The tradition of decorating dishes with various patterns came from ancient times, and they were placed in a separate sideboard, which served as a sign of status and wealth.
va owner of the house. Previously in
Various images of pastoral themes and flowers were used as paintings, and today it is not difficult to find kitchen utensils with images of Spider-Man and Star Wars heroes.
Ornament and what was, what became
As a rule, in a modern kitchen you can find dishes for every taste. As for the plates, for example, they are made mostly ascetically - that is, in white and with a minimal amount of design. Moreover, the main pattern usually falls on the border, while prices
the middle part remains empty. Ceramic and porcelain products can be considered real works of art. This is where artists give free rein to their irrepressible imagination, because the patterns and ornaments on dishes made from these materials amaze the imagination. Such decorative products look very luxurious and elegant, so they can decorate any cabinet or pedestal. In addition, with their help you can create a certain style in the room. As a rule, the main color in these is chosen in pastel shades. Bright and catchy multi-color patterns look impressive against such a laconic background.
However, due to the fact that porcelain was a rather expensive pleasure, craftsmen from different countries began to think about how to make utensils, thinking through the ornament and pattern on the dishes. Thus, craftsmen from Gzhel created a special style of painting, where images of flowers, birds, and animals predominated. By the way, Gzhel porcelain got its start in the Moscow region, where in ancient times
Pottery craft was well developed. Over time, the masters of Gzhel managed to improve their skills, and now the products they produced are distinguished by a combination of blue patterns on a white background.
Modern trends
The Japanese technique of making ceramic items for the kitchen is very popular today, where a distinctive feature is the ornament and pattern on the dishes. Perhaps this is the only country that offers such a sophisticated combination of simplicity and elegance in its products and at the same time unique design. Kitchen utensils such as toyiki and yakimono are in demand all over the world today, but few people know that they were originally made from stone and earth, and then covered with clay and glaze. But Japanese masters were able to carry through the centuries the main tradition - the use of characters
Traditional motifs and colors that are true to antiquity.
However, for most buyers, glass products remain relevant; they can have such an interesting pattern on the dishes (the pictures confirm this) that they can be safely placed on a festive table. In addition, such kitchen utensils are good because they are durable, easy to clean and economical in cost. A separate group includes children's dishes, which can be made of glass, plastic and even ceramics and at the same time have their own ornament and pattern. On dishes they look very bright and impressive, and most importantly, such designs are completely safe for the health of the child.
Painting, floral motifs, traditions of the East and West - all this can be found on modern dishes.
Project objectives:
- Create an album of photographs of dishes with various ornaments and patterns.
Every day we eat and use different utensils: plates, cups, saucers, glasses, decanters, jugs and so on. Moreover, in our house you will no longer find pure white dishes. Any plate or cup or saucer has its own beautiful pattern or ornament. And plates painted by artists become real works of art that can be used as decorative decorations!
A pattern is a drawing that is a combination of lines, colors, shadows, etc.
Ornament is a pattern based on repetition and alternation of its constituent elements (Fig. 2). The ornament is intended to decorate various objects (utensils (Fig. 3), textiles, furniture, books, etc.), architectural structures, and among primitive peoples also the human body itself (coloring, tattoo). The ornament comes in different types (Fig. 4)
Photo album “Dishes with ornaments”.
Shape of elements: lines, squares, rhombuses, circles, rectangles.
Pattern location: repeated over the entire surface and relative to the center.
And this is my drawing, which I drew last year at art school on the topic “Patterned dishes”:
In this drawing I showed how, using simple geometric shapes, you can draw and make beautiful dishes that will decorate people's dining tables for many years.
Conclusion.
All patterns and ornaments for various needs of human activity are made using simple geometric shapes: square, straight, rectangle, circle, line. This is the connection between mathematics and the outside world, in particular with decorating dishes for people.
PROJECT PRESENTATION
“GEOMETRICAL PATTERNS AND ORNAMENTS ON DISHES”
Completed by a 2nd grade student
branch of MBOU secondary school in Vishnevoe
NOS Sannikovka village
Project leader: primary school teacher
Dutlyakova S.G.
