Same or similar function and structure; in more in a broad sense- a set of similar or dissimilar organs that jointly participate in the performance of one common function and form a single, systematically constructed whole (“apparatus of organs”). In the Russian biological school, it is customary to distinguish between the concepts of “organ apparatus” and “organ system,” however, terminological substitution is often noted not only in medicine and physiology, but also in morphology.
The definition of an organ system in the narrow sense includes, for example, the dental system of a mammal, the muscular or excretory system of an annelid, consisting of homogeneous organs. The apparatus is, for example, the human digestive apparatus, which includes such diverse organs as teeth, tongue, stomach, pancreas, etc. In addition, some systems (nervous, immune, etc.) occupy intermediate position in its structure between the system and the apparatus.
In the course of evolution, most animals have developed organ systems (apparatuses) that provide vital processes: digestion, respiration, blood supply, excretion, reproduction. The nervous and endocrine systems regulate the intensity of activity of organ systems, their coordinated work, the vital activity of the entire organism, and ensure the connection of the body with its environment.
Organ systems of various types of the animal kingdom
The number of organ systems (apparatuses) may vary in different groups of animals. Thus, in sponges, probably only three apparatuses can be distinguished - ciliated-water-propulsion, integumentary and skeletal. Moreover, most sources indicate the absence of organs in sponges. Coelenterates have a nervous, integumentary and digestive system (apparatus), a muscular system, and a reproductive system. The nerve cells of coelenterates also perform an endocrine function, but they do not have separate organs of the endocrine system. Flatworms have the same apparatus, to which is added an excretory system. The typical system in the narrow sense is the coelomic system of most animals, which is not traditionally considered as a separate organ system.
An organ system is a collection of interconnected organs united into one whole and performing some vital function.
Organ systems
There are 8 main animal organ systems:
- digestive;
- respiratory;
- circulatory;
- musculoskeletal;
- excretory;
- nervous;
- sexual;
- endocrine.
Each organ system develops and becomes more complex from the lowest animals to the most developed classes of birds and mammals.
The functions of organs in the system are different. Thus, the heart ensures the movement of blood, and the vessels provide blood delivery to all tissues of the body. Moreover, veins and arteries perform only a transport function, and capillaries perform an exchange function.
The table “Animal Organ Systems” provides data on the organ systems of terrestrial vertebrates.
|
Organ system |
Compound |
Function |
|
digestive |
Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas |
Nutrient Absorption |
|
respiratory |
Lungs and air passages |
Gas exchange with the external environment |
|
circulatory |
Heart and blood vessels |
Nutrition and gas exchange in tissues |
|
Brain and spinal cord, nerves |
Management of the work of all organ systems |
|
|
musculoskeletal |
Skeleton and muscles attached to it |
Protection internal organs and body movement in space |
|
excretory |
Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urinary canal |
Removing excess water and unnecessary substances from the body |
Rice. 1. Internal structure mammals.
The endocrine system consists of endocrine glands. They release special substances (hormones) into the blood that regulate the functioning of organs and the behavior of the animal.
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The reproductive system includes the testes and ovaries, as well as the copulation organs. Mammals have a uterus for intrauterine gestation.
Development of organ systems
Full development of organ systems is achieved in terrestrial vertebrates. Invertebrates may lack some organs and entire organ systems.
Rice. 2. Internal structure of arthropods.
For example, flatworms do not have a hindgut or anus. They also lack the circulatory and respiratory systems.
Similar bodies
Instead of lungs, fish have gills, an organ for breathing oxygen dissolved in water.
Insects receive air through special tubes - tracheas.
Tracheas, gills and lungs are similar organs; they have different structures, but one function - supplying the body with oxygen.
The skeleton can be not only internal and osseous. Arthropods have a chitinous external skeleton, and some coelenterates have a calcareous one.
The heart of vertebrates is structured similarly, but the number of heart chambers increases: from 2 in fish to 4 in birds and mammals.
A living organism is the whole system interconnected organs and tissues. Thanks to their coordinated work, the animal can function normally. And it doesn’t matter what stage of development the organism is at. The only difference is that representatives of the fauna can be on different stages evolution, which means that animal organs and organ systems also differ in terms of structure and function. The principle of phylogeny is based on this.
The structure of animal organs
Most organs have general scheme structures: connective tissue membrane, muscle layer and inner layer. Depending on the work and functions, these layers may be well developed, absent, or supplemented by other areas.
Not all animals have tissues that form organs. For example, coelenterates and sponges remained for tissue level organizations.
