Electrical equipment– this is various equipment that is designed to separate, transmit, regulate and produce references, such as voltage, energy or current.

Types of electrical equipment

Normally insulated electrical equipment is commonly found in electrical installations. Electrical equipment with lightweight insulation for overvoltages that do not exceed a frequency of 50 Hz.

Electrical equipment up to 50 Hz includes:

• household electrical appliances;
• transformers;
• cars;
• apparatus;
• protective devices.

Electrical equipment is considered a must-have item for most engineering systems(parts, components, connections), alarm communications, home consumption.

Subcategories of electrical equipment

This section includes four subcategories:

• electrical equipment of automobiles;
• cables;
• electrical connections;
• CEE systems.

The first is a complex process of interconnection between process automation and operation, which ensures the safety and comfort of passengers. TO auxiliary devices include fuses, relays, switches and power blocks.

There are anti-theft systems, navigation, ignition, heating, etc. Strangely enough, even some items household appliances can also perform various functions in the car.

Among the cables there are: power, signal, network and fastening products. The first are designed to distribute energy that comes from electrical appliances. The latter transmit various signals and detect electromagnetic interference.

The most well-known electrical connections are strands, terminal blocks, wires and compacts. Very reliable and safe for humans, easy to use.

The system according to the rules of certification of electrical equipment (CEE) deals with the approval various types connectors. Further, they are reduced to a single and generally accepted one. Among these are the Euro plug, German and French connectors, and contour plugs.

Electrical equipment classes

Electrical equipment has always been divided into classes, the main of which are ways to protect people from electric shock:

1. Class zero deals only with minimal insulation. It provides air gaps.
2. The first class is connected to the electricity network with three-core cables. It acts as a means of communication with the protective conductor.
3. The second class provides protection and enhances insulation through grounding. This doubles your overall protection.
4. The third class deals with electrical power from low voltage and its various sources.

For a safe and productive process of interaction with devices, circuits, devices and reasonable energy consumption, basic knowledge will certainly help and rescue in case of problems and malfunctions.

Electrical equipment at the exhibition

IN modern world It is very difficult to imagine your life without any electrical appliances. To look beautiful you need an iron, to store food - a refrigerator, to follow the news in the world - a TV. They are our constant companions in life. To keep abreast of events, you should definitely visit the exhibition where electrical equipment will be presented. It is exhibited annually by the international complex Expocentre.

Articles, partners Energy

Electrical equipment. Why and how

Energy metrics - automation components for: automated process control systems, “intelligent” building, electrical cabinet, power metering systems. SCADA systems.

Electrical equipment is devices or mechanisms whose main purpose is to generate or consume electrical energy. This also includes electrical equipment used to convert, transmit or distribute electrical current: transformers, cables, etc.

Electricity-producing equipment includes power plants and generators, while energy-consuming equipment includes household appliances, power tools, lighting, manufacturing equipment and automotive electrical equipment.

Electrical equipment for home and office - from household appliances to industrial mechanisms - like electricity in general, has become firmly established in our lives. The production process, which has long been put on an automated basis, depends on it, because it was electrical equipment that made it possible to make a huge leap towards increasing labor productivity. It is indispensable in every home, because our everyday life is no longer possible without such benefits of civilization as electric lighting, a refrigerator, a microwave oven, an iron or a washing machine. In addition, when arranging any apartment or office, a person cannot do without the equipment that accompanies all this variety of electrical appliances, such as sockets, cables and wires.

The production and sale of electrical equipment has long been on stream. Today there are a myriad of specialized stores (and even highly specialized ones offering a huge range of, say, lighting fixtures or cables), but you can also purchase electrical equipment at markets and supermarkets.

When purchasing any electrical equipment, you need to pay attention, first of all, of course, to specifications products. Decide on the purposes for which you need this or that device. Conventionally, the selection criteria for any electrical equipment can be divided into functional and technical. You determine the functional ones depending on what you want to get from the device and what conditions of its functioning suit you. When buying, for example, a refrigerator, you must decide in advance about its volume, dimensions, various options, whether you need freezer etc. TO technical criteria include the energy consumption class (for large household appliances), the materials from which the device is made, and the voltage for which it is designed. You may also need to buy a voltage stabilizer so that it does not burn out due to a sudden power surge.

It should be noted that the recent economic crisis and deteriorating environmental situation have caused an increase in the popularity of energy-saving technologies, which not only reduce energy costs, but also contribute to savings natural resources. The most common example is Powersave lamp.

In addition, it is always necessary to carefully study the instructions for the safe handling of electrical equipment and strictly follow the operating rules contained therein.

Since during operation a number of controversial issues arise about what equipment can be defined as an operating electrical installation, it is worth considering in detail the main regulations PTEEP and PUE. The first of which is decisive in relation to operating standards, and the second sets requirements for installation and design.

Definition

In general, the concept of an electrical installation includes all kinds of elements in which the transmission, transformation, distribution and subsequent consumption of electricity can occur. And an operating electrical installation should be understood not only as those devices, lines or structures through which electric current flows or into which voltage is applied, but also all that this moment are disconnected, but voltage may appear on them. In this case, the way voltage appears in the electrical installation does not matter; it can be:

• switching switching devices;
• being near equipment that creates;
• intersection of power lines in a vertical plane with other lines.

Crossing power lines

Therefore, to transfer an operating electrical installation to the inactive category, it is not enough to simply turn off the switch or power switch. To do this, it is necessary to make it impossible for a potential to arise, either with or without an electrical connection.

Purpose

Existing electrical installations are designed for the transmission and redistribution of electrical energy. Since modern electricity consumers are characterized by a large number of sensitive devices with a wide variety of operating principles, electrical installations must also ensure high quality of supplied energy. If we consider in detail the concept of an electrical installation, it includes not only transmission and distribution devices, but also switching and protective devices. Therefore, another purpose is the timely shutdown of various categories of consumers and the supply of backup or second power.

