A pronoun is a part of speech in the Russian language, which is school course A lot of time is spent on training. And this is understandable, because this topic is quite extensive, and replacing names is not the only function of a pronoun. And on this occasion, back in the nineteenth century, G. Pavsky said: “The pronoun does not replace the name, but only hints and points to it.”
On this moment in Russian the opinions of scientists about independence of this subject Russian language are divided. Some consider it full-fledged and independent, while others distribute it, referring it to other parts of speech.
And although the issue remains controversial, at school the topic “Pronoun” opens up for children an independent part of speech, which only corresponds to some of the characteristics of nouns, numerals and adjectives.
Definition
At school, students are introduced to this component of the Russian language, giving it the following definition: “A pronoun is an independent part of speech that can be used instead of a noun, adjective, adverb and numeral, defines the characteristics of an object, indicates an object or phenomenon, changes according to cases and genders ". In other words, it points to an object, but does not name it. It can act as any member in a sentence."
For example:
- I (subject) want to dance.
- This is him (predicate).
- Nikita is my (definition) son.
- The teacher called him (addition) to the board.
- Until when (the word “what” in the circumstance) will all this continue?
So, first you need to figure out what questions the pronoun answers. The answer to this question is quite simple: which part of speech it replaces, it answers those questions.
Replacing nouns
Noun pronouns answer noun questions.
They also have a gender corresponding to the object they point to. Moreover, this object can be either animate or inanimate, have a singular or plural number. In addition, such pronouns, the questions of which "Who?" and “what?” can change depending on the case in which they are used in the sentence. And if there is an indication of an object without defining it, then it answers the questions “who?”, “what?” In oral statements and in writing, the following substitute words are used: “you”, “you”, “he”, “she”, “they”, “someone”, “something”, “someone” or “something” .
| Name | she | He | You | somebody |
| R.p. | her | his | you | someone |
| D.p. | to her | to him | you | to someone |
| her | his | you | someone | |
| Tv.p. | by her | them | you | someone |
| Pr.p. | about her | about him | about you |
Replacing adjectives
Adjective pronouns answer questions from the specified part of speech, adopting all its grammatical features. As a rule, in a sentence when describing a phenomenon or object, the following replacement words are used: “sort of”, “someone’s”, “most”, “nobody’s”, “yours”, “mine”.
For example: “My (whose?) flowers.”
Just like pronouns with signs, pronouns can change according to gender, case and number and describe animate and inanimate objects and all kinds of phenomena.
| Name | sort of | most | is yours | my |
| R.p. | sort of | himself | yours | my |
| D.p. | like this | himself | yours | my |
| V.p. | sort of | most | is yours | my |
| Tv.p. | that way | the most | yours | mine |
| Pr.p. | about this | about himself | about yours | about my |
Replacing numerals
Quite often in statements pronouns replace numerals. In this case, this part of speech answers the question “how much?” and indicates an indefinite number: “many”, “few”, “several”.
For example: “Many (how many?) daisies and several (how many?) roses.”
Such pronouns also change by case, which in turn increases the list of questions that it can answer.
Personal pronoun
Children's first acquaintance with this part of speech occurs around the second grade, where a separate topic is allocated for parts of speech, and a Russian language lesson is taught on it. As a rule, children are introduced to the pronoun with the word “I,” and the list is added to during the learning process.
Since pronouns do not form a single group based on grammatical characteristics, they are divided into several categories regarding their syntactic role and meaning. One of these is personal or, as they are also called, demonstratives, these are:
- 1st person - “I”, “we”;
- 2nd person - “you”, “you”;
- 3rd person - “she”, “they”, “he”, “it”.
It is with these pronouns that the first acquaintance ends, and students learn about other categories in high school.
Pronouns such as “I” and “you” have neither grammatical gender nor plural, and “we” and “you” are used to mean “I and someone else” or “you and someone else.” . To determine the gender, one should consider who exactly the author of the statement refers to.