Biology. Animal organ systems
Initially, the body of organisms consisted of differentiated cells. In the process of evolution, animal organs and organ systems were formed. They differ in functions, but their work is aimed at only one thing - maintaining the constancy of the internal environment of the body and normal life activity.
The following organ systems are distinguished:
1. Blood.
2. Digestive.
3. Musculoskeletal.
4. Excretory.
5. Respiratory.
6. Endocrine.
7. Nervous.
8. Sexual.
9. System of sensory organs.
Animal circulatory system
Annelid worms, and they have a closed type. The two main vessels are dorsal and abdominal. They are connected in the front part of the worm's body by powerful channels, which are trivially called “hearts,” but these are not separate organs, but ordinary vessels, the walls of which contain a thick layer of muscle tissue.
All mollusks, including mollusks, have an open-type circulatory system;
Cephalochordates have a closed system, but do not yet have a heart;
Starting with cyclostomes (hagfish, lamprey), a two-chambered heart appears;
Amphibians and reptiles have mixed blood;
Birds and mammals have a 4-chambered heart, which allows them to support constant temperature bodies (homeothermic organisms).
Digestive system
Digestive system first described in flatworms (in the form of closed channels). There is no anal opening. Subsequently, the internal organs of animals evolved as follows:
A through intestinal tube appears: the hind intestine and the anus (the flat ones had only two sections of the intestine);
In annelids, calcium salivary glands are formed, the task of which is the decomposition of detritus;
In arthropods, the foregut and midgut are lined with chitinous integuments;
The lancelet has a liver outgrowth;
In cartilaginous fish there is a spiral valve in the small intestine, its function is to increase the absorption surface;
Musculoskeletal system
The musculoskeletal system consists of two systems: skeleton and muscles. The skeleton plays the role of support, and the muscles are responsible for movement in space. The evolution of the latter went towards greater differentiation and reduction of the metameric arrangement.
Excretory system
What other animal organs exist? Organ systems also include the excretory system, which is responsible for removing metabolic products, toxins and poisons from the body.
In flatworms, the excretory system is represented by protonephridia.
In annelids this is already metanephridia.
In arthropods, green glands and Malpighian vessels appear.
Mollusks have a kidney.
All subsequent types (up to fish) have head buds.
Fish and amphibians have trunk kidneys.
In everyone, from reptiles to mammals, these functions are performed by the pelvic kidneys.
Respiratory system
Performs the function of assimilating oxygen from the environment. First appears in arthropods.
In crustaceans it is represented by gills.
Insects have tracheas.
In mollusks - a lung formed by the mantle cavity.
In all animals, up to and including fish, the respiratory organs are gills.
Frogs have sac-like lungs.
In reptiles they are cellular.
In birds they are spongy.
In mammals - alveolar lungs.
Nervous system
The nervous system connects other organ systems into a single organism, sending signals and regulating the functioning of each area.
Appears in coelenterates.
Flatworms have an orthogonal, or scalene-type, nervous system.
Roundworms have a peripharyngeal nerve ring and nerve trunks.
Annelids have a peripharyngeal nerve ring and a ventral nerve cord.
In arthropods, the cephalic ganglion appears and the ventral nerve cord remains.
Mollusks have a nodular nervous system.
In cephalochordates, an expansion of the neural tube appears at the anterior end of the body.
In fish, all parts of the brain are distinguished.
In mammals, convolutions of the brain appear.
Reproductive system
The male reproductive system consists of the testes and the vas deferens. The sperm are then released through the female or into the genitals.
Conclusion
We looked at what animal organs there are. Organ systems play important role in maintaining the normal life of absolutely any individual, be it worms or humans. If each of the systems works correctly, the body's homeostasis is maintained.
Children in biology lessons study the structure of living organisms. Visual material allows you to better remember what animal organs look like. Tables different systems can be found in almost any biology classroom.
47) Define
Answer: An organ system is interconnected organs united by common work.
48) Fill out the table “Animal organ systems”
49) Look at the drawing. Label the parts of the earthworm's digestive system indicated by numbers.
1 - pharynx
2 - esophagus
4 - stomach
5 - intestines
50) Look at the pictures. Write the names of the organs indicated by numbers. What animals breathe using these organs?
Answer: 1 - light. Animals: land animals and aquatic mammals.
2 - trachea. Animals: insects. 3 - gills. Animals: fish
51) What is the significance of highlighting? Write which organs in animals perform the excretory function.
Answer: Cleansing the body from harmful substances(products of exchange). In animals, this function is performed primarily by the kidneys, ureters and bladder.
52) Look at the pictures. Write the names of the types of nervous systems indicated by numbers. What animals have them?
Answer: 1 - reticular nervous system. Hydra, jellyfish, sea anemone.
