According to the State Statistics Administration of the People's Republic of China, China's gross domestic product (GDP) grew by 6.7% in 2016 to an estimated 74.41 trillion yuan (about $10.84 trillion). In 2015, GDP amounted to 68.55 trillion yuan, the growth rate was 6.9%. Budget investments and bank loans had a positive impact on GDP in 2016.
Economic growth is slowing down high level debt, excess capacity in a number of industries. According to the IMF forecast, in 2017 the Chinese economy will grow by 6.5%.
China's exports in 2016 decreased by 7.7%, to $2.09 trillion, and imports by 5.5%, to $1.58 trillion. In 2015, exports fell by 2.8% after growing by 6.1% in 2014. Weakening external demand was one of the factors behind the slowdown in China's economic growth in 2015.
According to the General Administration of Customs of the People's Republic of China, the external surplus trade balance in 2016 amounted to $509.96 billion, which is 14% less than in 2015 ($594.5 billion).
At the end of 2016, China took 2nd place in the list of the world's largest importers in terms of supply volume in value terms. The country accounted for 9.9% of world imports. China's total imports in 2016 were US$1,589 billion. For the period 2012 - 2016. Import volumes in value terms decreased by 4%.
Main import items from China:
- electronic integrated circuits (HS code 8542);
- telephone sets, including telephone sets for cellular communication networks or other wireless networks communications;
- other equipment for transmitting or receiving voice, images or other data, including equipment for communication in a wired or wireless communication network (HS code 8517)
- passenger cars and other motor vehicles vehicles intended primarily for the transport of people (HS code 8703);
- diodes, transistors and similar semiconductor devices;
- photosensitive semiconductor devices (HS code 8541);
- parts and accessories of motor vehicles (HS code 8708).
Detailed information on products (by HS codes) that occupied the largest share in China’s total imports (in value terms, in CIF prices) in 2016 is presented in Table. 1.
In 2016, China's imports increased compared to 2015 in nine positions out of the top 25:
- parts intended exclusively or mainly for equipment” (HS code 852990) - by 27%;
- electronic integrated circuits: storage devices (HS code 854232) - by 4%;
- computers and their units;
- magnetic or optical reading devices, machines for transferring data onto storage media in encoded form and machines for processing such information, not elsewhere named or included: storage devices (HS code 847170) - by 5%;
- parts and accessories of motor vehicles: gearboxes and their parts (HS code 870840) - by 16%;
- medicines for use for therapeutic or prophylactic purposes (HS code 300490) - by 11%;
- electrical equipment for switching or protecting electrical circuits or for connections to electrical circuits or in electrical circuits for voltage no more than 1000 V; connectors for optical fibers, optical fiber bundles or cables (HS code 853690) - by 1%;
- machines and mechanical devices having individual functions: machines and mechanical devices other (HS code 847989) - by 7%;
- passenger cars and other motor vehicles designed primarily for the transport of people, with an engine cylinder capacity exceeding 3000 cc. cm (HS code 870324) - by 9%;
- human blood; animal blood prepared for use for therapeutic, prophylactic or diagnostic purposes (HS code 300210) - by 9%.
A decrease in Chinese imports in 2016 is observed for most goods from the top 25. The most significant reduction in imports (by 10% or more) was noted for the following product items:
- electrical constant, variable or tuning capacitors: other constant capacitors: ceramic multilayer (HS code 853224) - by 23%;
- diodes, transistors and similar semiconductor devices (HS code 854140) - by 23%;
- liquid crystal devices, except for products more precisely described in other headings; lasers, other than laser diodes; other optical devices and instruments (HS code 901380) - by 20%;
- printed circuits: consisting only of conductive elements and contacts (HS code 853400) - by 15%;
- printing machines used for printing using plates, cylinders and other printing forms (HS code 844399) - by 12%;
- electrical transformers, static electrical converters (for example, rectifiers), inductors and chokes (HS code 850440) - by 10%.
In 2016, China imported goods from 209 countries. The main suppliers of products to the Chinese market in 2016 were the Republic of Korea, Japan, the USA, Germany, and Taipei.