In past times, the word “we” was often used in relation to one person to add solemnity to the speech, but now it is used for irony. But the word “you” still exists as a form of politeness.
3rd person pronouns are often personal demonstrative, and therefore have a gender category.
Reflexive pronoun
The 4th grade of the Russian language school curriculum provides for introducing children to reflexive, or complementary, pronouns. They have no gender, number, or nominative case form. However, such a pronoun is declined like the word “you” and is used in a sentence as an addition exclusively in To determine what questions a pronoun of this category answers, you need to understand its case.
Possessive pronoun
This group, like personal pronouns, is divided into three persons. So, the first person includes the words “my”, “our”, the second - “your”, “your”, and the third person is defined by the word “your”. The morphological characteristics of this group are that they can have both gender and number. They are also declined according to cases: “my”, “your” and “your” are declined similarly to the adjective “blue”, and “our”, “your” - like the word “elder”.
In the accusative case in the plural, such pronouns, as a rule, have two forms. For animate nouns, the words are used: “mine”, “yours”, “yours”, “ours”, “theirs”; and for inanimate ones - “yours”, “mine”, “ours”, “ours”, “yours”.
For example: "She saw her relatives. He found his books."
Demonstrative pronoun
The 4th grade of the school curriculum involves introducing children to this group of pronouns: “that”, “this”, “such”, “such”, “so much”, “this”, “such”, “that”. All these words are used to indicate an object, its attribute or quantity from a number of homogeneous descriptions. Many of them can add an exclamation to the statement. For example: “You are such a cunning one!”
Considering the demonstrative pronouns “that” and “that”, it is easy to determine which one indicates a closer and more distant object or event. Regarding morphological features, these words can be used in different generic form and number.
The pronouns “such” or “such” are most often used to indicate an already mentioned object, its attribute or action. These words also have gender and number forms, and changes in cases are made according to the type of the word “Tverskaya”.
Interrogative-relative, negative and indefinite pronouns
Questions of such pronouns have many variations, and the pronouns themselves in a sentence act as interrogative and relative words: “who”, “which”, “which”, “what”, “how many”, “whose”. For example: "Who's knocking there? What do you want?"
The morphological features of the pronouns “who” and “what” are that they have neither gender nor number. “Who” in this case is used in relation to an animate object, and “what” is used in relation to an inanimate object. The declension of the word “who” is made according to the type of words “this” and “this”, and “that” - according to the type of the word “all”. Based on the change in cases, you can understand what questions the pronoun answers.
From this group of pronouns, with the help of the prefix “not-”, which is written together, the prefix “some-”, the particles “something”, “-or”, “-something”, which are written with a hyphen, another series of words is formed that relate to an unspecified category. These are pronouns such as “someone”, “something”, “anything”, “anyone”, “something”, “some”, “anyone”, “some” and others similar combinations. Some of them may indicate animacy, others have the form of gender and number. The pronoun "someone" always appears only in the nominative case and is not declined.
From the group with the help of particles “neither” and “not” another group is formed; it is called negative. What questions does a pronoun of this category have? The answer should already be clear: the question depends on the case. But it’s worth paying attention to spelling here. Special attention. So, if a pronoun is not separated from it by a preposition, then the word is written together. For example: “There is no one to blame. No one came. There was nothing to do.”
Moreover, not only the meaning of the word, but also the particle that needs to be used depends on the emphasis placed in these pronouns.
If a negative particle is separated by a preposition, then it is written separately: “for no one,” “not with anyone,” and so on.
Determinative pronouns
Based on the above, it is not difficult to guess what questions the character answers. These are all the same Features of the declension of such pronouns as “himself”, “most”, “all”, “everyone”, “each” and “other”, consist only in the difference in endings in the accusative case regarding animate and inanimate objects.
