Today, I will tell you about such a concept as “Minor members in a sentence.” I'll start with the minor members called "Supplement".
Addition in Russian
The addition is a minor member of the sentence, answering questions of indirect cases, as well as denoting the object to which this or that action is directed or connected. Sometimes denotes the action or state of an object.
Additions that denote the object of action are used with verbs or from nouns formed by them.
Complements that name an object are used with adjectives or with nouns formed from them.
Direct objects are objects that depend on a transitive verb and are used in the meaning of a noun or pronoun (and any other parts of speech that are expressed by a noun) in the accusative case without a preposition.
For example:
Build (what?) a building
Fix (what?) computer
Kiss (who?) mom
The direct object can also be formed using the genitive case in two cases:
1.When there is a negative particle “not” before a transitive verb
A.Eat soup do not eat soup
B. To earn money is not to earn money
2. Or when the action does not pass to the entire object, but only to part of it
For example
A. Buy bread buy bread
B.Drink milk drink milk
B. Add rice add rice
A direct object denotes an object to which an action is directed, which can create, appear or disappear during the action.
Circumstance in Russian: 7 types
A circumstance is a minor member of a sentence that denotes how and under what circumstances an action occurs.
There are 7 types of circumstances:
1. Time circumstance (indicates the time and date of the action)
A.Work from morning to evening
B.Leave late
2. Circumstance of place (indicates the place or direction of what is happening)
A.Move left
B.Live in the forest
3. Circumstance of measure and degree (indicates the weight, measure and degree of what is happening)
A. Shoot twice
B. Three hundred thirty-two kilograms
3. Circumstance of the manner of action (indicates the manner of performing the action)
A. Answer clearly
B. Live in peace
4. Circumstance of reason (indicates the reason for the action)
A. Not coming due to illness
B. Oversleep because of a movie
5. Circumstance of the goal (indicates the goal)
A. Go on vacation
B. Come to study
6. Circumstance of condition (indicates the condition of the action)
A.Can't come due to snowfall
B. Don't swim because of the cold
7. Circumstance of assignment (indicates the condition contrary to which the action is performed)
A. Ride against your will
V. Despite there is nothing to run first
Definition: agreed and inconsistent
A definition is a minor member of a sentence that denotes a sign, quality or property of an object and answers the questions: what? whose?
There are 2 types of definitions, consistent and inconsistent:
1. Agreed definitions - consistent with the word being defined in number, case, singular - and gender; expressed by an adjective, pronoun-adjective, participle, ordinal number.
It all depends on the question. If you can set NOT case question(for example, not “from what?”, but “how?”) - it means a circumstance.
“On the trees” - strictly speaking, the definition, yes: “what kind of leaves? - (which) are on the trees.”
The circumstance indicates the image, method or time of action, that is circumstances, under which it occurs. An addition denotes an object or means of action. An adverb is expressed by an adverb or parts of speech close in meaning to it. The object is most often expressed by a noun or pronoun. Questions of indirect cases can be raised with the object. Questions addressed to circumstances depend on the way the adverbial meaning is expressed. (From the reference book)
In the phrases “from the river” and “in the trees,” their nouns are the objects of the prepositions “from” and “on.” Nouns governed by prepositions are the objects of those prepositions.
The verb “to fly into” is perfect; in meaning it can be with an object (to fly into...) and without an object (A lot of dust flew in from the street. A hurricane hit). For this reason, “from the river” is not the object of the verb “to fly.” This verb does not require it in its meaning.
Is “from the river” the object of the noun “wind”? No. Wind is not a verbal noun. Verbal nouns sometimes have/require an object: surrendered the city -> surrendered the city.
So the phrase “from the river” is a circumstance that does not compensate for any semantic insufficiency of any other words. Neither the word “wind” nor the word “flew” require this phrase in meaning. It simply expresses the spatial, temporal or thematic frame of the event designated in the sentence “the wind blew”, its cause, condition, purpose, etc.