In table Figure 2 provides information on the geographical structure of China's imports (top 25 positions).
Belarus - China
At the end of 2015, China became one of the three main trading partners of Belarus, and also became the second in terms of imports and the eighth in terms of Belarusian exports.
China provides the Belarusian economy with relatively inexpensive sophisticated equipment, as well as consumer goods. Thanks to this, economic cooperation with China is actively developing.
Over the 25 years of diplomatic relations, mutual trade turnover has grown from $34 million in 1992 to $2.5 billion (as of 2016).
In 2016, trade turnover between Belarus and China amounted to $2,497 million.(80% by 2015), the volume of Belarusian exports is $399.3 million (51%), imports are $2097.5 million (90%). The balance is negative - $1698.2 million.
Belarus and China plan to implement about 30 joint scientific, technical and innovation projects. Among priority areas development of innovations - energy efficient technologies, industrial and construction technologies and production, medicine and pharmaceuticals, agro-industrial technologies, rational environmental management and processing of natural resources.
Bilateral credit and investment cooperation is the core of Belarusian-Chinese trade and economic relations. If for 2003 - 2008. The economy of Belarus received about $230 million of Chinese investment, then in 2008 - 2013. projects have been completed or are in the active stage of implementation total amount over $5 billion US dollars.
Currently, Belarus and China are implementing a number of joint projects with the participation of direct investments from the parties in the field of industry:
- co-production in Belarus household appliances on the basis of the Belarusian-Chinese joint venture “Midea-Horizont” (created in Minsk in October 2007; founders of OJSC “Horizont” and the Chinese corporation “Midea Group”);
- joint production in Belarus of hydromechanical transmissions at the Volat-Sanjiang joint venture (created in Minsk in March 2010, the founders of MZKT OJSC and the Sanjiang company);
- joint production in China of multi-axle wheeled tractors and chassis for various purposes at the JV "Sanjiang-Volat Company Ltd." (created in Wuhan in November 1997, founders of MZKT OJSC and the Sanjiang company);
- a joint venture in China, AVIC-BELAZ Quarry Machines LLC (established in Beijing in September 2009, founders: BelAZ OJSC and KATIK SUPLAY company);
- joint production in China of forage harvesting equipment at the Harbin Dongjin Gomel Agricultural Engineering Enterprise joint venture (established in Harbin in December 2009, the founders of Gomselmash PA and the Dongjin Group Corporation);
- joint production in China of energy-rich tractors at the joint venture Harbin Dongjin Minsk Tractor Co. (created in Harbin in August 2010, the founders of PA MTZ and the Dongjin Group Corporation).
In 2013, Chinese President Xi Jinping decided to revive the trade route by proposing the “One Belt, One Road” concept. Within the framework of this concept, Belarus is allocated important role hub platform of the Silk Road, about 90 joint investment projects with our country are planned.
Since 2010, Belarus and China have been cooperating to create in the Republic of Belarus Industrial Park "Great Stone". According to the business plan, by the end of 2020 economic effect for the Belarusian economy can be expressed in an increase in exports from $1.5 billion to $5.2 billion, with a share of exports in sales revenue of 80%. The park reveals the potential of Belarus as a communication link between the CIS countries, the Russian Federation and Europe, and also provides the opportunity for duty-free entry into the market of the countries of the Customs Union and the Common Economic Space.
Among the first residents of the park were such large Chinese corporations as Huawei and ZTE.
The structure of Belarus' exports to China in 2016 is presented in table. 3.
Some categories of goods imported from Belarus to China are not subject to customs duties: electronic integrated circuits, unprocessed timber, with or without bark removed, printed books, brochures, leaflets and similar printed materials, other wooden furniture, etc. For other items, customs duties on top -25 goods imported from Belarus range from 3 to 38%.
The full article (including graphs and tables) can be found in the journal (print or electronic version), which is distributed by subscription.
