What word can be used to call any lyrical work. Main genres of lyrics, examples of works. Emotional coloring of feelings

Which, first of all, addresses the personal feelings of the poet and reader, their mood. The lyrics reflect sensitive experiences, emotions; often works of this type of literature are characterized by sincerity and emotion.

Poem

The poem is the main genre of lyrics, which is familiar to everyone without exception. This is a relatively small work, written in verse.

In a broad sense, a poem is understood as works of different genres and even types; these often include elegies, sonnets and ballads, but in the 19th-20th centuries there was a clearer definition. During this period, a poem was understood exclusively as a work that reflected the inner world of the author, the multifaceted manifestations of his soul; it was supposed to be associated with lyricism.

With the development of the classical poem, its purpose for the lyrical exploration of the world became clearer. It was separately emphasized that in the poem the author always strives to connect life in one moment, focusing on the state of the world around him. In this fundamental function, the genre of lyric poetry is contrasted with short stories and stories written in verse, as well as lyric poems, which describe a large number of interrelated experiences.

You can find many examples of poems in Pushkin's works. The genre of lyricism, to which this section of our article is devoted, was one of the main ones in his work. As an illustration, the poem “Winter Road” can be cited.

Through the wavy mists
The moon creeps in
To the sad meadows
She sheds a sad light.
On the winter, boring road
Three greyhounds are running,
Single bell
It rattles tiresomely.
Something sounds familiar
In the coachman's long songs:
That reckless revelry
That's heartbreak...
No fire, no black house,
Wilderness and snow... Towards me
Only miles are striped
They come across one...
Bored, sad... Tomorrow, Nina,
Returning to my dear tomorrow,
I'll forget myself by the fireplace,
I'll take a look without looking at it.
The hour hand sounds loud
He will make his measuring circle,
And, removing the annoying ones,
Midnight will not separate us.
It’s sad, Nina: my path is boring,
My driver fell silent from his doze,
The bell is monotonous,
The moon's face is clouded.

Sonnet

Having studied the main genres of epic, lyricism and drama, you will be able to easily navigate world and domestic literature. Another popular genre that must be discussed in this article is the sonnet.

Unlike most other genres of lyric poetry, the sonnet has a strictly defined structure. It necessarily consists of 14 lines, which form two quatrains and two tercets. This is what a classic sonnet looks like, but the so-called Shakespearean sonnet, which consists of three quatrains and one final concluding couplet, is also popular in literature. The sonnet gained particular popularity in this form thanks to the English poet and playwright William Shakespeare.

It is believed that a sonnet must contain an emotional and plot turning point. Often their theme is about love.

In Russia, sonnets also had a certain popularity. As a rule, they were written in iambic 5-foot with minor deviations. The best known are the Russian sonnets of Genrikh Sapgir, Timur Kibirov, and Sergei Kalugin.

An example is the sonnets of William Shakespeare, which are well known in Russian in translations by Boris Pasternak.

Exhausted by everything, I want to die.
It’s melancholy to watch a poor man suffer,
And how the rich man lives in jest,
And trust, and get into trouble,
And watch how arrogance creeps into the light,
And the girl’s honor goes down the drain,
And know that there is no room for perfection,
And see strength in weakness in captivity,
And remember that thoughts are closed,
And the mind demolishes nonsense and blasphemy,
And straightforwardness is reputed to be simplicity,
And kindness serves evil.
Exhausted by everything, I would not live a day,
Yes, it will be difficult for my friend without me.

Oh yeah

Among the genres of epic, lyricism, and drama, there are similar ones that are aimed at achieving one or another goal. For example, odes are required to praise a specific person, event or state. There are similar analogues in other types of literature.

In Russia, the ode was extremely popular at one time. At the same time, the ode originated in Ancient Greece; this genre of lyric poetry was widespread in Roman literature thanks to Horace. In Russia it was used in the 18th century. The most prominent representatives are Gavriil Derzhavin and Mikhail Lomonosov. As an example, let us cite Derzhavin’s work.

O You, endless space,
Alive in the movement of matter,
Eternal with the passage of time,
Without faces, in three faces of the Divine,
The spirit is everywhere present and united,
For whom there is no place and no reason,
Whom no one could comprehend
Who fills everything with Himself,
Encompasses, builds, preserves,
Whom we call God!
Measure the ocean deep,
Count the sands, the rays of the planets,
Although the mind might be high,
You have no number or measure!
Enlightened spirits cannot
Born from Your light,
To explore Your destinies:
Only the thought of ascending to You dares,
Disappears in Your greatness,
Like a moment gone by in eternity.
Chaos existence before time
From the abysses You called to eternity;
And eternity, born before the age,
You founded it in Yourself.
Making up myself,
Shining from Myself,
You are the light from where the light came.
Creating everything with one word,
Stretching out into the new creation,
You were, You are, You will forever be.
You contain a chain of beings in Yourself,
You support it and live it;
You match the end with the beginning
And you give life to death.
How sparks fly, strive,
Thus the suns will be born from You.
Like on a foul, clear day in winter
Specks of frost sparkle,
They rotate, they sway, they shine,
So are the stars in the abysses under You.
The light of the kindled millions
They flow in immeasurability;
They make your laws
Life-giving rays pour down;
But these lamps are fiery,
Or the red crystals of the mass,
Or waves of golden boiling host,
Or burning ethers,
Or together all the luminous worlds,
Before You is like night before day.
Like a drop dropped into the sea,
The whole expanse is before You;
But what is the visible universe to me,
And what am I before You? —
In that ocean of air,
Multiplying the worlds by a million
A hundred times other worlds, and then
When I dare to compare with You,
It will only be one point;
And I am nothing before You.
Nothing! - but You shine in me
By the Majesty of Your kindnesses;
You portray yourself in me,
Like the sun in a small drop of water.
Nothing! - but I feel life,
I fly unfed
Always a tall guy.
My soul yearns to be with you,
He delves into, thinks, reasons:
I am - of course, you are too.
You are! - The order of nature speaks,
My heart tells me that
My mind assures me;
You exist - and I am no longer nothing!
A particle of the whole universe,
Placed, it seems to me, in venerable
In the middle of nature I am the one
Where did you end the bodily creatures,
Where did you begin the heavenly spirits
And a chain of creatures connected everyone with me.
I am the connection of worlds that exist everywhere,
I'm the extreme of substance
I am the center of the living
The initial trait of the Deity.
My body is crumbling into dust,
I command thunder with my mind;
I am a king, I am a slave, I am a worm, I am a god!—
But being so wonderful, I
Where did I come from? — Unknown;
But I couldn’t be myself.
I am your creation, Creator,
I am a creature of your wisdom,
Source of life, Giver of blessings,
Soul of my soul and King!
Your truth needed it
So that the abyss of death may pass
My immortal being;
So that my spirit is clothed in mortality
And so that through death I return,
Father! into Your immortality.
Inexplicable, incomprehensible!
I know that my soul
Imagination is powerless
And draw Your shadows.
But if praise must be given,
It is impossible for weak mortals
Nothing else to honor you with,
How can they only rise to You,
Getting lost in the immeasurable difference
And grateful tears are shed.

