between floors in the video below:

conclusions

The top trim of a frame utility block or living space, as well as the process of installing the interfloor ceiling, have their own nuances and specifics, which you should know about in advance. Before starting work, you should carefully plan the entire process and decide what type of second floor will be in the house. In addition, during work it is very important to protect yourself from injuries and risks of falling from the height at which work is carried out.

In contact with

The construction of a subfloor in a frame house depends on the type of foundation on which it stands. And the type of base is even like this light structure depends on the nature of the soil. And here there are no restrictions on materials - it can be concrete floors on the ground, or wooden floors on joists. But the first option, if used, is only on a slab or strip foundation. Although for strip foundation subfloors on joists are more common. And taking into account the fact that a frame house is usually placed on a screw or columnar foundation(if the geological features of the site allow), rough wooden flooring is the most common.

All enclosing surfaces of a frame house are constructed similarly - thin-sheet cladding with insulation in the middle

General terms

In principle, there are two types of wooden subfloor on the first floor of a frame house:

load-bearing ventilated structure on a strip or pile (screw) foundation;

lattice design on a slab or concrete screed.

In the first case, the horizontal level must already be maintained at the level of the base, grillage or trim, in the second - when pouring the base.

If there is a subfloor in a shallow strip foundation, vents for ventilation must be installed in the load-bearing walls of the base along the perimeter and inside it.

Note. Vents should also be left when arranging the intake (basement) pile foundation.

To protect wood from rotting when in contact with concrete or metal surface, the places where the load-bearing floor beams rest on the foundation are isolated using rolled bitumen waterproofing.

All wooden elements must be treated with antiseptics, the metal fasteners used and fastening points must have an anti-corrosion coating.

Subfloor structure

The structure of the floor in a frame house is no different from the walls.

There are also power elements responsible for the reliability and strength of the structure - joists and lintels. They are also attached to a load-bearing base - the foundation. And in cross-section, this is the same sandwich - a thin-layer sheathing of the frame, inside of which there is insulation. And so that the insulation and wood do not get wet from condensation and atmospheric moisture, they are protected with special films and membranes.

The subfloor in a frame house is installed in two stages.

Features of the subfloor of the first floor. First stage

At the first stage, immediately after the construction of the foundation is completed, the load-bearing structure of the floor - joists and cross members - is installed.

And here there is different variants their fastenings:

The logs are attached to the top of the frame beam of a pile foundation or the beam of a strip foundation with nails. First, along two opposite walls, a façade (banding) board for joists is attached to a beam or beam. And then the logs themselves are installed between them. If necessary, they are built up with an overlap, which should rest on one of the internal load-bearing walls of the strip foundation or the internal beam of the grillage (purlin).

On our website you can get acquainted with the most popular projects of frame houses from construction companies, presented at the exhibition of houses “Low-Rise Country”.

Video description

The rigidity of the structure is ensured by additional spacers, the length of which must correspond to the pitch of the joists (minus their thickness). How Larry Hong does this can be seen in the video below:

The logs are attached to the top of the frame or beam, fixing them directly to the wall posts with nails and brackets. In this case, the layout of the lag completely coincides with the pitch of the racks, and this is not always “convenient”.

The logs are attached to the strapping beam, for which special slots are made.

The logs are attached to the strapping beam along inside using special brackets.

There is no clear opinion regarding the lag layout step.

A more “economical” option is 600 mm. And if we talk about the axial distance, then taking into account the thickness of the lag - 625 mm. But some experts recommend a pitch of 400 mm. And although the mats will have to be cut when insulating with mineral wool, the structure of the subfloor will be much stronger.

Important! In places where heavy equipment is installed (stove, fireplace, floor-standing boiler with boiler), the layout (step) of the log is further reduced.

Video description

The principle of reducing the layout of logs in places where heavy objects are installed is used not only in frame houses. For example, the same advice can be heard in the following video, although it talks about the construction of a subfloor timber house. As you can see, in practice there are no fundamental differences - this is the same wooden floor of the first floor:

On our website you can find contacts of construction companies that offer the service of reconstruction and rebuilding of houses. You can communicate directly with representatives by visiting the “Low-Rise Country” exhibition of houses.