Pronoun- This independent part of speech, which indicates objects (things, persons, their quantity), but does not name them: you, them, so much. Pronouns answer noun questions Who? What?, adjectives Which? whose? and numerals How many?: I I laugh my sister, some horses.
Morphological and syntactic features pronouns depend on which part of speech in this case it replaces.
Pronoun categories.
Pronoun grades vary by lexical features and grammatical features.
According to lexical characteristics pronouns are:
- personal pronouns: I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they. Personal pronouns indicate participants in a dialogue or conversation, as well as objects.
- possessive pronouns: my, yours, ours, theirs, yours, his, hers. Possessive pronouns indicate that something belongs to someone or something: my home, your bed.
- demonstrative pronouns: that, this, such, such, so much, and outdated this And this one. As you can guess from the name, these pronouns indicate the quantity or attribute of an object: this closet, so many hands.
- reflexive pronoun: myself. This pronoun means that the person or thing that is the subject is identical to another person or thing (which is called the pronoun itself): He loves himself very much.
- interrogative pronouns: what, who, which, which, whose, how many. These pronouns serve to form questions and indicate objects, persons, characteristics or quantity: Who's come? What kind of students? How many are there?
- relative pronouns- the same interrogatives, but they do not serve to form questions, but to connect in complex sentences, acting as allied words: I understood, Who was my secret admirer. It was a guy which studied with me at the same faculty.
- definitive pronouns: most, himself, every, all, every, other, any, outdated - everyone And all kinds. Determinative pronouns indicate the attribute of an object: the best husband, every rogue, every Tuesday.
- negative pronouns: nothing, no one, no one, no one, nothing, nobody's, none, not at all. These pronouns do not indicate, but, on the contrary, deny the presence of an object or attribute: I not at all was not offended. Nobody was not to blame for my absent-mindedness.
- indefinite pronouns: something, someone, some, some, several. The remaining indefinite pronouns are formed using suffixes -this, -either, -something and the basics of the interrogative pronoun: some candy, someone knocked, give me at least something.
By grammatical features pronouns can be divided into:
- Pronouns-nouns: I, you, he, she, it, they, we, you, they, someone, something, no one, yourself and others. These pronouns have their own peculiarities.
- They point to objects or persons.
- They answer the same questions that nouns answer: who?
- Declined by cases: who, whom, to whom, by whom, etc.
- They have such syntactic connections in a sentence as a noun.
- Pronouns-adjectives: yours, mine, yours, ours, which, such, that etc. They also have their own peculiarities.
- Like an adjective, they indicate a characteristic of an object.
- They answer the question: what? whose?
- They vary in number, gender and case in the same way as adjectives.
- They are associated with nouns like adjectives.
- Numeral pronouns: how many, as many, several.
- Answer the question: How many numerals?
- They indicate the number of objects, but do not name it.
- Usually they are declined according to cases.
- They interact with nouns like numerals.
Syntactic role of the pronoun.
Pronoun Maybe protrude in a sentence V roles
- Subject: You will you come to the meeting?
- Predicate: This He.
- Definitions: I want to return my notebook.
- Add-ons: Mom called me.
- Circumstances: How could this happen?
1. Pronoun- an independent part of speech that indicates objects, signs, quantity, but does not name them.
For pronouns, you can ask questions about nouns (who? what?), adjectives (which? whose?), numerals (how many?), adverbs (how? when? where?).
Basic features of pronouns
2. Classes of pronouns in relation to other parts of speech:
1. Pronouns-nouns - I, you, we, you, he, who, what, someone, no one, yourself and etc.:
- point to objects;
- answer questions about nouns (who? what?);
- change by case;
- are associated with other words in a sentence, like nouns;
2. Pronouns-adjectives - my, yours, ours, yours, which, some, this, that and etc.:
- indicate the characteristics of objects;
- answer questions about adjectives (which? whose?);
- are associated with nouns, like adjectives;
- They change, like adjectives, by number, gender (singular) and case.