Romance

In the genre of lyrics, works written in the form of romances occupy a special place. After all, this is a special genre that is at the intersection of literature and music. As a rule, this is a short poetic work set to music.
Domestic romance was mainly formed at the beginning of the 19th century. Romanticism, popular at that time, had a great influence on him. The most famous representatives of this genre were Varlamov, Alyabyev, Gurilev. In many Russian romances you can find gypsy motifs, and even several subgenres have been formed. For example, cruel or salon romance.
The beginning of the 20th century marked the so-called golden age of Russian romance, when Vertinsky, Vyaltsev, and Plevitskaya set the tone. During Soviet times, this genre did not lose its popularity.
An example is the classic novel by Vertinsky.

I got some angels
Started up in broad daylight.
Everything I once laughed at
Everything amazes me now!
I lived noisily and cheerfully - I repent,
But the wife took everything into her hands,
Completely disregarding me
She gave birth to two daughters for me.
I was against it. The diapers will start...
Why complicate your life?
But the girls got into my heart,
Like kittens in someone else's bed!
And now with new meaning and purpose
I, like a bird, make my nest
And sometimes over their cradle
I sing to myself in surprise:
Daughters, daughters,
My daughters!
Where are you, my little nights,
Where are you nightingales?..
Lots of Russian sun and light
Will be in the lives of my daughters,
And what is most important is this
That they will have a homeland!
There will be a home. There will be a lot of toys.
We will hang a star on the Christmas tree.
I'm some kind old ladies
I’ll start one especially for them.
So that the Russians sing songs to them
To weave fairy tales at night,
So that the years rustle quietly,
So that childhood cannot be forgotten!
True, I'll get a little older
But I will be young at heart, like them!
And I will ask the good God,
To prolong my sinful days.
Daughters will grow up
My daughters...
There will be nightingales for them, there will be nightingales!
And my very dear daughters will close,
The same nightingales will sing for me in the cemetery!

Poem

We will not be able to find a novel in the lyric genre, but a poem can be considered its full-fledged analogue. This is a fairly large work, which is lyrical-epic in nature, which allows it to stand out among other similar works.
As a rule, it belongs to a specific author and has not only a poetic, but also a narrative form. Literary critics distinguish romantic, heroic, satirical, and critical poems.
Throughout the history of literature, this genre has undergone many changes. For example, if many centuries ago a poem was an exclusively epic work, for example Homer’s Iliad, then already in the 20th century examples of exclusively lyrical examples of this genre appeared, which include Anna Akhmatova’s “Poem without a Hero.”
It’s interesting that prose works are also sometimes called this way. For example, “Moscow - Cockerels” by Venedikt Erofeev, “Dead Souls” by Nikolai Gogol, “Pedagogical Poem” by Anton Makarenko.
An example is an excerpt from “Poem without a Hero” by Anna Akhmatova.

I lit the treasured candles
And together with those who did not come to me
I'm celebrating the forty-first year,
But the Lord's strength is with us,
The flame drowned in the crystal
And the wine burns like poison...
These are bursts of creepy conversation,
When all the delusions are resurrected,
And the clock still doesn't chime...
There is no measure of my anxiety,
I, like a shadow, stand on the threshold
I guard the last comfort.
And I hear a long bell,
And I feel cold and wet.
I'm cold, I'm freezing, I'm burning
And, as if remembering something,
You're wrong: Venice of the Doges
It's nearby. But the masks are in the hallway
And cloaks, and wands, and crowns
You will have to leave today.
I decided to glorify you today,
New Year's tomboys.
This one is Faust, that one is Don Juan...

Elegy

When describing which genres of lyric poetry deserve the most attention, it is necessary to talk about elegy. This is a kind of emotional result of deep philosophical reflection, which is enclosed in a poetic form. As a rule, in an elegy the author tries to understand complex life problems.
Elegy originated in ancient Greek poetry. At that time, this was the name for a poem written in a stanza of a certain size, without putting any more meaning into this concept.
For Greek poets, elegy could be accusatory, philosophical, sad, political, and militant. Among the Romans, elegies were mainly dedicated to love, while the works became more free-form.
The first successful attempts to write elegies in Russian literature were made by Zhukovsky. Before this, there were attempts at writing in this genre by Fonvizin, Ablesimov, Bogdanovich, Naryshkin.
A new era in Russian poetry was marked by Zhukovsky’s translation of Gray’s elegy entitled “Rural Cemetery.” After this, the genre finally went beyond rhetorical boundaries, indicating that the main thing is to appeal to intimacy, sincerity and depth. This change is clearly visible in the new techniques of versification used by Zhukovsky and the poets of subsequent generations.
By the 19th century, it became fashionable to call their works elegies, as Baratynsky, Batyushkov, and Yazykov often do. Over time, this tradition faded away, but the elegiac tone remained in the works of many poets not only of the 19th, but also of the 20th centuries.
As a classic example, it would be correct to consider an excerpt from “Rural Cemetery” in Zhukovsky’s translation.