Structure of China's foreign trade last years has undergone serious qualitative changes. The main achievement of recent years has been to bring the share of finished products in total exports to 95% ($1.9 trillion), including machinery and equipment to 50%. The country has become a world leader in the export of machinery and equipment, including high-tech and advanced ($964.42 billion). An indicator of the high level achieved by the country is the share of mechanical engineering products in imports – 43%. Modern China acts as a net exporter of machinery, equipment and high-tech goods. The share of traditional goods in exports that previously formed the image of the country is gradually decreasing - toys (from 2.5% in 2004 to 1.6% in 2012), textiles and knitwear (from 10.5 to 8.5% ), food products (from 3.8 to 2.8%).
In the structure of mechanical engineering exports important place occupies industrial equipment, the cost of supplies of which abroad is growing at a high rate. In 2012, exports of energy equipment amounted to $32.1 billion, special industrial equipment - 34.5 billion, metalworking equipment - $6.9 billion, while the cost of supplies increased by an average of 10–14 compared to the previous year %. Exports of telecommunications equipment increased by 8% to $86.5 billion. Supplies mobile phones At the same time, they reached 1014.5 million units, equipment for wireless communications - $11.9 billion, microchips - $53.0 billion, an increase of 64.1%. Exports of electronic computer equipment reached impressive proportions – $222.0 billion; exports of liquid crystal displays increased by 30% to 3166.5 million units. and amounted to $36.3 billion. The value of exports of cars and chassis increased by 27.5%, amounting to $12.7 billion. physical volume 990 thousand units were exported. automotive equipment, including 500 thousand. passenger cars(an increase of 33%) in the amount of $3.6 trillion. Spare parts and components were supplied for $25.7 billion (Table 9.2).
Table 9.2. China's main exports in 2012
|
Position |
Unit measurements |
Volume |
Change compared to 2011,% |
Cost, billion dollars |
Change compared to 2011,% |
|
Coal, including coking |
|||||
|
Rolled steel |
|||||
|
Textile fibers, fabrics |
|||||
|
Clothes and accessories |
|||||
|
Automatic data processing equipment and components |
10,000 comp. |
||||
|
Cell phones |
10,000 comp. |
||||
|
Containers |
|||||
|
Liquid crystal displays |
|||||
|
Cars, including assembly kits |
10,000 comp. |
Source:
Specific gravity Mineral raw materials and fuel, despite the presence of huge reserves and leadership in the production of many types of products, are insignificant in China's exports. In 2012, they accounted for 1.5% of total exports. The share of non-ferrous metals was 1.5%, ferrous – 1.8%. In the "Fuel" group, a special place is occupied by coal - exports in 2012 amounted to 9.3 million tons and liquefied petroleum gas - 1.3 million tons. In the "Food" group (3% of Chinese exports), the main place belongs to sugar, corn, rice, soy, fruit, tea.
A noteworthy feature of China's exports is the impressive share of products manufactured on the basis of guarantor processing and assembly (tolling) (Table 9.3).
Table 9.3. The ratio of ordinary trade and surety processing and assembly in the trade turnover of the PRC
Source: URL: russchinatrade.ru/ru/about-china_-new/foreign-trade
In 2012, foreign trade turnover within the framework of tolling trade amounted to $1344.0 billion, or 34.9% of total trade turnover, exports - $862.8 billion, imports - $481.2 billion.
As for imports, 43% are machinery and equipment, 17% are hydrocarbon fuels, 10% are chemical goods, 7.3% are metal ores, 4 are non-ferrous metals, 1.5% are ferrous metals, the remaining items account for less 1%. China is a major importer of commodities – worth $269.6 billion; energy resources - $312.8 billion. Significant import items are oil - 271.02 million tons ($220.66 billion) and petroleum products - 39.8 million tons ($33 billion). Imports of liquefied petroleum gas amounted to 18.3 million tons worth $11.6 billion, and LNG – 14.7 million tons worth $8.3 billion. China imports large quantities of alumina, iron, manganese, copper, chrome and many other metal ores.