What "in the trees" is - a definition, a circumstance or an addition - depends on the semantic load, IMHO.
If the speaker of this phrase can move (The leaves on the trees have turned yellow. The leaves have turned yellow on the trees.), while maintaining the meaning of what was said, then this is a circumstance. This means that the leaves turned yellow while they were still on the branch, and not after they flew off.
If “leaves on the trees” is the semantic equivalent of the phrase “the leaves of the trees have turned yellow,” then “on the trees” is the definition of the noun “leaves,” just as “trees” is the definition of the noun “leaves” in the phrase “leaves of the trees.”
“On the trees” and “trees” is a definition, because even without it the word “leaves” has a full dictionary meaning. We are just clarifying which leaves we're talking about- leaves of trees, bushes, grass, etc. “Leaves” does not need an addition, because it is not a verbal noun.
Of course, if it’s for a child, then the article in the link is too laconic and “technical”. Main question The question you are asking is how to distinguish an adverbial from an object.
If the child has already learned to distinguish the subject and predicate, then the explanation is as follows:
The addition is necessary to understand the verb (predicate); without it, the meaning of the verb is incomprehensible. The object completes the verb. It is part of its meaning.
The kite flew into the chicken. “on a chicken” completes the meaning of the verb to fly. It is the object of the verb/predicate swooped down. "The car hit a bollard." It is impossible to say “The kite swooped down.” "The car hit." Need an addition.
If children are already learning prepositions, then an addition is needed to complete the meaning of the prepositional phrase: from [river], on [tree]. Nobody says, “The wind blew up,” “The leaves turned yellow,” “The car hit,” “The kite hit.”
So, an addition completes one word, one part of a sentence. And this word controls the complement.
The circumstance only explains the whole sentence, the subject together with the predicate. The circumstance can be removed or placed anywhere in a sentence - at the beginning, middle, end. Doesn't matter. This will not spoil the sentence, the meaning of the event will remain clear: the wind blew, the leaves turned yellow.
The complement completes one word and is required. Without it, it won't be Russian. It is controlled by a verb or preposition, and comes after the verb or preposition.
The circumstance is optional, stands anywhere and characterizes the entire sentence, subject together with the predicate, EVENT. By itself, the subject with the predicate feels great even without mentioning the circumstances. The meaning of the event will be clear even without clarifying circumstances. The wind came. The leaves have turned yellow.
So in your examples, the phrases “from the river” and “in the trees” are circumstances. They can be removed or placed anywhere in a sentence and everything will still be in Russian and quite understandable.
But within these prepositional phrases, the nouns “river” and “trees” are the objects of the prepositions “from” and “to.” Without them, the prepositional phrase is incomplete and does not have full meaning. Check: The wind blew. The leaves have turned yellow.
When children are given tests, they are on some part of grammar, some subtopic.
To call both of your examples tests of complements, you need children to have already learned prepositional complements.
Otherwise, these tests teach children to isolate a circumstance, move it within a phrase, remove it from the phrase altogether, and see that the meaning of the event remains unchanged and completely understandable.
Please tell me how to analyze this proposal according to your scheme.
The cat is lying on a log, putting his paw in the water
On a log, in the water - is this a circumstance or an addition?
If you follow your advice, you cannot say: The cat is lying on the
It seems like the meaning is lost and this means an addition.
But if you ask the question, can’t a cat just lie not exactly on a log, but just lie down and just put his paw into nowhere, and not into the water? The question lies where? On a log. Dropped it where? In water.
What parts of the sentence are these words?
Sergey, when you analyze sentences, look for members of the sentence, then distinguish between levels of analysis. The members of a sentence can be individual words, phrases, or even clauses within a sentence.
- On a log, in water- is this a circumstance or an addition?
- Circumstances in both cases, Sergei.
They can either be removed completely or moved within the sentence.
The cat is lying with his paw down. In this case, “lowered his paw” will be understandable only in the context of a log, of course, or some other previous sentence. This is because the head can be lowered just like that, but the paws are already the lowest, they are lowered from a position above, from some surface to a lower surface.