Goal and objectives of the project: learn to make geometric patterns, alternate elements, understand the rules for their placement one after another.
Each of us uses various utensils more than once a day: cups, saucers, plates. Artists often paint dishes with a wide variety of very beautiful patterns. Today we will transform into artists. And we will create our own dishes with various patterns and ornaments.
Pattern - This is a drawing that is a combination of lines, colors, shadows.
Geometric pattern is a drawing made using geometric shapes. If you repeat the pattern in a certain sequence several times, you get an ornament. It is a pattern consisting of rhythmically ordered elements; intended for decorating various objects.
During our project I will learn how geometric patterns are used on tableware. I will make pages for the album “Patterns and Ornaments on Dishes.”
Now let’s complete our project of a plate with a geometric pattern in the form of an applique on cardboard.
1. Let's draw up a work plan.
2. Let's determine the sequence of stages.
3. Cut out a circle from white cardboard for the plate model.
4.Using templates, cut out geometric shapes from colored paper.
5. Let's arrange them in a certain sequence in a circle.
6. Let's apply the ornament.
7. Let's think about where such an ornament can be used.
Each ornament is good in its own way!
And these are my works - “Geometric patterns and ornaments on dishes.”
Conclusion: Geometric patterns are everywhere, this is a fairly common phenomenon, we just rarely pay attention to it. Mathematics is present around us always and everywhere.
Project. « Patterns and ornaments
on the dishes.»
Pupils of 2nd grade "b"
School No. 24
Mikhailova Alexandra
Class teacher: Denisova S.M.
Goal of the work: Consider various options for geometric patterns on dishes.
What is an ornament?
The history of the appearance of ornaments.
Types of ornaments.
^ HISTORY OF ORNAMENT.
The origin of the ornament is not known for certain. Aesthetic social needs were important in the genesis and further development of ornament: the rhythmic correctness of generalized motifs was one of the early ways of artistic exploration of the world, helping to comprehend the orderliness and harmony of reality.
The emergence of ornament goes back centuries and, for the first time, its traces were recorded in the Paleolithic era. In Neolithic culture, ornament had already reached a wide variety of forms and began to dominate. Over time, ornament loses its dominant position and cognitive significance, retaining, however, an important organizing and decorating role in the system of plastic creativity. Each era, style, and successively emerging national culture developed its own system; therefore, ornament is a reliable sign that works belong to a certain time, people, or country.
Ornament reaches special development where conventional forms of reflecting reality predominate: in the Ancient East, in pre-Columbian America, in Asian cultures of antiquity and the Middle Ages, in the European Middle Ages. In folk art, since ancient times, stable principles and forms of ornament have been developing, which largely determine national artistic traditions. For example, in India, the ancient art of rangoli (alpona) - an ornamental design - prayer has been preserved.
^ Types of ornament.
The formal features of an ornament include decorative stylization, flatness, an organic connection with the surface bearing the ornament, which it always organizes, often revealing the constructive logic of the object.
According to the nature of the composition, the ornament can be ribbon, centric, bordering, heraldic, filling the surface, or combining some of these types in more complex combinations. This is due to the determined shape of the object being decorated.
According to the motifs used in the ornament, it is divided into:
Geometric, consisting of abstract forms (points, straight, broken, zigzag, mesh intersecting lines; circles, rhombuses, polyhedra, stars, crosses, spirals; more complex specifically ornamental motifs - meander, etc.);
Plant, stylizing leaves, flowers, fruits, etc. (lotus, papyrus, palmette, acanthus, etc.); zoomorphic, or animal, stylizing figures or parts of figures of real or fantastic animals.
Human figures, architectural fragments, weapons, various signs and emblems (coats of arms) are also used as motifs.
A special type of ornament is represented by stylized inscriptions on architectural structures (for example, on Central Asian medieval mosques) or in books (the so-called ligature).
There are often complex combinations of various motifs (geometric and animal forms - the so-called.
Description of the presentation by individual slides:
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GOAL: learn to draw geometric patterns, alternate elements, understand the rules for their arrangement one after another, develop students’ cognitive interest. OBJECTIVES: to learn to use additional literature, encyclopedias, to develop creativity, the desire for success, to cultivate self-confidence, the ability to understand each other, interest and attention to the creative efforts of comrades, to give an adequate assessment of the results obtained (both one’s own and others’).