Despite the fact that China is the world's largest producer of agricultural products, the country continues to import large quantities of food and agricultural goods - worth $35.3 billion; drinks and tobacco – $4.4 billion, wheat – $1.1 billion (3.7 million tons), wheat flour (12 million tons), soybeans (58.3 million tons), corn (12.4 million t), rice (2.4 million tons), edible vegetable oils. Cotton imports increase to 5.1 million tons (an increase of 52.7%).
The share of finished products in China's imports is 65.0%. At the same time, the main volume is accounted for by mechanical products - $652.8 billion in 2012. Imports of vehicles, mostly trucks and commercial vehicles, are growing. In 2012, 1.1 million of them were imported. in the amount of $47.5 billion, including passenger cars - 447 thousand units. in the amount of $20.5 billion. Imports of parts and components increased to $23 billion (Table 9.4).
Table 9.4. Commodity structure China's imports in 2012
|
Position |
Volume (10,000 t) |
Change compared to 2011, % |
Cost, billion dollars |
Change compared to 2011, % |
|
|
Grain and flour |
|||||
|
Edible vegetable oils |
|||||
|
Iron ore |
|||||
|
Aluminium oxide |
|||||
|
Coal, including coking |
|||||
|
Raw oil |
|||||
|
Petroleum products |
|||||
|
Plastics in the form of blanks |
|||||
|
Pulp and paper pulp |
|||||
|
Rolled steel |
|||||
|
Copper and copper alloys |
|||||
Source: URL: stats.gov.cn/english/newsandcomingevents/ t20130222_402874607.htm
Foreign capital plays a major role in the development of Chinese foreign trade. According to national statistics, in 2012, exports of enterprises with foreign participation amounted to $1 trillion, and imports – $871 billion, i.e. almost half of all exports and 47% of imports.
FDI inflows in 2012 amounted to $111 billion. Among the main investors were (billion dollars): Hong Kong - 71.2, Japan - 7.3, Singapore - 6.5, Taiwan - 6.2, USA - 3.0 , Republic of Korea – 3, Germany –1.5, Holland –1.1, Great Britain – 1.0, Switzerland – 0.8. In total, these 10 countries accounted for 91% of all FDI in the Chinese economy. At the same time, as experts note, most of the investments are made by compatriots, the so-called overseas Chinese.
The export of Chinese capital abroad is growing rapidly (Fig. 9.4). According to the Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China for 2012, the total volume of contract work carried out by Chinese companies abroad amounted to $116.6 billion, an increase of 12.7%. In the same year, new contracts worth $156.5 billion were signed. In total, accumulated Chinese investments abroad are estimated at $1 trillion, with annual turnover$656 billion
Rice. 9.4. Direct investment flows to China and abroad, billion dollars.
Source: URL: english.mofcom.gov.cn/article/statistic/foreigninvestment
Great changes have occurred in the geographical structure of China's foreign trade. Trade with Asia is playing an increasingly important role, despite the fact that the share of traditional partner Japan has decreased. China is also actively increasing its presence in the markets of developing countries in Africa and Latin America.
Broken down by country, the main destination of Chinese exports remains the United States - 17% of all exports. The EU is in second place, although exports in this direction, under the influence of the European recession and falling demand, decreased by 6.2%. It fell especially noticeably in Italy – by 23% and in France – by 10%. Trade with ASEAN countries is growing. Exports to Malaysia increased by 31%, to Thailand – by 21%, and Indonesia – by 17%. China has special relations with Hong Kong, Taiwan and Macau. For example, Hong Kong (PRC) accounts for 16% of Chinese exports. However, trade interaction here is based on the mutual participation of capital in enterprises and the re-export of components for assembly and finished products. The tolling mentioned above is largely based on China's transactions with these territories. In 2012, 7% of Chinese exports went to Japan, 4% to Germany (Table 9.5).
In terms of imports, the EU comes first, followed by ASEAN countries. When broken down by country, the leaders are Japan, the Republic of Korea, the USA, and Taiwan.