The day is already turning pale, hiding behind the mountain;
Noisy herds crowd over the river;
Tired villager with slow feet
He goes, lost in thought, to his quiet hut,
The surroundings disappear in the foggy twilight...
There is silence everywhere; dead sleep everywhere;
Only occasionally, buzzing, the evening beetle flickers,
Only the dull ringing of horns can be heard in the distance.
Only a wild owl, hiding under the ancient vault
That tower, laments, listened to by the moon,
On the one who outraged the midnight arrival
Her silent dominion is peace.

Ballad

The ballad is a famous lyrical genre that was often used by Romantic poets in the 18th and 19th centuries. It came to Russia in parallel with the popularity of romanticism in literature.
The first Russian ballad, which was also original in both content and form, was a work by Gabriel Kamenev called “Gromval”. But the most famous representative of this genre is rightfully considered to be the one who even received the nickname “balladeer” from his contemporaries.
In 1808, Zhukovsky wrote “Lyudmila,” which made a strong impression on those around him, then translated the best ballads of European romantic poets, under whose influence the genre penetrated into Russia. These are, first of all, Goethe, Schiller, Scott. In 1813, Zhukovsky’s famous ballad “Svetlana” was published, which many literary critics still consider his best work.
Pushkin also wrote ballads, in particular, many researchers attribute his “Song of the Prophetic Oleg” to this genre. To get a complete picture of this original genre, we will give as an example an excerpt from “Svetlana” by Zhukovsky.

Once on Epiphany evening
The girls wondered:
A shoe behind the gate,
They took it off their feet and threw it;
The snow was cleared; under the window
Listened; fed
Counted chicken grains;
The ardent wax was heated;
In a bowl of clean water
They laid a gold ring,
The earrings are emerald;
White boards spread out
And over the bowl they sang in harmony
The songs are amazing.

Novel in verse

A novel in verse is a genre that is frozen at the intersection of poetry and prose. It organically combines composition, a system of characters, chronotopes; in the author's variations, analogies are possible between the poetic epic and the novel in verse itself.
The formation of this genre occurs when the genre of the poem has already taken final shape. A novel in verse is, as a rule, a more voluminous work that sets itself more global goals. At the same time, the boundaries between these genres remain to a certain extent arbitrary.
In Russia, the most famous novel in verse is Pushkin’s work “Eugene Onegin”; we will cite an excerpt from it as an example. Many critics believe that it is through the example of this “encyclopedia of Russian life” that one can clearly see how a novel in verse differs from a poem. In particular, in the first one one can observe the development of characters and an analytical attitude, which is not found in most poems.

My uncle has the most honest rules,
When I seriously fell ill,
He forced himself to respect
And I couldn't think of anything better.
His example to others is science;
But, my God, what a bore
To sit with the patient day and night,
Without leaving a single step!
What low deceit
To amuse the half-dead,
Adjust his pillows
It's sad to bring medicine,
Sigh and think to yourself:
When will the devil take you!

Epigram

The epigram is a lyrical genre that was extremely popular at one time, although many no longer associate it with literature, but with journalism and journalism. After all, this is a very small work in which a social phenomenon or a specific person is ridiculed.
In Russian poetry, famous epigrams began to be written by Antioch Cantemir. This genre was popular among poets of the 18th century (Lomonosov, Trediakovsky). During the times of Pushkin and Zhukovsky, the genre itself was somewhat transformed, becoming more of a salon satire, similar to album poetry.
An example of an epigram would be one of Zhukovsky’s works.

NEWLY AWARDED
“Dude, why did you sit down?”
"The villain put the crown on me!" -
“Well! I don’t see the evil in this!” -
"Oh, it's heavy!"

Limerick

Let's finish our review of the main lyrical genres with a somewhat frivolous limerick. It appeared in England, has a clear form and specific content.
This is a satirical five-line poem that is absurdist in nature. The main thing is that his composition is subject to strict rules. The first line names the character and also mentions where he is from. The second tells what he did, or some peculiarity of it. The remaining lines are devoted to the consequences of these actions or properties of the hero.

Once upon a time there was an old man from Hong Kong,
Dancing to the music of the gong.
But they told him:
"Stop it - or
Get out of Hong Kong completely!”
Edward Lear

A lyrical work is a special phenomenon in literature. It reveals the hidden sensory world of its creator, therefore it has certain characteristics. It is not always possible to distinguish lyrics from epic or drama (other literary genres). Sometimes it is contained not in poetic stanzas, but in prose. It is enough to recall the lyrical digressions of Gogol, Pushkin, and Turgenev’s prose poems. Conversely, epic works can be described poetically. Here Pushkin’s “Eugene Onegin” or Tvardovsky’s “Vasily Terkin” immediately comes to mind. Let's look at the features of a lyrical work and how it differs from epic and drama.

Types of literature

Art, including verbal art, is about human life, so multifaceted, full of various events. That is why it is impossible to reflect it fully using only one diagram. This is how literary genres arose - epic, lyricism and drama. Yes, they are similar in that they show people’s lives like in a mirror, but they also differ in a set of certain features. Let's look at them briefly.

It is characterized by reporting about any events in a narrative form. Moreover, this can be either some short episode from life, then we are talking about the genres of a short story or short story, or a larger event, the history of a family or state (story, novel). The main difference is that everything is presented in a narrative manner; sometimes the author resorts to descriptions or reflections.

The drama also has a certain plot, but it is not constructed by a narrative text, but by a clear recording of the speech of the characters (replicas). Thus, we can say that this type of literature combines the features of epic and lyricism, because in the latter, expression plays the first role. Since antiquity, two genres of drama have coexisted: tragedy and comedy. The first focuses on the hero’s conflict with himself, his mental torment (remember Shakespeare’s Hamlet or Pushkin’s Salieri). Comedy describes life situations, sometimes absurd misunderstandings (“Twelfth Night” by Shakespeare). Tragicomedy is a genre that has appeared relatively recently. It combines the features of two fundamental pillars of drama.