A pronoun that adjoins adjective pronouns (it changes according to gender, number and cases), but, like an ordinal number, indicates the order of objects when counting (cf.: - What time is it now? - Fifth);
3. Numeral pronouns - how many, as many, several:
- indicate the number of items;
- answer the question (how much?);
- are associated with nouns as cardinal numerals;
- usually change by case;
4. Pronouns-adverbs - so, there, because, where, where and etc.:
- indicate signs of action;
- answer questions with adverbs ( How? Where? When? Where? Why? For what?);
- do not change, like adverbs;
- are associated with verbs in the same way as adverbs.
Notes Traditionally, adverb pronouns have been excluded from pronoun composition. In this case, only those words that correlate with nominal parts of speech (nouns, adjectives, numerals) are included in the pronouns. But since the pronominal adverbs there, then, etc., like other pronominal words, do not name, but only indicate (in this case, signs of actions), we consider them within pronouns as a special group.
3. Classes of pronouns by meaning and grammatical features:
1. Personal pronouns: I, you, we, you, he (she, it, they) - indicate the persons who participate in the speech:
- These are noun pronouns;
- the constant morphological feature for all personal pronouns is the person (I, we - 1st p.; you, you - 2nd p.; he (she, it, they) - 3rd p.);
- a constant morphological feature of personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd liters. is a number (I, you - singular; we, you - plural);
- all personal pronouns are changed by case, and not only the ending is changed, but also the whole word ( I - me, you - you, he - him);
- The 3rd person pronoun he changes in number and gender (singular) - he, she, it, they.
2. Reflexive pronoun self - means that an action performed by someone is aimed at the actor himself:
- it is a noun pronoun;
- the reflexive pronoun has no gender, person, number or nominative case form;
- The reflexive pronoun changes according to cases ( yourself, yourself, yourself).
3. Possessive pronouns: my, yours, ours, yours, yours- indicate the attribute of an object according to its affiliation:
- These are adjective pronouns;
- possessive pronouns change according to number, gender (singular), case ( my, my, mine, mine, mine etc.).
When indicating ownership of a third party, the frozen forms of the genitive case of personal pronouns are used - his, her, theirs.
4. Interrogative pronouns: Who? What? Which? whose? which? How many? Where? When? Where? where? For what? etc. - used in interrogative sentences:
- Who? What? - pronouns-nouns; have no gender, person, number; change by case ( who, whom, what, what etc.);
- Which? whose? which? which, which, which, which, which etc.);
- How many? - numeral pronoun; changes by case ( how many, how many, how many etc.);
- Where? When? Where? where? For what?
5. Relative pronouns coincide with interrogatives - who, what, which, whose, which, how many, where, when, where, from, why etc., but are used not as question words, but as allied words in subordinate clauses:
I know who is to blame for our failure; I know how much effort he put into completing this task; I know where the money is hidden.
Morphological and syntactic characteristics Relative pronouns are the same as interrogative pronouns.
6. Indefinite pronouns: someone, something, some, some, someone's, some, several, any, somewhere, sometime, somewhere, from somewhere, for some reason etc. - indicate vague, unknown objects, signs, quantity.
Indefinite pronouns are formed from interrogative pronouns using the prefixes non-, co- and postfixes -this, -either, -something:
who → someone, someone, someone, anyone, anyone, someone; how much → several, how much, how much; where → somewhere, somewhere, somewhere, somewhere.
The morphological and syntactic characteristics of indefinite pronouns are the same as those of interrogative pronouns, from which indefinite pronouns educated.
7. Negative pronouns: no one, nothing, none, no one's, not at all, nowhere, never, nowhere, no need etc. - indicate the absence of objects, signs, quantity.
Negative pronouns are formed from interrogative pronouns using the prefixes not-, ni-:
who → no one, how many → not at all, where → nowhere, when → never.
The morphological and syntactic characteristics of negative pronouns are the same as those of interrogative pronouns, from which negative pronouns are derived.