Table 9.5. China's trade turnover with major foreign trade partners in 2012
|
A country |
Cost, MILLION DOLLA. |
Growth, % |
||||
|
trade turnover |
export |
import |
trade turnover |
export |
import |
|
|
Republic |
||||||
|
Germany |
||||||
|
Australia |
||||||
|
Malaysia |
||||||
|
Brazil |
||||||
|
Saudi |
||||||
|
Singapore |
||||||
|
Holland |
||||||
|
Indonesia |
||||||
Source: URL: http: //russchinatrade.ru/ru/about-china_-new/foreign-trade
China is often the final link in value chains with Southeast Asian countries, which contributes to the steady growth of these countries in China's trade turnover.
China's trade with African countries, which are considered by the Chinese as a source of mineral raw materials and fuel, is growing at a high rate. Here, China is actively increasing its investment presence, solving a dual problem: providing its development with basic raw materials and fuel and creating new markets for finished products. According to statistics at the end of 2012, the volume of Chinese direct investment in Africa approached the $20 billion mark. In 2012 alone, the volume of Chinese investment in the African economy reached $2.9 billion. More than 2,000 Chinese enterprises have their own investment projects at 50 African countries. In enterprises with the participation of Chinese capital on local labor accounting for more than 70% of the working staff.
China's foreign trade is characterized by a positive trade balance. At the same time, with a number of countries - Germany, Japan, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, Brazil - various reasons trade is in deficit for China. From Saudi Arabia Oil comes to China, ferrous metals and agricultural goods, primarily corn and soybeans, come from Brazil. At the same time, Germany and Japan act as suppliers of complex equipment and finished products. China has a huge trade surplus with the United States, which is a constant source of concern for the Americans.
In recent years, as a result of the relative decline in export growth, China's trade surplus has been shrinking. In addition to the decline in global demand for Chinese goods as a result of the recession in many countries - China's trading partners, a trend of long-term deterioration in terms of trade should also be noted as an influencing factor: prices for goods of its exports, represented mainly finished products, practically do not grow, while prices for imported goods, where raw materials and fuel occupy a sufficient place, are increasing.
The development of Chinese foreign trade is greatly influenced by foreign trade policy measures taken different countries world regarding Chinese products. It is no secret that many countries perceive the “Chinese factor” as a threat to their national economy and foreign trade. The trade dispute between China and the United States continues. The United States has introduced increased customs tariffs on imports from China car tires And steel pipes, and China responded with additional tariffs on US poultry imports. Trade wars are going on between China and the EU. Thus, China also filed a claim with the WTO in connection with tax barriers to the export of shoes to the EU market. In June 2013, the European Union initiated an anti-dumping investigation against Chinese solar panels. China, in turn, filed a lawsuit in connection with the “dumping” of grape wines of Italian, Spanish and French origin. These types of mutual claims have a negative impact on foreign trade activities Chinese companies.
An important role in the development of China's foreign trade is played by the eastern coastal provinces, in which special economic zones (SEZs) were once created, providing preferential conditions for domestic and foreign entrepreneurs. As a result, there was the whole complex highly modern territories oriented to the foreign market.
SEZ administrations enjoy the rights of provincial governments in the field of regulating the local economy and developing appropriate regulatory framework. In particular, they are independent in matters of borrowing funds on the global and domestic credit markets and placing bonds abroad within the limits provided by the central government. At the same time, they are responsible for their obligations with local resources. The limit of capital investments in objects independently approved by the SEZ is $30 million. The share of investments by a foreign participant must be at least 25% authorized capital. The income tax for enterprises with foreign investment in the SEZ is 15% (for enterprises of a normal economic regime - 33%). FDIs enjoy tax holidays for a period of five years, and in the subsequent five years income tax is levied at 50%. At the same time, these benefits are provided to enterprises, 70% of whose products are exported, as well as companies engaged in high-tech production and infrastructure sectors (energy, transport, ports, etc.). There are other tax benefits. In particular, companies that have invested at least $5 million in advanced technologies can receive a complete exemption from income tax by decision of the local administration. By decision of local administrations, export-oriented or high-tech enterprises with FDI may also be provided with non-tax benefits, for example in the form of reduction or complete liberation from payments for land use. Foreign enterprises have the right to acquire real estate ownership. Property tax is paid in the amount of 1.2% of its value, and when renting - 12% of the rental price. There is an exemption from customs duties for the import of machinery and equipment, spare parts and other materials imported by a foreign investor as an investment in an enterprise. Imported raw materials and auxiliary materials intended for the production of export products are also exempt from customs duties and a unified commercial and industrial tax on imported equipment.