2 - nodal nervous system. In worms, smallmouths, arthropods.
53) What are hormones and where are they formed?
Answer: Hormones are chemical substances regulating the work of bodies. Hormones are produced in the glands.
54) What organ system do the ovaries and testes belong to? What functions do they perform?
Answer: Reproductive organ system. They form sex cells.
* Training tasks
Level A assignments
Choose one correct answer from the four proposed
A1) Nuclei have no cells
1) plants
2) animals
4) bacteria
A 2) Chloroplasts are characteristic of
1) invertebrate animals
2) bacteria
4) plants
A3) Nucleic acids participate in
1) oxygen transfer
2) protecting the body from infections
3) movement
4) storage and transmission of hereditary information
A 4) Protein synthesis occurs in
1) ribosomes
2) lysosomes
3) mitochondria
4) chromosomes
A5) Cell cytoplasm
1) communicates between parts of the cell
2) promotes the connection of cells with each other
3) performs protective function
4) ensures the flow of substances into the cell
A6) As a result of mitosis,
1) 1 cell
2) 2 cells
3) 3 cells
4) 4 cells
A7) As a result of meiosis, they are formed
1) four cells with a single set of chromosomes
2) two cells with a triple set of chromosomes
3) two cells with a double set of chromosomes
4) four cells with a double set of chromosomes
A8) The tissue that ensures the movement of water, minerals and organic substances throughout the plant is called
1) mechanical
2) cover
3) educational
4) conductive
Level B assignments
Match the contents of the first and second columns
IN 1) Match organisms with their tissue types
FABRIC TYPES
A) epithelial
B) muscular
B) mechanical
D) nervous
D) conductive
E) connecting
ORGANISMS
1) animals
2) plants
* Install correct sequence biological processes, phenomena, practical actions
AT 3) Establish a sequence of levels of organization of living matter, starting with the lowest
B) cell
B) organ system
D) organism
Tissues in an animal's body form organs. An organ is a part of the body that has a special structure and functions. The organ does not act in isolation, but together with others. The body has organ systems that ensure the passage of the most important life processes. Animals have musculoskeletal, digestive, respiratory, circulatory, excretory, nervous, endocrine, and reproductive organ systems.
Musculoskeletal system consists of skeleton and muscles. In animals with hard exoskeleton(for example, in arthropods) or internal (in chordates), muscles are attached to parts of the skeleton. In animals that do not have a hard skeleton, muscles together with the integument form a skin-muscular sac (for example, in annelids). The musculoskeletal system performs supporting, motor and protective functions. The protective role of the shell is especially great in arthropods, and the thorax and skull in vertebrates.
Digestive system- a group of sequentially located organs that provide grinding, mixing, wetting, digestion of food, absorption of nutrients and removal of undigested residues. The digestive system has a tubular structure. It consists of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and digestive glands. Digestive glands produce biologically active substances that ensure the digestion of food. Moreover, each biologically active substance acts only on a specific food substance, causing its breakdown. Biologically active substances act at certain temperatures and acidity. Nutrients obtained as a result of food digestion are absorbed by the intestinal epithelium.
Respiratory system carries out gas exchange: it supplies the animal body with oxygen necessary for the oxidation of substances and release of energy, and removes carbon dioxide. Thus, it participates in metabolism.
In different animals, the respiratory system is represented by different organs. Thus, animals that live in water (for example, mollusks, crustaceans, fish) breathe using gills. The skin plays an important role in obtaining oxygen by aquatic animals (for example, in amphibians). Land animals (reptiles, birds, animals) breathe with the help of lungs, and insects with the help of trachea.
Excretory system ensures the removal of excess water and harmful metabolic products from the body. It is represented by excretory tubes (for example, in worms, arachnoids), malpighian vessels (in insects, arachnids), and kidneys (in vertebrates).
Circulatory system consists of blood vessels and the heart. The heart is an organ that acts as a pump and ensures the movement of blood through the vessels - blood circulation. The vessels that carry blood from the heart are called arteries, and the vessels that carry blood to the heart are called veins. The smallest blood vessels (both veins and arteries) are called capillaries. Blood participates in gas exchange: oxygenated blood is arterial, and saturated carbon dioxide- venous.
In annelids and chordates, blood moves only through the vessels and does not enter the body cavity. Such a circulatory system is called closed. In arthropods and mollusks, blood from the vessels enters the body cavity. Such a circulatory system is called open.
Blood also performs a protective function. The blood clot closes the wound from the penetration of microbes, leukocytes destroy pathogens that have entered the body.