Lyrics: definition of the concept

What is a lyrical work? This is the kind that reveals the author’s inner world. Moreover, it is not static: the worldview and feelings associated with it can change, just like the hero’s mood.

Most often, a poetic stanza is used to embody a lyrical work. Perhaps the types of lyrical works are most diverse compared to epic or drama. Indeed, the world of feelings is the most multifaceted and unstable. Even within one poem, the poet's mood can change from sadness to joy. This happens in the work “I Loved You” by Pushkin.

The lyrical hero occupies a special place in a lyrical work. It can reflect both the feelings and thoughts of the author himself, and argue with him.

To understand this concept, it is enough to recall “Eugene Onegin” by A. Pushkin. Here the lyrical hero is not the main character of the “rake” Onegin, but the author himself; he, as if from the outside, talks about these events. However, Evgeny in one place still takes on the role of a lyrical hero when he writes a letter to Tatyana.

Literary genres

Types of lyrical works, as well as epic and dramatic ones, are usually called “genres”. It is noteworthy that among the ancient Greeks, each type of verbal art had its own muse. These creatures, daughters of Zeus and Mnemosyne, were good companions of Apollo, who was in charge of the arts.

There were nine muses in total. Each of them had its own character and type of activity. Thus, the noble and at the same time strict Polyhymnia was responsible for ceremonial singing (hymns), and Calliope, who was responsible for the epic, on the contrary, was very businesslike and calm.

What is a literary genre? This is the basis of the work, a kind of skeleton with the help of which a writer or poet creates his unique work. For example, fables have been known since ancient times; Krylov also wrote them. The genre is immediately recognizable, this is indicated by the allegorical nature of the narrative and a certain morality. These will be stable features of the “fable” genre.

It is also important for the reader to know what genre of work he is picking up, because in this way a special mood is created and the tonality of the work is determined.

Lyrical works, examples of which we will consider below, are also divided into genres. They can create both a solemn, inspiring mood and a sad, even mournful one.

Ode and anthem

As we have already mentioned, the muse of solemn chants and hymns is Polyhymnia. She is noble, impetuous, but at the same time very restrained. These works are particularly solemn and their purpose is to glorify. The hymns reflect the admiration of the lyrical hero. Moreover, admiration is so powerful, energetic and strong that you involuntarily want to stand up when reading it. What examples can you give? This is the beginning of the poem “The Bronze Horseman” by A. S. Pushkin. By the way, this passage is called the anthem of the northern capital, St. Petersburg. The opening lines: “I love you, Petra’s creation...” immediately set a powerful charge of energy and power.

The hymn can also be expressed in prose form. “Song of the Petrel” by Maxim Gorky is exactly that. It is called a hymn to freedom. It is this state that is symbolized by the petrel, which has challenged the elements, fighting against it.

Another solemn lyrical work is the ode. This genre, unlike a hymn, glorifies a specific historical event (“Ode on the Day of the Accession of...” by Lomonosov), a phenomenon (“Liberty” by Pushkin) or a person (“God” by Derzhavin).

Elegy

A lyrical work is not only about power and solemnity. A significant part of the poems reflect calm feelings, more often love ones. The ancient Greeks associated such works with her depictions. Most often, there are features of suffering and tenderness. These are the poems of the “elegy” genre. These works are sad, they are full of reflections about love, also about life or fate, one’s destiny.

The genre of elegy did not remain in antiquity; many writers and poets actively used it. So, in Pushkin it is “I loved you” or “To the sea”, in Lermontov “I go out alone on the road”, there are examples of elegies in the literature of the 20th century, for example, Akhmatova has “March Elegy”, and Blok has “Autumn Elegy” elegy".

Epistole and epigram

Epistolary lyric works are very popular in literature. This is nothing less than a message. This genre allows you to reveal your deepest feelings and desires. It is worth recalling only a textbook example of a message - Pushkin’s “To Chaadaev”. Or S. Yesenin’s poem “Letter to Mother”. It is important to note that there are cases when this genre includes elements of elegy. For example, the message of A. Pushkin to A. P. Kern (the famous “I remember a wonderful moment”). Here, in addition to addressing the beloved, there is also a reflection on one’s feelings, a kind of reflection on what happened to the poet during meetings with his beloved.

Epigram (also called “satire”) is another These works are very short, their main task is to make fun of someone. Satire can be more detailed; it exposes some social phenomenon. The 18th century poet Cantemir was very successful in this genre.

Sonnet

The sonnet deserves special attention. This literary genre requires the poet to strictly adhere to form. The main thing in a sonnet is 14 lines. There are an English version (three quatrains and two couplets) and a French version (two quatrains and two tercets). The latter took root during the era of symbolist poets. It was used by Blok, Balmont, and also Bryusov. The classic English sonnet is known to the world from the works of Shakespeare.

This paragraph substantiates the specifics of a lyrical work, in connection with which the following concepts are introduced: subjective world, lyrical hero, lyrical experience, lyrical motive, types of lyrical works.

Another (third) type of literature consists of lyrical works, which are often identified with poems, while poetry is only one of the signs of a lyrical work. In addition, the poetic type of speech is found in both epic and dramatic works, and lyrics can exist in the form of prose (for example, “Russian Language” by I.S. Turgenev).