8. Demonstrative pronouns : that, this, this, that, such, so much, there, here, here, there, here, from there, from here, then, therefore, then etc. - are a means of indicating certain objects, characteristics, quantity (distinguishing one from the other):
- that, this, this, that, such- pronouns are adjectives and change according to numbers, gender (singular), cases ( that, that, that, those; such, such, such, such etc.);
- so much is a numeral pronoun; changes by case ( so many, so many, so many etc.);
- there, here, here, there, here, from there, from here, then, therefore, then etc. - pronominal adverbs; unchangeable words.
9. Determinative pronouns: himself, most, all, every, each, other, other, any, everywhere, everywhere, always etc. - serve as a means of clarifying the subject or feature in question:
- himself, most, all, every, each, other, other, any- pronouns are adjectives and change according to numbers, gender (singular), cases ( every, every, every, every, every etc.);
- everywhere, everywhere, always- pronominal adverbs; unchangeable words.
Note!
1) The pronouns that, himself, the pronouns this, all in the singular form, neuter (this, everything) and some others in certain contexts can act as pronouns-nouns, like substantivized adjectives ( That no longer dangerous to us; Myself will come; This book ; All ended well).
2) Some pronouns have homonyms among service units speech ( this is what, how, when): This book(pronoun). - Moscow is the capital of Russia(indicative particle); I know what to tell him(pronoun). - I know he's here(union).
3. Morphological analysis of pronouns:
Pronoun analysis plan
| I | Part of speech, general grammatical meaning and question. | ||
| II | Initial form. Morphological characteristics: | ||
| A | Constant morphological characteristics: | ||
| 1 | category in relation to another part of speech (pronoun-noun, pronoun-adjective, pronoun-numeral, pronoun-adverb); | ||
| 2 | category by meaning (personal, reflexive, possessive, interrogative, relative, indefinite, negative, demonstrative, attributive); | ||
| 3 | person (for personal pronouns); | ||
| 4 | number (for personal pronouns of the 1st person and 2nd person). | ||
| B | Variable morphological characteristics: | ||
| 1 | case; | ||
| 2 | number (if any); | ||
| 3 | gender (if any). | ||
| III | Role in sentence(which part of the sentence is the pronoun in this sentence). | ||
Samples of pronoun parsing
Imagine the joy of some botanist who suddenly finds himself on desert island, where no human foot has ever set foot before and where he can enrich his collection with all sorts of outlandish representatives of the flora(N.S. Valgina).
(Imagine) to myself
- to whom?
- N. f. - myself. Morphological characteristics:
2) returnable;
B) Variable morphological features: used in the dative case. - There is an addition in the sentence.
some (botany)
- A pronoun indicates an object, attribute, quantity, without naming them; answers the question which one?
- N. f. - some. Morphological characteristics:
A) Constant morphological characteristics:
2) uncertain;
B) Variable morphological features: used in the singular, masculine, genitive form.
which
- A pronoun indicates an object, attribute, quantity, without naming them; answers the questions which? Which? Who?
- N. f. - which. Morphological characteristics:
A) Constant morphological characteristics:
1) pronoun-adjective;
2) relative;
- In a sentence - the subject.
Where
- A pronoun indicates an object, attribute, quantity, without naming them; answers the question Where?
- N. f. - Where. Morphological characteristics:
A) Constant morphological characteristics:
1) pronoun-adverb;
2) relative;
B) Unchangeable form. - In a sentence there is a circumstance of place.
(before) these (por)
- A pronoun indicates an object, attribute, quantity, without naming them; answers the question which ones?
- N. f. - this. Morphological characteristics:
A) Constant morphological characteristics:
1) pronoun-adjective;
2) index;
B) Variable morphological features: used in the plural form, genitive case. - In a sentence - part of the adverbial time.
draw (leg)
- A pronoun indicates an object, attribute, quantity, without naming them; answers the question whose?