Installation of subfloor. Second phase

The second stage of arranging the subfloor begins after the walls are in place and the roof is installed. Although frame houses are prefabricated, precipitation can “happen” at any time, and mineral wool must be laid provided that it does not get wet from rain.

There are three ways to make a floor in a frame house (more precisely, its lower part):

The base is hemmed underneath the lag. It is made from boards, moisture-resistant plywood or OSB. Because decorative qualities are not needed for this, then you can take an unedged board, but be sure to remove the wane (bark) and treat it with an antiseptic. The entire load that will fall on this base is the weight of the mineral wool. Therefore, it is enough if the board is 20 mm thick, and plywood or OSB - 10-15 mm. The disadvantage of this method is that the base is fastened from the side of the subfloor, and this is only possible with sufficient clearance to the ground.

This is what the floor plan looks like with a bottom lining

The base is hemmed along the “cranial” block. This is the name given to a small block of cross-section (usually 50x50 mm), which is attached to the joists on both sides at the very bottom. Base boards or cut plywood sheets (OSB boards) are laid on these bars. Moreover, their attachment to cranial block carried out purely “symbolically”. The advantage of this method is that installation is carried out “from above”, so there is no limitation on the clearance between the ceiling and the ground. Disadvantage - the logs must be at least 200 mm high (even better - 250 mm) to compensate for the loss usable space for floor insulation. You can also note the additional purchase of the bar as a disadvantage.

Draft pie frame house floorinstall the log on top. This method is used if the base is low and there is virtually no underground floor. In fact, it is necessary to lay additional logs perpendicular to the joists of the main subfloor. In this case, the base of the subfloor is attached to the main joists, and additional joists are mounted on it - they serve to attach the finishing floor covering.

After the base is installed, a waterproofing membrane and insulation are laid between the logs (main or additional for the third method).

Ground floor subfloor pie

Correct Layer Arrangement wooden floor the first floor looks like this:

base;

diffusion waterproofing membrane;

insulation between joists;

vapor barrier film;

directly the subfloor itself, as the base of the finishing floor covering.

Note. If a tongue-and-groove floorboard is used as the finishing coating, it is mounted on the joists on top of the vapor barrier.

Board by figcaption>

This arrangement protects the insulation from the penetration of water vapor from warm air from the side of the room, and do not prevent them from weathering outside - into the underground.

For the frame floor, choose mineral wool, ecowool, regular or extruded polystyrene foam. Preference is given to mineral wool due to its non-flammability. But if you need to make the floor warmer with the same thickness of thermal insulation, then use a combination of expanded polystyrene and mineral wool. 10 cm thick foam is placed on the bottom and mineral wool on top.

Second floor subfloor

Construction of a subfloor in a frame house on the second or attic floor different from the basement floor.

Here the vapor barrier is located differently and additionally there must be elastic gaskets to compensate for impact and structural noise. In addition, only mineral wool. Moreover, this is explained not only by its non-flammability, but also by its ability to absorb airborne noise, which foam plastic does not have. That is, it acts not as thermal insulation, but as sound insulation. Therefore, its thickness will be less (although for this case it is better to choose mats of special acoustic wool).

Note. TO air noise These include any waves in the acoustic range - speech, music, a working TV or stereo system. Impact noises include walking on the top floor, sounds from objects falling on the floor or furniture being moved. Structural noise propagates through structural elements from operating equipment (ventilation, air conditioners, water supply and heating system pumps).

fine coating(for laminate – with a backing made of foamed polyethylene);

plywood or OSB board;

rubber or cork substrate, glued on top chipboards(or plywood);

rubber or cork gaskets on floor beams;

mineral wool between beams;

vapor barrier;

sheathing;

ceiling paneling(plasterboard, lining or panels);

Video description

Several Yet useful nuances on the installation of a subfloor in the following video:

Conclusion

The subfloor must be reliable and durable - its main elements are included in load-bearing structure frame house. In addition, it must have good heat and sound insulation properties - it is compliance with this part of the conditions that is responsible for comfort. Therefore, everything here must be done on the basis of a project, the calculation of which must be carried out taking into account regulatory requirements And climatic conditions region. And this is a job for professionals.