The vast majority of goods and services within the SEZ are subject to market prices. Unified state prices are maintained for rail, sea, air transportation, postal and telegraph services, housing, water, medical service, urban transport, centrally distributed material resources.
China is one of the largest trading powers, second only to the United States in terms of import volume. At the same time, China's export volume significantly exceeds America's, and experts predict that the country will become the world's largest economy. For every country with which China enters into trade relations, it quickly becomes one of the key partners. This trade balance is the success story of China's modernization over the past twenty-five years, but it is also fraught with dangers.
China Export and Import
When entering into trade relations with China, any state sooner or later finds itself in a state of trade deficit. The United States did not escape this fate either. Between 2010 and 2013, the imbalance more than tripled and reached three hundred billion dollars in favor of the PRC.
In addition, it is increasingly becoming known about conflicts between trading partners and numerous accusations against China related to the fact that the country's authorities provide protection to enterprises through cheap loans and tax breaks. It is increasingly said that China's industry is actively supported by the central government.
Internal problems
At first glance, it may seem that a significant advantage in favor of China gives it only advantages, but this is not entirely true. The fact is that this state of affairs makes the country dependent on external conditions and downturns in the international market.
Understanding the possible Negative consequences significant preponderance in favor of exports, China is making serious efforts to stimulate the domestic market and refuses to commission new capacities, realizing their redundancy.
Today, Chinese banks have accumulated such an amount of money that it is difficult to use it without affecting the existing balance in the economy. Even real estate cannot absorb huge amounts of money, and it is increasingly becoming known about unsold millions square meters newly built housing.
However, the Chinese leadership does not despair and is proposing new infrastructure projects involving a large number of international players. However, each of these projects aims to increase the availability of Chinese goods for European consumers.
The international cooperation
An important place in the structure of China's exports is occupied by industrial equipment and other machinery, as well as wholesale quantities of clothing, textiles and mobile phones. The traditional flexibility of Chinese business and its ability to adapt to the needs of consumers has made China also one of the important suppliers food products to the international market.
The main trading partners for China are its closest neighbors - Korea and Japan, as well as Germany and Hong Kong, which is a special administrative region of the PRC. At the same time, the main import flows are directed to Japan, the USA, Korea, Germany and Australia.
China's export structure
Since the 1980s, China's economy has grown steadily. Industrial production and exports grew. By 2014, China's exports exceeded two trillion dollars, with half of the total coming from precision engineering: computers, phones, telecommunications equipment and microchips. At the same time, crude oil, automobiles and iron ore became the main import items.
However, such a structure began to cause concern among the Chinese authorities, since the incredible volumes industrial production, which cannot always be considered environmentally friendly, put serious pressure on environment and make quite large areas uninhabitable.
Global impact of Chinese trade
The growth of the Chinese economy is felt in almost all corners of the world, and this impact is not always positive, because under the pressure of the Chinese production model, national economies change and are reoriented to trade in raw materials, which, in turn, significantly reduces the income of the local population.
At the same time, intensive Chinese expansion in the international market leads to the popularization Chinese culture. Thus, we can say that China’s exports also include language. For example, in some African countries there are growing calls to replace school lessons English for Chinese language courses. This is due to the fact that for many African countries, China very quickly became the main trading partner and source of large investments. For example, Egypt sells huge volumes of oranges to China, Ghana supplies cocoa there, and South Africa- wine.