Lyrical works differ from epic and dramatic works in volume and structural appearance. The main person we meet in lyrical works is called the lyrical hero, who also has character, but his character is revealed not in actions and deeds, as in an epic work, but in thoughts and emotions. The main purpose and originality of the lyrics is that it conveys to us thoughts, feelings, emotions, moods, thoughts, experiences, in a word, the internal, subjective state of the individual, which, using a generalized concept, is often called

The internal, subjective state of the lyrical hero can manifest itself in different ways. In some cases (let's call it conditionally, the reader directly experiences a flow of emotions or reflections of the lyrical hero, which is close to the author or adequate to him, as in the poems “Duma” or “Both Boring and Sad” by M.Yu. Lermontov, “Love, Hope quiet glory" or "I erected a monument to myself not made by hands" by A. S. Pushkin, "I had a voice" or "I was not with those who abandoned the earth" by A. A. Akhmatova. In the listed poems there are no visible or imaginary pictures, almost none messages about the facts of personal or public life. The lyrical hero of "Duma" shares his emotionally charged reflections, which replace each other, obeying the logic of thought. He is concerned about the mental and moral image of his generation, and clearly the best part of it, to which, Apparently, the poet also considers himself:

We are rich, barely out of the cradle.

The mistakes of our fathers and their late minds...

We have dried up the mind with fruitless science,

I feel envious from my neighbors and friends

Passions ridiculed by disbelief.

The lyrical hero reflects with bitterness and regret on the inaction of his contemporaries, rich in “knowledge”, “boiling fire in the blood” and at the same time doubts, cowardice, slave psychology: “And before the authorities - despicable slaves.”

A poem by A.A. belongs to this type of lyricism. Akhmatova “Prayer”:

Give me the bitter years of illness,

Choking, insomnia, fever,

Take away both the child and the friend,

And the mysterious gift of song -

So I pray at your liturgy

After so many tedious days.

So that a cloud over dark Russia

Became a cloud in the glory of the rays.

The commonality of this with Lermontov’s previous poem is that here the statement of the lyrical hero is a monologue, a description of a mental state, and not external facts or events.

Let us remember poems such as “Village”, “Liberty”, “Prophet”, “Autumn” AS. Pushkin, “Sail”, “To the Death of a Poet”, “Dagger” by M.Yu. Lermontov, “About valor, about exploits, about glory” by A.A. Blok, “Letter to Mother” by S.A. Yesenina and many others. Each of them contains some facts, events, descriptions of nature. Let us first pay attention to “Sail” by M.Yu. Lermontov, in which the first two lines of each stanza reproduce some kind of picture (“The sail is turning white...”, “The waves are playing - the wind is whistling...”, “Below it is a stream of lighter azure...”), and the second two convey the state of mind (“What is looking for is he in a distant country?", "Alas! He is not looking for happiness...", "And he, rebellious, asks for a storm..."). Here the visual and the lyrical principles are rhythmically combined. In other cases, the relationship between these principles is more complex.

In the poem “The Death of a Poet” various facts related to the death of the poet are named and mentioned (vicious slander, a murderer thrown into Russia by the will of fate, a poet glorified by Pushkin and defeated, like him, a society that does not tolerate other people’s glory and freedom) , however, all these facts do not form a complete picture, that is, a plot; they appear as if torn, fragmentary and are, in essence, a reason, stimulus, material for lyrical thought and experience. “The poet is dead!” – exclaims M.Yu. Lermontov repeats a few lines later: “Killed, why sobs now,” - in neither case, not detailing the circumstances of Pushkin’s death, but seeing his goal in conveying the emotional and mental state that arose in connection with the death of the poet.

lyrical works, which includes “Borodino” by M.Yu. Lermontov, “Anchar” A.S. Pushkin, “Reflections at the Main Entrance” by N.A. Nekrasov, “To Comrade Netta, the Ship and the Man” by V.V. Mayakovsky arises when a more or less complete picture is recreated in a poem. However, here, too, the main emotional charge is carried not by the facts themselves, but by the thoughts and moods they give rise to, and therefore it is hardly worth seeing in the soldiers having a conversation before the Borodino battle, in the slave sent for poison, in the men standing at the entrance of a St. Petersburg house nobles, in Theodore Nett, whose name the steamship is named, characters and try to comprehend their characters as such. Therefore, we must keep in mind that the lyrical hero should be considered not the person who is being spoken about, but the one who seems to be speaking, thinking (remembering). Let's take another example - a poem by N.A. Nekrasov “In Memory of Dobrolyubov”, which recreates the image of an ascetic, patriot, devoted to his work, a pure and honest worker - Dobrolyubov and expresses the attitude of the poet himself towards him. The lyrical hero here is not Dobrolyubov Nekrasov, who, through admiration for the life of his friend and comrade-in-arms, managed to convey the attitude and mindset of the democratic intelligentsia of his time.

The third type of lyrics is close in which pictures of nature predominate, but the emotional state of the individual is conveyed. Let's take an example from the lyrics of A.A. Feta, indicative from the point of view of interest to us, and let’s read into it:

This morning, this joy,

This power of both day and light,

This blue vault

This cry and strings,

These flocks, these birds,

This talk of the waters

These willows and birches,

These drops, these tears,

This fluff is not a leaf,

These mountains, these valleys,

These midges, these bees.

This noise and whistle,

These dawns without eclipse,

This sigh of the night village,

This night without sleep

This darkness and heat of the bed,

This fraction and these trills,

It's all spring!

Here, a variety of attributes of spring time are named and recorded, the listing of which ends with an emotional generalization (“This is all spring!”), which refers to both the real state of nature and the mood of the lyrical hero, which constitutes the emotional center of this poem.

And here is an example from the work of A. A. Akhmatova - the poem “About Poems”:

These are the squeezes of insomnia.

This is a crooked soot candle,

Ego - hundreds of white belfries

The first blow of the morning...

This is a warm windowsill

Under the Chernigov moon,

These are bees, this is sweet clover,

This is dust, and darkness, and heat.

In this text there are no external hints about the emotional state of the lyrical heroine, but behind everything that has been said one can feel the utmost mental and spiritual tension that arises at the moment of poetic creativity.