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PLANNED RESULT: students create an album of ornaments and patterns on dishes BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT IDEA: in the course of individual, group and collective work on the project, students will study the history of the emergence of ornaments, their types, get acquainted with the ornaments of the peoples of the world and Russia, and the use of ornaments in the modern world. SUBJECTS: mathematics; technology; art.
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PROJECT STAGES: Preparatory 1. Introduction to the topic. 2. Drawing up a work plan. 3. Dividing students into groups, distributing tasks. 1. Conversation with students. 2. Help in searching and selecting information. 3. Preparing a presentation. Basic Students select information, systematize and arrange it in the form of presentations, messages, reports. Consultant. Final Defense of projects: “Geometric ornament”, “Closed ornament”, “Ornament in a strip with linear vertical or horizontal alternation of the motif. Summing up. Evaluation of results.
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CHILDREN'S ACTIVITIES IN GROUPS Group 1 Group 5 Group 6 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group Types of ornaments Ornaments from different countries History of pottery in Ancient Rus' History of wooden dishes in Ancient Rus' Crafts of Rus' (Gzhel, Khokhloma) What are ornaments and patterns?
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Each of us uses various utensils more than once a day: cups, saucers, plates. There are also decorative plates that decorate the walls. All this is created by craftsmen, including artists, who often paint dishes with a wide variety of and very beautiful patterns. A pattern is a design created using combinations of lines, colors and shadows. A pattern can be an independent artistic element, a work of art, or also an element of ornament (if it is repeated several times in a certain sequence). Ornament is a special type of artistic creativity that does not exist in the form of an independent work, but only decorates this or that thing, but, nevertheless, “it... is a rather complex artistic structure, for the creation of which various expressive means are used - color, texture and mathematical foundations of ornamental composition - rhythm, symmetry; graphic expression of ornamental lines, their elasticity and mobility, flexibility or angularity; plastic - in relief ornaments; and, finally, the expressive qualities of the natural motifs used, the beauty of the painted flower, the bend of the stem, the pattern of the leaf...” The term ornament is related to the term decor, which “never exists in its pure form, but consists of a combination of the useful and the beautiful; Functionality comes first, beauty follows." Ornament translated from Latin means decoration. It consists of a number of sequentially arranged elements. In this case, a strict pattern associated with symmetry and rhythm must be observed. The ornament gives the product expressiveness, beauty, emphasizes its shape and texture. Over the many years of the existence of decorative art, various types of patterns have developed: geometric, floral, complex, etc., from simple to complex. The ornament can consist of objective and non-objective motifs; it may include forms of humans, animals and mythological creatures. Patterns and ornaments are used in various areas, have different methods of creation, and some of them have a certain preference in the design of various things and objects. Ornaments are one of the elements of the national culture of all peoples of the world. With their help, you can study the customs and traditions of a particular country. Patterns and ornaments are used in folk art, precious frames, braid, etc. ORNAMENT AND PATTERN
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TYPES OF ORNAMENTS: Anthropomorphic ornament Anthropomorphic ornament uses male and female stylized figures or individual parts of the human body as motifs. Geometric ornament Geometric ornament uses the simplest geometric shapes - lines, dots, circles, zigzags, spirals, circles, rhombuses, rectangles, etc.
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Zoomorphic ornament A zoomorphic ornament is an ornament based on the image of real or fantastic animals and birds, as well as their individual parts, with varying degrees of stylization. Calligraphic ornament Calligraphic ornament consists of individual letters or text elements, expressive in their design and rhythm. Subject ornament Subject ornament includes images of military attributes, household items, musical instruments, theater masks.
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Natural ornament The main motif of the ornament is nature: sea waves, a halo of flame, heavenly bodies, including the sun, moon, often in the form of a sickle, stars, lightning, landscape elements. Floral ornament Floral ornament is an ornament that stylizes elements of the plant world and consists of leaves, fruits, berries, flowers in various combinations.