On a log the cat is lying, in water lowered his paw in water lowered. This movement of phrases within a sentence definitively proves that we are dealing with circumstances. The object cannot be torn away from the verb; it always follows it with its tail, never goes in front of the verb.
Phraseson a log And in water- circumstances. They characterize the action taking place in a sentence. They are signs of action.
Words log And water- additions to prepositions on And V inside prepositional phrases. log- complement of preposition on, water- complement of preposition V. This is an analysis of the syntax within the circumstance, the internal syntax of the circumstance. Another level of analysis. It is clearly depicted like this.
Secondary members of a sentence are one of the most difficult topics in the Russian language. On the other hand, everything obeys simple rules, which are very easy to understand. What are definitions, additions and circumstances in Russian, how to find them in a sentence and under what conditions are they separated by commas? Let's find out.
A little theory
The complement answers questions of indirect cases (all except the nominative) and refers to the subject. Most often expressed as a noun, phraseological turn, a combination of a numeral with a noun, an infinitive (looked ( on whom?) on the person who entered; gave ( to whom?) to him; I bought ( What?) three books). Additions can be direct or indirect. In the first case, they are expressed as part of speech in the genitive case without a preposition (didn’t read (who, what?) books) or a noun expressing a part of the whole in the same case (I’ll drink ( what?) tea). All other additions are indirect.
The definition denotes the attribute of an object and answers the questions “which?”, “whose?” It can be any part of speech, the main thing is descriptive functions. There is a concordant (combined with the word being defined in gender, number and case (handle ( which?) blue, forest ( Which?) green)) and inconsistent (connected with the main word in meaning or grammatically (cap ( which?) askew, in the house ( which one?) made of wood)).
The circumstance in Russian is the largest secondary member of a sentence. It answers adverb questions and can denote a place (went ( Where?) home), time (meet you ( When?) tomorrow), course of action (say ( how?) loudly), etc. (all the same characteristics as the adverb).
In parsing
The Russian language is amazing: addition, definition, circumstance are not only minor members that explain the main ones, but also help to fulfill parsing. If there is a circumstance in a sentence, but there is no predicate that it explains, we can safely talk about an incomplete two-part sentence (I ( Where?) home - the verb “I go”/“went” is missing, and therefore incomplete). The addition and definition, in turn, explain the subject, therefore a sentence in which there is no predicate, but there are these minor members, can also be denominative ( "Early morning").
But here it is important to remember that an adjective definition, standing after a noun, automatically turns into a predicate, i.e. a sentence « Golden autumn» will be a common noun, and "Golden Autumn"- two-part.
Separate with commas
But let's return to the isolation of such members as additions and circumstances. The Russian language is designed in such a way that they are rarely separated by commas from the main sentence. Moreover, we can say that additions are almost never highlighted.
In turn, the Russian language includes separate circumstances. In total, there are three cases when this member of a sentence is separated by commas:
- Firstly, if it is expressed by an adverbial phrase ( "After traveling two hundred kilometers, we understood everything") or single gerundial participle ( "After eating, the boy went on his way"). But here it is important to distinguish the usual participle from the participle, which is more reminiscent of an adverb of manner of action ( "He read while lying down"), because in this case there will be no separation.
- Secondly, if the construction “despite” (this is something like an IPP assignment) can be replaced by the preposition “despite”, it is not an adverbial phrase ( "Despite all the difficulties, we got there").
- Thirdly, if there are comparative phrases with the words “as”, “as if”, “as if”, also similar to adverbs of manner of action ( "The clouds, like cotton wool, floated low above the ground").
The following circumstance is not highlighted in Russian:
- If it is expressed by a phraseological unit that can be replaced by an adverb ( "Ran at breakneck speed", i.e. very quickly).