- N. f. - nobody's. Morphological characteristics:
A) Constant morphological characteristics:
1) pronoun-adjective;
2) negative;
B) Variable morphological characteristics: used in the singular form, female, nominative case. - The sentence contains an agreed definition.
He
- A pronoun indicates an object, attribute, quantity, without naming them; answers the question Who?
- N. f. - He. Morphological characteristics:
A) Constant morphological characteristics:
1) pronoun-noun;
2) personal;
3) 3rd person;
B) Variable morphological features: used in the singular, masculine, nominative case. - In a sentence - the subject.
my (collection)
- A pronoun indicates an object, attribute, quantity, without naming them; answers the question whose?
- N. f. - mine. Morphological characteristics:
A) Constant morphological characteristics:
1) pronoun-adjective;
2) possessive;
B) Variable morphological features: used in the singular, feminine, accusative case. - The sentence contains an agreed definition.
all sorts of (representatives)
- A pronoun indicates an object, attribute, quantity, without naming them; answers the question what?
- N. f. - any. Morphological characteristics:
A) Constant morphological characteristics:
1) pronoun-adjective;
2) definitive;
B) Variable morphological features: used in the plural form, instrumental case. - The sentence contains an agreed definition.
Exercise for the topic “3.6.1. The concept of a pronoun. Pronoun categories. Morphological analysis of pronouns"
The book contains in a concise and accessible form the necessary reference material for all types of analysis in Russian language lessons for the course. primary school, many diagrams and examples of grammatical analysis are presented.
It's no secret that all independent parts of speech differ from official parts in their ability to answer any question. For example, for nouns – who is this? (child, mother) or what? (pen, road), for verbs - what to do? (write, think) or what to do? (read, build). But, as with any rule, there are exceptions. It concerns pronouns. Despite the fact that this part of speech is classified as independent, it does not have its own question. Her main role is replacement. Therefore, to determine what question a pronoun answers, you simply need to find the question answered by the part of speech that it replaces when used. For example, he (who?) came (replaces a noun), a person (what?) another (replaces an adjective), and so on. In this case, it is necessary to take into account the cases (he, his, such, such) and the number (they, such). Most often, when using a pronoun, nominal parts of speech are replaced, taking on not only their question, but also their meaning, characteristics and role in the sentence. Based on this, pronominal nouns, adjectives, and numerals are distinguished in the Russian language.
The first group of pronouns answers the questions who? (I, he, no one, somebody), what? (this, something, something), whom? (no one to ask) what? (nothing to do), as well as other questions of indirect cases. Absence independent question is also characteristic of the group of pronominal adjectives. What questions should you ask them? (some house, such an incident, some passer-by, any child, any object) or whose? (your house, no one’s kitten, someone’s suitcase, our garden). The exceptions are those pronouns that, in the context of their use, replace short names adjectives. For example, such is (He was such), which is (What is your plan?). In both cases, pronouns answer the question what?. In some cases, when determining the question of pronominal adjectives, you need to be especially careful. They can often be confused with a group of pronominal nouns. This feature is found in the possessive pronouns his, her, them and in the homonymous personal pronouns he, she, they, used in the form of indirect cases. For example, in the phrase his handle to the pronoun the question is asked whose?, since it belongs to the category of possessives. And in the phrase see him, the question of whom? should be substituted, since this is a personal pronoun he, used in the accusative case. If in the context of pronouns they replace numerals, then they are also combined into a special group and answer the question how many?. These can include how many, some, so many, several (We haven’t communicated for so many years).
There is an opinion that pronouns can replace not only nominal parts of speech, but also adverbs. When used in this way, they acquire the meaning of circumstances and can indicate a place (to arrive there), a time (to think once, to leave then), a course of action (to do this), a goal (there is no need to paint) and others. Due to their meaning, adverb questions can be asked of them: where? When? Where? how? for what purpose? for what reason? and others. In any case, when determining the question of pronouns, you should first of all think about what part of speech they replace when used. The question itself will follow from this, as well as the meaning of the word, its characteristics and role in the sentence.