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ANCIENT GREECE The greatest culture of the ancient world introduced many new elements and compositional solutions into the art of decoration. One of the important elements in the ornament of Ancient Greece was a clearly identified rhythm, built on the alternation of identical elements, based on their equality with each other. “This ornament seems to move in front of the viewer evenly, constantly, in a rhythm filled with a truly cosmic sound. It is always closed in a circle - the circle of being - running around the frieze of a building, the body of a vessel, the quadrangular field of fabric.” The subjects of the ornament are always placed in a strictly defined place. Decorative decorations are harmoniously combined with the design of the item. One of the favorite ancient Greek motifs is the meander. It is believed that this pattern contains a deep idea of perpetual motion, endless repetition.
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ANCIENT CHINA Since ancient times, the Celestial Empire has been a trendsetter in the manufacture of tableware, because it was there that porcelain was invented back in the 4th century. The Chinese jealously guarded the secret of making porcelain vases, the disclosure of which was punishable by death. Apparently for this reason, even their neighbors, Japan and Korea, were able to produce the first porcelain products only a few centuries later. In Europe, the recipe for porcelain was discovered at the end of the 16th century, and before that, precious dishes were exported with incredible precautions from China - from the workshops of Longquan, from Dingzhou and Cizhou. In the 14th century, the center of Chinese porcelain production moved to Jingdezhen, at which time the products were decorated with lead glazes in three colors. The refinement of the form, the purity and whiteness of the shard, the patterned and colorful painting made Chinese porcelain truly precious.
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ANCIENT ROME Dishes in Ancient Rome were very diverse. It was made from clay, glass and metal. Wealthy people used luxurious dishes made of silver and gold. 118 silver objects were found in the House of Menander in Pompeii. These were all kinds of dishes, bowls, mirrors and even a silver wallet.
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ANCIENT JAPAN The world's oldest pottery was first discovered in the Japanese archipelago. In 1960, during excavations of a primitive site in the Fukui Cave (Nagasaki Prefecture, Kyushu Island), fragments of clay vessels were found, the age of which, according to radiocarbon dating, is about 13 thousand years. Most of the monuments were discovered in the central and southern parts of the island. Honshu, in the north of the island. Kyushu. The oldest ceramic complexes on the northernmost island of Hokkaido date back about 9 thousand years. Samples of ancient Japanese ceramics are fragments of vessels that were probably used for some household needs. These products of the first potters were still very primitive. The molding mass for them was natural clay, often poorly purified and containing coarse sandy impurities. Early ceramic vessels had a simple shape - with straight or slightly widened walls towards the mouth, and a sharp or flat bottom. In appearance they resembled an inverted cone or cylinder. Pointed-bottomed vessels were intended for digging into the ground or for hanging over a fire using a rope threaded through holes located along the mouth. The walls of clay containers were only slightly smoothed during the molding process and remained rough after firing. The ceramics were fired in a regular open fire at low temperatures of 500° - 700°C. The vessels had fragile walls and a faded yellow or light orange color. A remarkable feature of Japan's oldest ceramic ware is that, despite its technological primitiveness, it is already marked by signs of decoration. The vessels were decorated with simple ornaments made from imprints of rope or cord, thin molded clay flagella, and nail indentations. An interesting decorative option were the imprints of the valves of small sea mollusks.