- In the case of participial phrases - if they are homogeneous members of a sentence with a non-isolated circumstance ( “He told everything frankly and without any embarrassment.”). Here everything depends on the meaning: if it is important how the action was performed, i.e. it is impossible to separate the predicate from the circumstance without breaking the logical connection, then no separation is required ( "She sat with her head down").
Conclusion
Isolated addition, definition and circumstance in the Russian language are not at all complicated, but very useful and, admittedly, a frequently encountered topic. Understanding the rules will allow you to easily complete tasks of any complexity related to highlighting minor parts of sentences with commas.
In the Russian language, parts of speech as part of phrases and sentences play their own specific syntactic role. They can act as its main members of the sentence (subject or predicate), as well as secondary ones, namely: definitions, additions and circumstances.
Place of minor members in a sentence
The main members of a sentence are the subject (subject) and the predicate (predicate). They perform a logical-communicative function, determine the syntactic organization of the utterance and are the grammatical basis. A sentence can consist only of main members, or even only one of them. Such a proposal is called non-extended. For greater information content and emotional content, additional, secondary members are introduced into the subject and predicate: circumstance, addition and definition.Definition
The definition explains and expands the meaning of the word being defined - the subject or other minor member with an objective meaning. It names its sign and answers the questions: “Which one? Whose?" The defined word form is predominantly nouns.“The old invalid, sitting on the table, was sewing a blue patch onto the elbow of his green uniform.” (A. Pushkin)Definitions can be consistent or inconsistent. Agreed definitions are expressed by: adjective and participle, ordinal number and cardinal in indirect cases, pronoun. The following are inconsistent definitions: nouns in indirect cases, possessive pronouns, adjectives in simple comparative form, adverb, infinitive, as well as whole phrases.
A variation of the definition is an application, which is always expressed by a noun, agreed with the word being defined in the case (from an oncologist) or standing in the nominative case (from the newspaper “Komsomolskaya Pravda”).
Addition
The secondary member of the sentence, called the complement, denotes the object to which the action is directed, or this object itself is the result of the action, or with its help the action is performed, or in relation to which some action is performed. “The old man was catching fish with a seine.” (A. Pushkin) In a sentence, an addition can be expressed: by a noun in the indirect case, a pronoun, a cardinal number, an infinitive, a phrase and phraseology.Circumstance
A circumstance is a minor member of a sentence with explanatory functions, which refers to the member of the sentence denoting an action. A circumstance denotes a sign of an action, a sign of a sign, indicates the method of performing an action or the time, place, purpose, reason or condition for its accomplishment. “And Onegin went out; He’s going home to get dressed.” (A. Pushkin); Circumstances can be expressed: by an adverb, a noun in the indirect case, a gerund or participial phrase, an infinitive (circumstances of the goal).Subject: Russian language
Class 8
Topic: Definition, addition and circumstance as secondary members of the sentence (repetition). Agreed and inconsistent definition.
Subtopic: Along the waves of our memory.
Lesson No. 8 (1)
Lesson type: combined: lesson on repeating what has been learned + lesson on mastering new knowledge
Goals and objectives:
Developmental: development of auditory skills, expansion vocabulary, student literacy, development of monologue speech; development of skills to find and identify minor members in a sentence, coordinated and inconsistent definitions, ask questions to them, graphically designate them, development of skills to work in pairs;
Educational: familiarization with the minor members of a sentence, agreed and inconsistent definition;
Educational: nurturing a culture of speech, communication, nurturing love for nature.
Lesson model.
Explanation of new material
Hello, children, today we will plunge into a fascinating journey through the waves of our memory, remember which members of a sentence are called minor, find out which definitions are called agreed/inconsistent. Let's put our knowledge into practice.
Let's remember what we know about the minor members of a sentence; for this we use the “incomplete sentence” model you know.
1 . Unfinished sentence. (8 min.)
(Since this is a repetition, the children are already familiar with some of the material)
Members of a sentence that are not included in the grammatical basis of the sentence aresecondary members of the sentence.
A minor member of a sentence that denotes a feature of an object -definition.