So, in the lyrics you need to see thoughts, feelings, emotions, moods, experiences, reflections, in a word, the internal state of a person. Such a person is most often a poet who shares his experiences that arose in connection with some circumstances of his life. It is no coincidence that biographical researchers strive to find out or guess these circumstances. But even when the experience was born out of the ups and downs of the poet’s personal life, it can turn out to be close and understandable to other people. For example, the feeling of joy and at the same time sorrow in the poem by A.S. Pushkin “My first friend, my priceless friend”, dedicated to the arrival of his friend I. Pushchin to Mikhailovskoye, as well as memories of past love in the poems “I loved you”, “I remember a wonderful moment” by A.S. Pushkin or “I Met You” by F.I. Tyutchev is in tune with many people. And this means that

A real poet is aware of this, and therefore, when reproducing the thoughts and feelings of people close to him in spirit, he often says “we.” Let us remember the words of A.S. Pushkin from the famous poem “Love, Hope, Quiet Glory”:

While we are burning with freedom,

While hearts are alive for honor,

My friend, let's dedicate it to the fatherland

Souls have wonderful impulses.

However, a lyrical work can convey the mood of a completely different personality, as, for example, in the quatrains of A.A. Akhmatova:

Came up. I didn't show my excitement

Looking indifferently out the window

She sat down like a porcelain idol,

In the pose she had chosen long ago.

As already said, the concept of “lyrical hero” is used to designate the person who owns the thoughts and experiences in a lyrical work.

Let's give another example from a poem by A.A. Akhmatova’s “My husband whipped me patterned”, proving that the lyrical hero and the author are not necessarily identical.

My husband whipped me with a patterned one,

Double folded belt.

For you in the casement window

I sit with the fire all night.

This paragraph clarifies the idea of the essence of a lyrical work by explaining the structure of the lyrical content, in particular the meaning of the motive as a source of lyrical experience; the main provisions are confirmed by the analysis of individual poems by different poets, in particular N.A. Nekrasova.

Consideration of a lyrical work, as well as an epic one, implies an analytical approach and a conditional selection of content and form. The state of mind recreated in lyrics is always generated, provoked or conditioned by something. In other words, emotional reflection or mood has some reason or source, indicated in the work itself or hidden in the consciousness of the poet. After reading the poem by A.S. Pushkin’s “Flower?”, one can imagine the mechanism of the emergence of lyrical experience. Let us recall its first lines:

The flower is dried up, scentless,

I see forgotten in the book;

And now with a strange dream

My soul was filled:

Where did it bloom? When? What spring?

And how long did it bloom? And torn by someone

A stranger, or a familiar hand?

And why was it put here?

The source of thoughts and experiences can be facts from the biography of the poet himself or other people (farewell to the sea in A.S. Pushkin’s poem “The Sea”, Gogol’s death in N.A. Nekrasov’s poem “On the Death of Gogol”), meetings (“I met you "F.I. Tyutchev), memories of people, of one’s relationships with them (“In the depths of the Siberian ores” or “October 19” by A.S. Pushkin), etc. All these facts and thoughts are usually called lyrical themes, or.

All of them, as a rule, are spoken briefly; sometimes they are only named or implied, accompanied by emotional statements.

As for the essence of themes and motives, they include a variety of thoughts and aspects of the lives of people, nature, and society as a whole. For example, historical events (“Borodino” by M.Yu. Lermontov), the state of the country (“Motherland” by M.Yu. Lermontov, “Russia” by A.A. Blok, “Love, Hope, Quiet Glory” by A.S. Pushkin) , the fate of poetry (“Prophet” by A.S. Pushkin, “Prophet” by M.Yu. Lermontov, “Poet and Citizen” by N.A. Nekrasov, “Muse” by A.A. Akhmatova), lost or true love (“I loved you,” “I remember a wonderful moment” by A. S. Pushkin, “I’m sad because I love you” by M. Y. Lermontov, “On valor, on exploits, on glory” by A. A. Blok), friendship (“My first friend, my priceless friend”, “In the depths of Siberian ores” by A.S. Pushkin, “In memory of A.I. Odoevsky” by M.Yu. Lermontov), life of nature (“Autumn” by A.S. Pushkin, “Autumn” by S.A. Yesenin), etc.

But themes and motives always give rise to one or another emotional state or reflection. Thanks to this, the lyrical content is a fusion of motives with the emotional thought, reflection, and mood generated by them.

Of course, motives can intertwine and cause complex, ambiguous thoughts and moods. So, in the above-mentioned poem by M.Yu. Lermontov’s “On the Death of a Poet” we capture both the pain and suffering caused by the death of the poet, and outright hatred for the killer who did not see a national genius in Pushkin, and admiration for the talent of the great poet, and anger at the reaction to this death of the conservative part of society. Let's give another example - a poem by S.A. Yesenin “Letter to Mother”; where the poet remembers his mother, imagines her appearance (“Why do you often go on the road // In an old-fashioned dilapidated shushun”), understands the reason for her sadness, anxiety, concern, inspires a feeling of calm, reminds of his tenderness and love for her (“I still as gentle"), talks about his desire to return to his home, but realizes that this is only a dream, that he himself has become different - changed, lost faith, lonely and hoping only for “help and joy” of his mother’s love. Naturally, when reading a poem, an emotional state of bitterness, melancholy, disappointment arises, combined with warmth, tenderness, and a feeling of inner care for a loved one.

Let's try to imagine the originality of the lyrical hero and his characteristic motives and moods using the material of N.A.’s work. Nekrasova.

The peculiarity of N.A.’s poetry Nekrasova is her utmost depiction. People and pictures that become the subject of lyrical experiences appear before the reader very visibly, clearly, almost like in epic works. Therefore, when analyzing Nekrasov’s poetry, the question often arises: what is more important and significant - the reproduction of various pictures and situations, similar to those given in “Reflections at the Main Entrance” and “The Railway,” or the experiences of the lyrical hero? Both the facts described here and the emotional reaction to them are significant. However, it is no coincidence that N.A. Nekrasov calls the poem not “At the Main Entrance,” but “Reflections at the Main Entrance,” thereby directing the reader’s attention to the lyrical type of content.

What worries the lyrical hero N.A. Nekrasova? Firstly, the life of the author himself, his personal suffering and thoughts about a difficult childhood, the death of his mother (“Motherland”), a difficult poetic fate (“My poems, living witnesses”), loneliness in his declining years (“I will soon die”). , self-doubt (“Knight for an Hour”).