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Since clay dishes in the climatic conditions of India have always been difficult to clean from food residues and difficult to disinfect, metal utensils have been used very widely since ancient times. The prohibitions imposed by traditional medicine were codified by religious injunctions regarding ritual purity and impurity, as a result of which ceramic vessels began to be used by members of high castes mainly for storing grain and water, and only members of low castes were not prohibited from using them for food. Not all metal utensils were decorated. Vessels for cooking usually did not have any patterns on them at all (for the same hygienic reasons); As for glasses, plates and jugs, the shape and material were more valued in them than the decoration, although they were partially decorated with fittings, relief produced during casting, chasing or notching. In India, it is customary to define the technique of combining any two colors with the words “Ganga-Jamna”, since it is believed that the waters of the Ganges are white, and the Jamna merging with it is blue. ANCIENT INDIA
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Archaeological finds in many ancient Russian cities indicate the widespread development of pottery in Rus'. The word “dishes” did not yet exist in Ancient Rus'. Anything that could be eaten from was called a “vessel.” And what you could drink from was called a “vessel.” Very often, for example, in Domostroy, the word “vessel” is used as a general word for the name of tableware. The first time the word “dishes” was found in Russia was in the 17th century. Oval pots, along with cauldrons, were the main utensils for preparing (frying or boiling) food. The shape of the pots was well suited for cooking food in a Russian oven, in which the vessels with food were on the same level as burning wood and were heated not from below, as on an open hearth, but from the side. In the Russian hut there were a lot of pots of various shapes and sizes, intended for a variety of purposes - boiling porridge, stews, boiling water, etc. And so that the pot, just taken from the oven, could be immediately picked up by hand, it was braided with birch bark. The family took care of the pots, handled them very carefully, and if the pot cracked, it was braided with birch bark and used to store food. They even came up with a riddle about such a potty: “There was a child - he didn’t know diapers, but he got old - he began to wear diapers.” ANCIENT Rus'
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Considering the large role that the pot played in the household, it is not surprising that many beliefs were associated with it. In folklore, the connection between the fate of the pot and the person is also clearly visible. It was often used in wedding and funeral ceremonies. For example, breaking pots in the room where the newlyweds spent their first wedding night was supposed to symbolize a turning point in the fate of the girl and the guy who became a man and a woman. In popular beliefs, the pot acted as a talisman, a vessel in which magical power could accumulate.
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The cult of wood in Rus', in addition to the availability of this material, is also explained by the ease of its processing and extraordinary decorativeness, especially in patterned carvings. Wood carving is an ancient art. In geometric carvings, researchers discover many similarities with notches and marks that the owner once left on the wooden deck of his hive, on the trees that fenced his land. To distinguish them from others, these marks, consisting of stripes, circles, triangles, diamonds, became more complex, and a simple ornament arose. Over time, notches became unnecessary, and carved patterns found application in peasant household items, utensils and dishes. During various archaeological excavations, numerous fragments of ancient wooden utensils were found. According to their purpose, the dishes were divided into two categories: for drinks (ladles, bratins, valleys, bowls, glasses) and for hot food (dishes, bowls, staves). Hollowing out or cutting a ladle, valley or bowl from a whole piece of wood using an ax, knife and adze was not an easy and very labor-intensive task. And wooden utensils have always been valued. Especially from rhizomes or burls, the most waterproof and durable. The most common hand-made wooden utensils were ladles, which came in a variety of shapes and sizes, as well as decorations. At crowded feasts, intoxicating drinks were served in buckets, and “healing bowls” were drunk from special spherical cups. Various foods (caviar, pancakes, fish) were placed in round holiday ladles with low sides. The ladles are usually engraved with instructions and advice. Wooden utensils were made everywhere in the old days.
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KHOKHLOMA Golden Khokhloma One of the ancient original Russian folk crafts, which for centuries has shaped the way of life of entire generations and is an integral part of Russian culture. A special feature of Khokhloma craft is the production of gilded wooden utensils without the use of precious metal and a unique herbal painting. The symbol of Khokhloma painting was the fiery firebird, decorated with bright flowers. The capital of Golden Khokhloma is rightfully considered the city of Semenov, located 80 kilometers from Nizhny Novgorod. The history of golden Khokhloma Khokhloma fishing goes back more than three centuries. It originated in the Nizhny Novgorod Trans-Volga region and came from icon painting. This was a time of extensive settlement of the Nizhny Novgorod lands by various people, among whom were “Old Believers” - opponents of the church reforms of Patriarch Nikon. They knew the secret of gilding icons using silver metal and linseed oil - drying oil. Wooden icons were covered with a layer of silver, ground into powder, after which they were oiled and then placed in the oven. After hardening, the icon acquired a new golden color. Subsequently, with the advent of cheaper tin, this method was also used for dishes. Thus, starting from the 17th century, painted wooden dishes from Trans-Volga masters were famous throughout Russia. “Great” dishes were made to special orders in small batches from different types of wood, different shapes and artistic finishes, and were intended to be given as gifts to distinguished guests and foreign ambassadors.