We will learn to use personal pronouns correctly. Let's find out their meanings. Let's learn how to correctly determine the case endings of personal pronouns.
My sister and I went to the Christmas tree party. She was very elegant and festive.
(It’s unclear who was dressed up, the girl or the Christmas tree)
How to write. My sister and I went to the Christmas tree party. The tree was very elegant and festive.
And here’s another thing: The clown gave balloons to the guys. They were round, elongated and long.
(The guys were elongated and long).
How to write. The clown gave balloons to the children. The balls were round, elongated and long.
We were confused by the pronoun.
Pronoun is an independent non-nominal part of speech that indicates objects, signs or quantities, but does not name them.
The grammatical features of pronouns are different and depend on which part of speech the pronoun is a substitute for in the text.
Places of pronouns by meaning
There are 9 categories of pronouns according to their meaning:
1. Personal : I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they. Personal pronouns indicate participants in the dialogue (I, you, we, you), persons not participating in the conversation, and objects (he, she, it, they).
2. Returnable : myself. This pronoun indicates the identity of the person or thing named by the subject with the person or thing named by the word itself (He will not offend himself. His hopes were not justified).
3. Possessives : mine, yours, yours, ours, yours, his, hers, theirs. Possessive pronouns indicate that an object belongs to a person or another object (This is my briefcase. Its size is very convenient).
4. Index fingers : this, that, such, such, so much, this (obsolete), this (obsolete). These pronouns indicate the attribute or quantity of objects.
5. Definitive : himself, most, all, every, every, any, other, different, everyone (obsolete), every kind (obsolete). Determinative pronouns indicate the attribute of an object.
6. Interrogative : who, what, which, which, whose, how many. Interrogative pronouns serve as special question words and indicate persons, objects, characteristics and quantity.
7. Relative : the same as interrogatives, in the function of connecting parts of a complex sentence (conjunctive words).
8. Negative : no one, nothing, no one, nothing, none, nobody. Negative pronouns express the absence of an object or attribute.
9. Undefined : someone, something, some, some, several, as well as all pronouns formed from interrogative pronouns with the prefix some or the suffixes -to, -or, -any.
Pronoun grades
|
pronouns |
Pronouns |
How do they change? |
|
pronouns |
I, you, he (she, it), we, you, they |
By person, case, 3rd person pronoun He varies by gender |
|
Interrogative pronouns |
who?, what?, which?, whose?, how many?, what? |
They vary by gender and number. Pronouns who what? do not change by gender and number |
|
Refundable pronouns |
It has no nominative case, gender and number |
|
|
Relative pronouns |
who, what, which, which, whose, how many, what |
Change by case |
|
Undefined pronouns |
someone, something, some, several, some, something, someone, anyone, something, etc. |
Indefinite pronouns except someone, something change by case. Also some indefinite pronouns |
|
Negative pronouns |
no one, nothing, none, nobody, no one, nothing |
They change according to cases. Pronouns no one and nothing do not have a nominative case |
|
Possessive pronouns |
my, yours, yours, ours, yours |
Changes by gender, case, number |
|
Demonstrative pronouns |
that, this, such, such, how many |
The pronouns that, this, such, change according to gender, cases, and numbers. The pronoun such changes according to gender and number |
|
Determinative pronouns |
all, everyone, each, himself, most, any, other, other |
Changes by gender, case, number |
Personal pronouns have morphological feature faces :
1st person: I, we;
2nd person: you, you;
3rd person: he, she, it, they.
Personal pronouns have a morphological feature numbers . Personal pronouns are singular (I, you, he, she, it) and plural (we, you, they).
All personal pronouns have constant sign kind.
The pronouns I and you are of the general gender: I, you came - I, you came.
The pronoun he is masculine: he came.