But in most other works, the poet’s lyrical hero is preoccupied with thoughts not about himself, but about the people around him. At the same time, he pays his main attention to the poor, disadvantaged, and unhappy of his contemporaries, whose lot becomes the subject of his constant thoughts. Among them are powerless men, railroad builders, a poor mother who has nothing to bury her child (“I’m Driving Down a Dark Street at Night”); a village grandfather who is destined for a bleak fate (“Troika”), a sick peasant who is unable to harvest his field (“Uncompressed Strip”).

Concern for the humiliated and sympathy for them turned his gaze to those of his contemporaries whom he called people's intercessors and who devoted their lives to caring for the good of the people. This is how poems arise in which N.A. Nekrasov recalls the fate of Belinsky, admiring his merits (“A naive and passionate soul, // In whom beautiful thoughts were boiling”) and suffering from the oblivion of his memory; expresses his respect to Chernyshevsky, who, in his words, “sees the impossibility of serving good without sacrificing oneself.” He also dedicates deeply tender lines to Dobrolyubov (“Mother Nature, if only you sometimes didn’t send such people to the world, // The field of life would die out”). The poet considered it possible to include himself among the people’s intercessors: “I dedicated the lyre to my people. // Perhaps I will die unknown to him. // But I served him and my heart is calm.”

N.A. did not go unnoticed. Nekrasov and the theme of poetry (“The Poet and the Citizen”, “Yesterday at Six o’clock” and others). Recreating the image of the Muse, he compares her with a peasant woman who was tortured by the executioners: “And I said to the Muse: look! // Your dear sister.”

Reflecting on the motives of N.A.’s poetry Nekrasov, it should be said that, along with civil lyrics, he also has poems dedicated to friends, women whom he met and loved (“You and I are stupid people,” “I don’t like your irony”).

The moods shared by the lyrical hero are rarely joyful and optimistic; his lyrics are full of bitterness and sadness. It is precisely this mood that is evoked by thoughts about a hungry family, about an uncleaned field, about unhappy men, about workers tortured on the railway, about fellow intellectuals who died from illnesses, like Belinsky and Dobrolyubov, or were torn away from normal life, like Chernyshevsky and Shevchenko.

At the same time, it was Nekrasov who tried to find a reason to instill joy and hope in his contemporaries. Most often this was when his thoughts turned to children - smart, talented, thirsty for knowledge (“Schoolboy”, “Peasant Children”), or to those who devoted their energies to art - Gogol, Turgenev, Shevchenko and others.

To the question Give an example of lyrical works of Russian literature. given by the author Kirill Panyukov the best answer is A lyrical work is a work related to lyric poetry.
Lyrics are one of the three types of fiction (epic, lyric, drama), a type of poetic creativity that expresses feelings and experiences about an event or fact.
The lyrics reflect the author's own self.
V. A. Zhukovsky. Poems: "Svetlana"; "Sea"; "Evening"; "Unspeakable"
A. S. Pushkin. Poems: "Village", "Demons", "Winter Evening", "Pushchina" ("My first friend, my priceless friend...", "Winter Road", "To Chaadaev", "In the depths of the Siberian ores...", "Anchar ", "On the hills of Georgia", "I loved you...", "To ***" ("I remember a wonderful moment..."), "Madona", "Echo", "Prophet", "To the Poet", "To the Sea ", "From Pindemonti" etc.
N. A. Nekrasov. Poems: “I don’t like your irony...”, “Knight for an Hour”, “I will soon die...”, “Prophet”, “Poet and Citizen”, “Troika”, “Elegy”
F. I. Tyutchev. Poems: “Autumn Evening”, “Silentium”, “Not what you think, nature...”, “The earth still looks sad...”, “How good you are, O night sea...”, “I met you...”, “ Whatever life teaches us...", "Fountain", "These poor villages...", "Human tears, oh human tears...", "You can't understand Russia with your mind...", "I remember the golden time...", "What are you talking about Howling, the night wind? ", "The gray shadows have shifted...", "How sweetly the dark green garden slumbers..." and others
A. A. Fet. Poems: “I came to you with greetings...”, “It’s still a May night...”, “Whisper, timid breathing...”, “This morning, this joy...”, “Sevastopol rural cemetery”, “A wavy cloud...”, “Study they have - at the oak, at the birch... ", "To the poets", "Autumn", "What a night, how clean the air is...", "Village", "Swallows", "On the railway", "Fantasy", "The night was shining The garden was full of the moon... "etc.
I. A. Bunin. Poems: "The Last Bumblebee", "Evening", "Childhood", "It's Still Cold and Cheese...", "And Flowers, and Bumblebees, and Grass...", "The Word", "The Knight at the Crossroads", "The Bird Has a Nest … ", "Twilight"
A. A. Blok. Poems: “I enter dark temples...”, “Stranger”, “Solveig”, “You are like the echo of a forgotten hymn...”, “The earthly heart grows cold again...”, “Oh, spring without end and without end...”, “ About valor, about exploits, about glory... ", "On the Railway", the cycles "On the Kulikovo Field" and "Carmen", "Rus", "Motherland", "Russia", etc.
A. A. Akhmatova. Poems: “Song of the last meeting”, “You know, I’m languishing in captivity...”, “Before spring there are days like this...”, “Tear-stained autumn, like a widow...”, “I learned to live simply, wisely...”, “Native land "; “I have no need for Odic armies…”, “I am not with those who abandoned the earth...”, etc.
S. A. Yesenin. Poems: “Go you, my dear Rus'...”, “Don’t wander, don’t crush in the crimson bushes...”, “I don’t regret, I don’t call, I don’t cry...”, “Now we are leaving little by little...”, “Letter to mother,” “ The golden grove dissuaded me... ", "I left my home... ", "Kachalov's dog", "Soviet Rus'", "The hewn horns began to sing...", "Uncomfortable liquid moonlight...", "The feather grass is sleeping. The dear plain...", "Goodbye , my friend, goodbye..." and others.
V. V. Mayakovsky. Poems: “Could you?”, “Listen!”, “Here!”, “To you!”, “Violin and a little nervously”, etc.
Source: What is a lyric work link

Answer from 2 answers[guru]

Hello! Here is a selection of topics with answers to your question: Give an example of lyrical works of Russian literature.