Definition answers questionsWhich? which? whose?
A definition that refers to nouns and is associated with them using agreement (the material is new for children, but they will guess when they see the topic of the lesson, which is written on the board, and based on the question itself) -this is the agreed upon definition .
A definition that refers to nouns and is associated with them by control or adjunction isinconsistent definitions.
A secondary member of a sentence, which most often obeys the predicate verb and denotes the direct or indirect object of the action.addition .
A minor member of a sentence indicating various circumstances under which an action is performed or a sign appears iscircumstance.
(Let's open the textbooks and see what we have not yet said about the minor members of the sentence, students check the table from the textbook)
subject
place, time, purpose, reason,
mode of action, conditions
Indirect
agreed upon
inconsistent
image of d-viya
answers
on what? whom?
For what? For what? for what purpose?
How? how?
under what conditions?
How is it expressed?
and other parts-
and other parts-
adj., places and etc.
parts of speech.
noun, verb and etc.
parts of speech.
noun, adv. and other parts of speech
Students: “We didn’t say that
The secondary members of the sentence explain the main or other members of the sentence;
Supplementation can be direct or indirect. The direct answers questions in the nominative case, and the indirect answers questions in the indirect cases. It is emphasized - - - - - - - -;
They did not say about the types of circumstances: place, purpose, time, reason, mode of action, conditions. It is emphasized -*-*-*-*-;
They didn’t say what questions the circumstances answer (according to the table)
They didn’t say that the definitions are underlined with a wavy line.”
2. Read the definition of agreed upon and inconsistent again. Compose a poem “I...” about your favorite phenomenon of natural beauty: wind, rain, Sunbeam, leaf fall, using agreed upon and inconsistent definitions. (example - slide No. 1) (The adjective in the letter is underlined with a wavy line).
I am the whisper of the waves
I am the whisper of the waves
Falling onto the shore .
I am the whisper of the waves
So quietly I flow upward.
I am the whisper of the waves
So easy And careless .
I am the whisper of the waves
I am the ocean gentle breeze.
(my poem is far from perfect, of course yours will be better)
Whisper of waves (which ones?)falling ashore – inconsistent definition, expressed by an adverbial phrase (syntactically integral phrase);
The whisper of the waves (what?) is light, careless, – inconsistent definition, expressed by a short adjective.
Breeze (what?) gentle - inconsistent definition, expressed by a short adjective.
(10 minutes, 4 to compose, 6 to read, 3 people answer, those who compose first).
Primary consolidation of material
1. Dictation with self-test (using the textbook). Exercise 126 from the textbook. Read the text, title it, write it from dictation. (Students read the text, close their textbooks, take dictation, check desk neighbor)
(10 min.)
Teacher's comment: “Pay attention to punctuation marks when separate definitions, homogeneous definitions."
I've seen a lot of ss vetov over the sea.
Were ra ss The vets are warm and affectionate. ZA rya slower NN o zar O was waiting at t And bus night And . When we swam to the nets, it was already rising froml ntse. The shadow of the canoe fell on the water. In this shadow there is waterAnd arr. e tala dark m A lahite color. It was so quiet that the knock one sla o board r A carried across the sea far and loudly, as if in a room. Such rass The fishermen called the vets “angelic”.
But there were ra ss The branches are chilly, gray, damp. Then the wind drove reddish muddy waves ande a forest haze swirled on the horizon.
Were ra ss
vety h e
stormy, stormy, torn to shredsb
I am heaven and were rass
the vets are muddy -
green, throwing foam in the face.
Rass
vets with scarlet, vospA
le NN
the sky and the cutting wind are alwaysAnd
wore
bad weather b
e.
2. Competition task: write out agreed and inconsistent definitions from the previous text in 2 columns (4-5 min.). Work in pairs: the 1st option of the odd-numbered desk changes with the first option of the even-numbered one.