The pronoun she is feminine: she came.
The pronoun is neuter: it came-o.
The plural pronouns we, you, they are not characterized by gender. We can talk about the animation of personal pronouns, since their V. p. coincides with R. p. (there is no you - I see you).
All personal pronouns change according to cases , i.e. they are inclined. In indirect cases with a preposition, n is added to 3rd person pronouns: from him, to them, from her. Addition does not occur with derivative prepositions during, thanks to, according to, contrary to, etc.: thanks to her, according to him.
|
face |
units h., Cases - im. (rd., dt., ext., tv., etc.) |
pl. h., Cases - im. (rd., dt., ext., tv., etc.) |
|
I (me, me, me, me/me, about to me) |
we (us, us, us, us, O us) |
|
|
you (you, you, you, you/you, O you) You (You, You, You, You, about You) |
you (you, you, you, you, O you) |
|
|
he (his/him, him/him, his, him/him, O him) she (her/her, her/her, her, her/her/her/her, O her) it (his/him, him/him, his, him/him, O him) |
they (their/them, them, their/them, them/them, O them) |
Say the pronoun IH correctly!
Their clothes
Boy - I learned it.
Girl - I learned it.
Personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd persons do not change according to gender.
Rice. 4.
You, Petya, have learned your lesson, and you, Masha?
“Yes!” said Masha, “I learned it!” “And I,” said Petya.
Rice. 5.
Boys, have you learned your lessons?
Girls, are you going to school?
“We,” both boys and girls will answer to themselves.
Let's correct the sentence by indicating the person, number, case, and if possible the gender of the pronouns.
1. Once during a break a friend came up to me.
Came up (to whom?) to me - this is the 1st person singular pronoun of the dative case.
2. Give (you) a monkey?
To give (to whom?) to you is a 2nd person singular pronoun of the dative case.
3. (She) is called Yashka.
Her name (who?) is the 3rd person singular pronoun of the feminine genitive case.
4. Dad is angry with (us) Yashka.
Angry (with whom?) at us is a 1st person plural accusative pronoun.
5. Let her live with (you) for now.
Will live (with whom?) with you - this is a 2nd person singular genitive pronoun.
6. (she) is fun.
(With whom?) with her is the 3rd person singular pronoun of the feminine dative case.
7. So (I) got a monkey.
(For whom?) For me, this is the 1st person singular accusative pronoun.
1. Kalenchuk M.L., Churakova N.A., Baykova T.A. Russian language 4: Academic book/Textbook.
2. Buneev R.N., Buneeva E.V., Pronina O. Russian language 4: Ballas.
3. Lomakovich S.V., Timchenko L.I. Russian language 4: VITA_PRESS.
3. Russian language in the CIS countries ().
1. Read Tsvetaeva’s verse. Find pronouns in the text and determine their category.
I will win you from all lands, from all heavens, Because the forest is my cradle, and the grave is the forest, Because I stand on the ground with only one foot, Because I will sing about you like no one else.
I will win you from all the others - from that one, You will be no one's groom, I will be no one's wife, And in the last dispute I will take you - shut up!
2. Read. Write it off. Emphasize personal pronouns. Write case questions for them in brackets.
A third of the Earth is occupied by land. The rest is water! A variety of marine animals live in it. Among them there are tiny ones, about the size of a pinhead, and large ones, such as whales. Sharks live in the oceans. They are also different. There are dwarf sharks. And there are giant sharks. They weigh up to 20 tons.
3. Copy the sentences, inserting the missing pronoun in the correct form.
1) I liked the pianist’s concert. His performance made a... wonderful impression.
2) I called ... all evening yesterday, but ... was always busy.
3) I have been studying with Volodya since my first year. I know very well...and for a long time
I'm friends with...
4) I have a younger sister. In the evening I go to kindergarten.
4.* Write a dialogue on any topic, using as many personal pronouns as possible in different case forms.