Nervous system provides a connection between the body and environment, coordinated work of organs, their systems and the whole organism. Thanks to the nervous system, animals perceive stimuli from external environment and from internal organs and react to them. The body's response to irritation, carried out with the participation nervous system, is called a reflex.
Some reflexes are innate (unconditioned), others arise throughout life under the influence of repeated stimuli (conditions). Such reflexes are called acquired (conditioned). A certain constant sequence of several innate (unconditioned) reflexes is called instinct (for example, weaving a web by a spider, building a honeycomb by bees, nest-building and migration in birds).
External (sound, light, color, smell, change in environmental temperature) and internal stimuli are perceived by special sensitive nerve cells. These cells transmit excitation to other nerve cells, which send a signal to the central part of the nervous system. Here the received information is processed. A response to irritation is formed, which is sent along a chain of neurons to one or another organ.
The nervous system is divided into central and peripheral parts in most animals. In chordates, the central nervous system is represented by the brain (Fig. 20) and spinal cord. In the central section, excitations are analyzed and synthesized, conditioned reflexes are formed, memorization occurs, etc. The peripheral nervous system consists of nerve ganglia (clusters of nerve cells) located outside the central nervous system, and nerves extending from the central nervous system (long processes of neurons, covered with a shell), perceiving irritation and transmitting excitation.
Rice. 20. The head section of the central nervous system of various chordates (a noticeable increase in volume and complication of the structure of the sections): 1 - lancelet; 2 - cod; 3 - frogs; 4 - crocodile: 5 - goose; 6 - horses
The nervous system happens different types. For example, neurons in coelenterates form a nerve plexus; annelids have a ventral nerve cord.
Most animals have developed sense organs. They consist of sensitive nerve cells that respond to certain stimuli, and various devices, which help to catch these irritations. The sense organs include the organs of vision, hearing, smell, balance, taste, and touch.
Endocrine system It is represented by glands that secrete active substances into the blood or into the fluid that fills the body cavity. Active substances regulate the level of metabolism, affect the activity of individual organs and the body as a whole. In insects, for example, they cause molting and phase changes individual development(egg >> larva >> pupa >> adult animal), in amphibians - the transformation of a tadpole into a frog.
Glands that secrete active substances outside or into the cavities of internal organs do not belong to the endocrine system (for example, sebaceous and sweat glands, liver).
Reproductive system ensures the reproduction of organisms. It consists of sex glands (gonads), which produce sex cells (gametes), and excretory ducts.
The female gonads are the ovaries. They produce eggs and female reproductive cells. Male gonads - testes. Spermatozoa are formed in them. Additional genital organs are glands that form the shells of the egg in which a new organism develops, as well as formations that ensure fertilization (the union of the sperm with the egg) and the laying of eggs.
Animal body plan. Multicellular animals are characterized by a certain symmetry of the body. It lies in the fact that the body of animals can be divided into parts that are mirror images of each other. For example, coelenterates have radial (or radial) symmetry. Such symmetry is developed in animals that lead a sedentary lifestyle or swim slowly in the water column. Several imaginary axes of symmetry can be drawn through their body, which distinguishes them from bilaterally symmetrical animals.
In most animals that actively move, there are anterior and posterior ends of the body, dorsal and abdominal sides. Their body can be divided by an imaginary plane into two mirror-symmetrical polyonyms - left and right. Animals with this type of symmetry are called bilaterally symmetrical. These include, for example, worms, insects, and all chordates. Bilateral symmetry arises in connection with the design of the head of the body. At the same time, organs that perform similar functions appear - organs of vision, hearing, paired kidneys, limbs, lungs.
Sometimes deviations from symmetry occur due to the adaptation of individuals of a particular species to a certain way of life. For example, in the bottom-dwelling fish flounder, both eyes are located on one (upper) side of the body. Such obvious asymmetry (violation of symmetry) is rather an exception to the rule. However, the exact correspondence between the left and right sides of the body is also extremely a rare event. In living nature, small deviations from ideal symmetry are the norm. This is easy to check by at least taking a closer look at your face and the faces of the people around you.
In multicellular animals, organ systems are formed that provide vital processes: digestion, respiration, blood supply, excretion, reproduction. The nervous and endocrine systems regulate the activity of organs, organ systems, their coordinated work, the vital activity of the entire organism, and ensure the connection of the organism with its environment.
Exercises based on the material covered
- List the main organ systems of animals.
- Name the main organs of the digestive, circulatory and other systems. What is the relationship between structure and function?
- How is the coordinated work of organs and the activity of the whole organism regulated?
- What types of body symmetry exist in animals? How are they related to the way of life of animals? Give examples.