Depending on the importance of the power supply electrical circuit There are three categories of consumers:

• for the first category, a break may be allowed no more than the time required for automatic switching to the second or backup power supply;
• the second allows a break in power no longer than for the duration of the team’s departure or the manual entry of the second source;
• the third allows a break in meals of no more than a day, and for individual apartments and houses two days, but not more than three times a year.

Classification

Depending on the parameter, existing electrical installations are divided into the following types. According to the voltage level, devices up to 1000 V and above 1000 V are distinguished. Each category includes all voltage levels within their limits.

Depending on the purpose, the following devices are distinguished:

• Power– characterized by a large amount of power, flowing current, high voltage. Typically used in industrial scale for the operation of electrical networks and electrical substations.
• Transformative– designed to convert one type of current to another. They are used in a wide variety of fields.
• Switching– are intended for making switches in electrical diagram from high-voltage to household.
• Electrical operating – auxiliary equipment, which can perform any technological operations (heating, moving, etc.).
• Lighting– designed to convert electrical energy into light.

According to the installation method they are divided into:

Examples

As an example of existing electrical installations, we can consider both specific equipment and their groups. In practice, the following devices should be distinguished as existing electrical installations:

• Electrical machines (motors, transformers, generators);
• Lines, including wires, supports, brackets, insulators, cables and other equipment;
• Switches (air, oil vacuum and others), disconnectors and short circuiters;
• Rectifier and inverter installations for conversion;
• Protection and overvoltage control devices, normalization of electricity parameters.

Household consumers, in particular, wiring, switchboards, lighting devices and other devices can also be considered as an example of an existing electrical installation.

Service

It should be noted that the operation of electrical installations must be carried out in accordance with the requirements of the rules. Therefore, only specially trained workers who have passed an electrical safety knowledge test can be involved in servicing electrical installations. They are required to periodically inspect the equipment, Maintenance, scheduled and extraordinary repairs, testing of electrical equipment and other manipulations. At the same time, electrical personnel servicing electrical installations are required to fill out the appropriate documents on carrying out certain types of work.

To constantly monitor operating conditions, prompt maintenance of existing electrical installations is used in practice. At the same time, work is carried out to perform switching operations, inspect devices, and admit repair and operational personnel. Various operating modes are recorded and the compliance of power supply circuits is monitored.

Security measures

To provide safe conditions work in existing electrical installations, a number of measures are envisaged. Which must be implemented at all stages - before, during and at the end of work. All activities are divided into organizational and technical. The first of them provide for the organization of certain actions in electrical installations (registration of work, appointment of responsible persons, preparation of the work site, conducting briefings, etc.). The latter involve specific manipulations with electrical installation devices (switching, checking the presence or absence of voltage in live parts, installing protective grounding, etc.).

Depending on local conditions and the scope of application of existing electrical installations, safety measures may be supplemented in accordance with the characteristics of a particular industry.

equipment designed for the production, transmission, distribution and change of characteristics (voltage, frequency, type of electric current, etc.) of electrical energy, as well as for its conversion into another type of energy. E. include machines, transformers, devices, measuring instruments, protection devices, cable products, household electrical appliances. regulatory documents developed on the basis of the standards of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) establish 4 classes (0, I, II, III) of E. The classification indicates the method of protection against damage electric shock when using E. in various electrical installations. E. class 0, characterized lowest level electrical safety, is gradually being replaced by E. Class I, the use of which in electrical installations of buildings makes it possible to obtain more high level electrical safety. Currently, the vast majority of stationary and mobile household appliances (electric stoves, electric water heaters, washing machines, refrigerators, etc.), as well as some portable electricity (electric kettles, electric irons, etc.) correspond to class I. a large number of portable electricity (electrified tools, electric hair dryers, vacuum cleaners, etc.) correspond to class II. E. Class 0 - E., in which protection against electric shock is provided only by basic insulation of live parts. open conductive parts of the E., if any, are not connected to the protective conductors of stationary electrical wiring, i.e., protective grounding of open conductive parts (OCP) is not used. If the main insulation is damaged, protection against electric shock must be provided by the environment (air, floor insulation, etc.). Human contact with an energized VFC may result in electric shock. E. class I - E., in which protection against electric shock is provided by the basic insulation of live parts and the connection of the frequency converter with the protective conductors of stationary electrical wiring (protective grounding of exposed conductive parts is used). If the main insulation of the current-carrying part is damaged and it is shorted to the VFC, the appropriate protection must operate and automatically turn off the power. The EFCs will be energized for the period of time required for the protection to operate. A person who touches an energized VFC can receive an electric shock only during the short period of time required for the protection to operate. E. class II - E., in which protection against electric shock is ensured by the use of double or reinforced insulation of live parts. Class II equipment VFCs, if any, are not connected to the protective conductors of fixed electrical wiring (i.e., there are no means of protective grounding of the VFC). Protective properties environment are also not used to ensure electrical safety. E. Class III - E. in which protection against electric shock is based on power from a safety extra-low voltage source and in which voltages above safety extra-low voltage (50 V AC and 120 V direct current). e. with normal insulation - E., intended for use in electrical installations exposed to atmospheric overvoltages, with conventional lightning protection measures. e. with lightweight insulation - E., intended for use in electrical installations not exposed to atmospheric overvoltages, or with special lightning protection measures that limit the amplitude of atmospheric overvoltages to values ​​​​not exceeding the amplitude of atmospheric overvoltages and not exceeding the amplitude of a one-minute test voltage with a frequency of 50 Hz.