Agreed: (sunrises) warm and gentle; dark, malachite (color);
(called how? what? - then the definition) “angelic”; (dawns) chilly, gray, damp; (waves) reddish, cloudy; (haze) whitish; (sunrises) black, stormy, dull green.
Inconsistent definitions: sunrises (which ones?) over the sea; shadow (what?) from the canoe; the knock (what?) of the oars on the side; sunrises (what kind?) with the sky torn to shreds; dawns (what kind?) throwing foam in the face; sunrises (what) with a scarlet, inflamed sky and a cutting wind.
(And the winning 4 students receive individual assignments - cards)
3. Exercise 127. 4 students individually using cards. (7-8 min)
Write down, replacing agreed definitions with inconsistent ones, determine the type of connection. Make up three pairs of sentences to choose from.
Owl eyes are the eyes of an owl. Eagle vigilance is the vigilance of an eagle. Oak cabinet – cabinet made of oak. Wooden ceiling- wooden ceiling. Annual program- program for a year. Amber necklace – a necklace made of amber. Lead figurines are figurines made of lead. Linen dress - a dress made of linen. Plastic handle – handle made of plastic. Leather coat is a coat made of leather.
Today I bought an amber necklace at a sale/I was wearing an amber necklace that evening.
In the corner of the room there was a large oak wardrobe/It is best to buy an oak wardrobe - it will “last forever”.
Lead figurines were gathering dust on the fireplace in the living room. During the labor lesson we made figurines from lead.
(As you can see, most often inconsistent definitions are associated with nouns using adjacency, less often - adjacency)
(4 people answer, optional)
Cards with tasks (4 people, work in pairs, sorbon cards, after the exercise is done - self-test, students give the completed sentences to a neighbor):
1 Replace inconsistent definitions with consistent ones. Make sentences using three phrases.Songs of the people, oak leaves, rustles of the forest, an officer's uniform, mother's dress, a field of daisies.
Folk songs, oak leaves, forest rustling, an officer's uniform, mother's dress, a chamomile field.
(I have loved folk songs since childhood. My mother’s dress was not enough for me. The whole clearing was strewn with oak leaves - yellow, red, green and even blue).
2 Replace inconsistent definitions with consistent ones. Make sentences using three phrases.A man without a heart, a work without an idea, animals without a backbone, death without glory, space without air, existence without a purpose.
A heartless person, an unprincipled work, invertebrate animals, inglorious death, airless space, aimless existence.
(People have always been attracted by the airless space of space. A person without an idea, loyalty to his cause, is doomed to an aimless existence. An inglorious death awaited the soldier, but he knew that he was fighting in the name of the freedom of his people).
3 Replace inconsistent definitions with consistent ones. Make sentences using three phrases.A yacht for a walk, furniture for a school, binoculars for a theater, dishes for the kitchen, weapons for an attack, an outfit for a wedding, paper for packaging, measuring instruments.
Pleasure yacht, school furniture, theater binoculars, offensive weapons, wedding dress, wrapping paper, measuring instrument.
There was wrapping paper on the floor in the hallway, but there was no package. Dad took the binoculars since we were sitting on the balcony. Measuring instruments went off scale - the pleasure yacht was approaching the equator.
4 Replace inconsistent definitions with consistent ones. Make sentences using three phrases.Steel armor, granite embankment, apple puree, carrot cutlets, vegetable soup, suede jacket, lead plates.
Steel armor, granite embankment, applesauce, carrot cutlets, vegetable soup, suede jacket, lead plates.
Our city has a granite embankment, it was built before the war. Grandma made vegetable soup - my favorite. Today we had carrot cutlets for breakfast.
3. Summing up the lesson (4 min)
So, today we repeated what the secondary members of a sentence are, what questions they answer, and how they are indicated in writing. We got acquainted with the agreed/inconsistent definition and learned to find it in the text. You did a very good job, and most importantly, productively.
Grading, commented.
Homework(1 min)
Write a mini-essay on the topic “Autumn Forest”, using an agreed and inconsistent definition, mark it in the text.