Fundamentals of literary criticism. Analysis of a work of art [textbook] Esalnek Asiya Yanovna

Lyrical work

Lyrical works differ from epic and dramatic works in volume and structural appearance. The main person we meet in lyrical works is called lyrical hero. The lyrical hero also has character, but his character is revealed not in actions and deeds, as in an epic work, but in thoughts and emotions. The main purpose and originality of the lyrics is that it conveys to us thoughts, feelings, emotions, moods, thoughts, experiences, in a word, the internal, subjective state of the individual, which, using a generalized concept, is often called lyrical experience.

The internal, subjective state of the lyrical hero can manifest itself in different ways. In some cases (let's call this the first type of lyrics) The reader immediately experiences a stream of emotions or reflections of the lyrical hero, which is close to the author or adequate to him, as in the poems “Duma” or “Both Boring and Sad” by M.Yu. Lermontov, “Love, hope of quiet glory” or “I erected a monument to myself not made by hands” by A.S. Pushkin, “I had a voice” or “I was not with those who abandoned the earth” by A.A. Akhmatova. In the poems listed there are no visible or imaginary pictures, there are almost no messages about the facts of personal or public life. The lyrical hero of “Duma” shares his emotionally charged reflections, which replace each other, obeying the logic of thought. He is concerned about the mental and moral character of his generation, and clearly the best part of it, to which, apparently, the poet counts himself:

We are rich, barely out of the cradle.

The mistakes of our fathers and their late minds...

We have dried up the mind with fruitless science,

I feel envious from my neighbors and friends

Passions ridiculed by disbelief.

A poem by A.A. belongs to this type of lyricism. Akhmatova “Prayer”:

Give me the bitter years of illness,

Choking, insomnia, fever,

Take away both the child and the friend,

And the mysterious gift of song -

So I pray at your liturgy

After so many tedious days.

So that a cloud over dark Russia

Became a cloud in the glory of the rays.

The commonality of this with Lermontov’s previous poem is that here the statement of the lyrical hero is a monologue, a description of a mental state, and not external facts or events.

Let's remember the poems second type, such as “Village”, “Liberty”, “Prophet”, “Autumn” AS. Pushkin, “Sail”, “To the Death of a Poet”, “Dagger” by M.Yu. Lermontov, “About valor, about exploits, about glory” by A.A. Blok, “Letter to Mother” by S.A. Yesenina and many others. Each of them contains some facts, events, descriptions of nature. Let us first pay attention to “Sail” by M.Yu. Lermontov, in which the first two lines of each stanza reproduce some kind of picture (“The sail is turning white...”, “The waves are playing - the wind is whistling...”, “Below it is a stream of lighter azure...”), and the second two convey the state of mind (“What is looking for is he in a distant country?", "Alas! He is not looking for happiness...", "And he, rebellious, asks for a storm..."). Here the visual and the lyrical principles are rhythmically combined. In other cases, the relationship between these principles is more complex.

Third type lyrical works, which includes “Borodino” by M.Yu. Lermontov, “Anchar” A.S. Pushkin, “Reflections at the Main Entrance” by N.A. Nekrasov, “To Comrade Netta, the Ship and the Man” by V.V. Mayakovsky arises when a more or less complete picture is recreated in a poem. However, here, too, the main emotional charge is carried not by the facts themselves, but by the thoughts and moods they give rise to, and therefore it is hardly worth seeing in the soldiers having a conversation before the Borodino battle, in the slave sent for poison, in the men standing at the entrance of a St. Petersburg house nobles, in Theodore Nett, whose name the steamship is named, characters and try to comprehend their characters as such. Therefore, we must keep in mind that the lyrical hero should be considered not the person who is being spoken about, but the one who seems to be speaking, thinking (remembering). Let's take another example - a poem by N.A. Nekrasov “In Memory of Dobrolyubov”, which recreates the image of an ascetic, patriot, devoted to his work, a pure and honest worker - Dobrolyubov and expresses the attitude of the poet himself towards him. The lyrical hero here is not Dobrolyubov Nekrasov, who, through admiration for the life of his friend and comrade-in-arms, managed to convey the attitude and mindset of the democratic intelligentsia of his time.

Close to the third type of lyrics landscape lyrics, in which pictures of nature predominate, but the emotional state of the individual is conveyed. Let's take an example from the lyrics of A.A. Feta, indicative from the point of view of interest to us, and let’s read into it:

This morning, this joy,

This power of both day and light,

This blue vault

This cry and strings,

These flocks, these birds,

This talk of the waters

These willows and birches,

These drops, these tears,

This fluff is not a leaf,

These mountains, these valleys,

These midges, these bees.

This noise and whistle,

These dawns without eclipse,

This sigh of the night village,

This night without sleep

This darkness and heat of the bed,

This fraction and these trills,

It's all spring!

And here is an example from the work of A. A. Akhmatova - the poem “About Poems”:

While we are burning with freedom,

While hearts are alive for honor,

My friend, let's dedicate it to the fatherland

Souls have wonderful impulses.

However, a lyrical work can convey the mood of a completely different personality, as, for example, in the quatrains of A.A. Akhmatova:

Came up. I didn't show my excitement

Looking indifferently out the window

She sat down like a porcelain idol,

In the pose she had chosen long ago.

As already said, the concept of “lyrical hero” is used to designate the person who owns the thoughts and experiences in a lyrical work.

Let's give another example from a poem by A.A. Akhmatova’s “My husband whipped me patterned”, proving that the lyrical hero and the author are not necessarily identical.

My husband whipped me with a patterned one,

Double folded belt.

For you in the casement window

I sit with the fire all night.

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