At the same time, Chinese demand is changing the landscape South America. Green vegetation is cut down for many kilometers, giant ports are built to send megatankers to China, and roads stretch across the entire continent from Brazil, destroying forests and ecosystems, to ports on the Pacific coast of South America. Thus, China’s exports and imports are important not only for the Chinese or global economy itself, but also for the ecology of the PRC and its trading partners.
(1 vote)Much of China's GDP growth comes from exports.
The contribution of export production to China's GDP growth over two decades (1978-1997) was 21% (estimated by the famous Chinese economist Li Jing Wen). China's share in world trade is constantly growing: if in 2001 China was 6th in the world in terms of exports and 6th in terms of imports, then in 2007 foreign trade turnover reached $2.17 trillion (in 1978 trade turnover was only $20 billion, i.e. over 29 years of reforms it grew 100 times, exports grew even more rapidly - from $9.8 billion in 1978 to $1200 billion in 2007, t i.e. almost 120 times) and China in terms of this indicator came in third place in the world after the United States and the EU, Chinese foreign trade grew especially rapidly after joining the WTO in 2001, which shows the benefits of China from WTO membership. Since 1978, the average annual increase in foreign trade has been approximately 15%. In general, China leads the world in production volume of over 100 types of products. China produces 50% of cameras sold in the world, 25% washing machines, 20% of refrigerators. For many years in a row, China has been the world's first exporter of textiles, clothing, shoes, watches, bicycles, sewing machines. In recent years, it has become a world leader in the export of mobile phones, laser players, displays, air conditioners, optical elements, power tools, household electrical appliances, televisions and motorcycles. China is expected to become an important player in the global automobile market in the coming years.
Chinese foreign trade expansion was not stopped by WTO membership. The main result of the country's accession to the WTO in 2001 was the rapid growth of exports from $249 billion in 2001 to $1,200 billion in 2007. As a result, the positive balance of trade in goods and services (the excess of exports over imports) grew rapidly: 2001 year - 23 billion dollars, 2002 - 31, 2003 - 23, 2004 - 67, 2005 - 120, 2006 - 180, 2007 - 264 billion dollars.
One of the most important features Chinese foreign trade - significant import of technologies that allow the development of such progressive sectors of the economy as manufacturing software, telecommunications equipment, new materials, biotechnologies. In this regard, in the 1990s. in foreign trade there has been a reorientation from the purchase of complete equipment to the purchase of key equipment and intangible technology (patents, licenses, etc.), this gives China the opportunity to establish own production modern products and ultimately reach a higher level of technical development. In 2005, the volume of exports and imports of new and high technology China amounted to $218.25 billion and $197.71 billion, respectively, an increase of 31.8% and 22.5%, respectively. China's foreign trade turnover in the field of new and high technologies was estimated at $400 billion in 2005. In 2006, exports of high-tech products increased by another 29% and amounted to the same 29% of all exports.
The current stage of development of China's foreign trade is characterized by the predominance of Western industrialized countries among its partners. China's main trading partners are the USA, Japan, and EU countries (see Fig. 1.6). The bulk of Chinese purchases of machinery and equipment abroad come from Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan, which is explained by geographic proximity and active export promotion policies pursued by the governments of these countries, which provide China with financing for purchases on preferential terms. Japan accounts for on average about 50% of Chinese purchases of machinery and equipment. The USA and the EU lead in the supply of high-tech products, aircraft and electronic computer equipment, technical documentation, "know-how". China is rapidly conquering the markets of countries with economies in transition: between 2000 and 2006, trade turnover between China and countries with economies in transition increased fivefold and reached $74 billion (moreover, it was mainly Chinese exports that increased - the share of these countries in Chinese exports reached 5% in 2006).
China is currently the largest trading partner Russian Federation. Despite the fact that import volumes significantly exceed the quantity of exported products, trade between countries moves in both directions.
Reasons for exporting to China
The rise of the Chinese economy has led to a significant increase in income and an increase in the middle class, which prefers local luxury products to imported ones. This situation makes it promising to export premium goods to China, from luxury products to cars, jewelry and
At the same time, urbanization and the desire of rural residents to move to the cities, as well as the Chinese economy directed towards high technology and the digital segment, provides a lot of opportunities for exports to China regular products nutrition. The rapid development and mass production of industrial goods have led to the filling of the main commodity niches, while the empty ones are ready to accept an almost limitless amount of export goods.
The dynamically developing company attracted the attention of Russian entrepreneurs. However, exporting to China from Russia has its own characteristics. Along with the fact that the legislation is quite loyal to both large and small exporters, the Russian economy cannot offer the Chinese a wide range of competitive goods.
Commodities
The leading positions among categories of exports to China from Russia are traditionally occupied by raw materials. Chinese entrepreneurs willingly purchase wood and lumber, mainly unprocessed boards, but wood waste is also in demand. Lumber from noble coniferous species is of particular value.
Scrap of stainless steel Non-ferrous metals are also of great interest, and the export of this type of raw material to China has long turned into an independent branch of business. According to experts, up to 40% of all stainless steel smelted in the Middle Kingdom is produced from scrap metal.
The incalculable amount of electronics produced in China requires a corresponding amount of copper, making this type of export a win-win option. An additional impetus for the export of copper scrap to China was given by Russia's abolition of export duties on used copper cathodes. The cheaper metal immediately attracted the attention of Asian manufacturers.
Garbage export
Significant volumes of Chinese exports are occupied by the supply of “garbage”. Processing technologies industrial waste make it possible to convert secondary raw materials into necessary materials. Therefore, China buys waste paper, plastic and broken electronic components all over the world. The value of recyclables sold to China from the US alone exceeds a billion dollars annually. In Russia, where waste recycling is still poorly developed, exporting such goods to China is beneficial not only in an economic sense, but also in environmental terms.
Food
Today's China has the largest population on the planet, due to which the demand for products in the country is constantly growing. The Chinese enjoy exploring the cuisines of other nations, and the demand for deli meats, cheeses, caviar, honey and chocolate is constantly growing.
The need for everyday and universal food products is also not decreasing. Exports of buckwheat, soybeans, grains and flour to China are constantly increasing. According to scientists from the University of Leeds, if the pace of Chinese urbanization continues, then within a few years the country will be able to consume all of the world's grain exports.
Along with flour and grains, meat, especially beef and chicken, is in great demand on the Chinese market; vegetable oil all types; milk, dairy products and Russian ice cream; sweets and confectionery. Exporting pine and other types of nuts to China has proven to be a profitable business.
Alcoholic drinks and water
Along with changes in culinary preferences, the approach of Chinese residents to food has also changed. alcoholic drinks. Wealthy Chinese prefer time-tested foreign drinks, and the changing appearance of cities contributes to changing tastes - new restaurants, bars and clubs are opening everywhere, where European drinking culture is promoted. For multinational Russia, with its centuries-old alcoholic traditions, rich opportunities open up here.
Some lack and often low quality drinking water in the cities they created a vast niche for export. Bottled water is supplied to China from many countries around the world, and there is no shortage of buyers.
Features of export activities
When exporting to China, VAT is charged on the same terms as for any export transactions. The tax rate is 0%, provided that all necessary papers are provided to the tax office. In case of failure to submit the relevant documents within 180 days, the exporter will be forced to pay VAT at the usual rate of 18% on export proceeds.
A refund of export VAT in the amount of 10-18% depending on the type of product, which is carried out based on the results of a desk audit, will help increase profits even from the smallest exported batch of goods. If the decision is positive and the company has no debts to the budget, tax deductions will be returned to the entrepreneur’s account within 14 days.
In China, there is mandatory certification of beverages and food products, medicines and medical supplies, as well as non-food products. In case of export of products to China Russian production, the supplier bears full responsibility for the quality and availability of a certificate approved by Chinese law.
Also, Chinese laws clearly regulate the activities of foreigners in the country. To start a legal business, you will need to register a company with 100% foreign capital and, having accurately specified the entire list of activities in the charter, strictly adhere to it. In the case of export activities, the charter must indicate absolutely all types of goods that will be imported into China.