Egyptian pyramids. Scientists have revealed the secret of the most ancient Egyptian pyramid. For a long time, the Egyptian pyramids were considered to be the exam

Option 3 Part 1

(1) For a long time it was believed that the Egyptian pyramids were built by slaves, but more recently, contrary to these statements, scientists have found that the construction of the pyramids did not at all place a heavy burden on the shoulders of slaves and the poorest segments of the population. (2) The work in the quarries and transporting huge stone blocks was undoubtedly extremely difficult, but money was paid for it, and if we consider that the construction was carried out during the flood of the Nile, when the peasants had nothing to do, then such work can be considered a blessing: it prevented people from dying of hunger. (3) (...) peasants were used mainly for transporting stone, and the actual construction of the pyramids was carried out by several thousand professional builders.

2) The construction of the pyramids was an unbearable burden on the poorest segments of the population.

3) The pyramids were built during the Nile flood, when agricultural work stopped.

4) Hard work in the quarries was paid, so the peasants considered such work a blessing: it did not allow them to die of hunger.

5) When the Nile flooded, the peasants had nothing to do, and in order not to die of hunger, they were forced, against their will, to go to the quarries and transport stone.

2. Which of the following words (combinations of words) should be in place of the gap in the third (3) sentence of the text? Write it down word (combination of words).

thus therefore because and yes and

Answer: ___________________________

3. Read the dictionary entry that gives the meaning of the word LABOR. Determine in what sense this word is used in sentence 2. Write figure corresponding to this value in the dictionary entry.

LABOR, -a, m.

1) Purposeful human activity aimed at creating material and spiritual values with the help of production tools.Mental t. Physical t. Scientific organization t. Productivity t. Right to t.

2) Work, occupation. Persistent t. Daytime t. Pay per t.

3) Effort to achieve something Take upon yourself t. do something. S t. persuaded someone.

4) The result of an activity, work, work.T. all life. Scientific T.

5) Instilling skills and abilities in what professional, economic activity as a subject of school teaching. Lessons t. Teacher on t.

Answer: ___________________________

endowed

more beautiful

Answer: ___________________________

5. In one of the sentences below, the highlighted word is used INCORRECTLY. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.

In order for homemade kvass to turn out sparkling, pleasant and refreshing, it is necessary to follow the technology of its preparation.

It was hot in July, and when drops of LIVING moisture began to knock on the green foliage, first slowly and hesitantly, and then more and more insistently, all nature perked up and reached out to meet the rain.

Nephrolepis can grow even with ARTIFICIAL lighting, but, like all ferns, needs high humidity air.

During the summer months, schoolchildren are sent to an international LANGUAGE camp, one of the main activities of which is the study of foreign languages.

Shifting centuries-old stones, RAIN streams fell down

Answer: ___________________________

6. In one of the words highlighted below, an error was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.

dripping from a CANDLE MOST successfully

WITH SEVENTY assistants GO straight ahead TWO HUNDRED AND FOUR

Answer: ___________________________

OFFERS

GRAMMATICAL ERRORS

A) He was not accepted into the basketball team

error in the use of the adjective form

team. Because he was short

B) Three athletes performed very well

error due to misuse

pretext

B) The train crashed thanks to

errors in the use of collective collectives

switchman's negligence.

numerals

D) Cossack horses that were covered

violation of the grammatical form of a conjunction word

foam, we climbed the mountain path with difficulty.

in the subordinate part.

D) We were in worse conditions.

violation in sentence construction with

inconsistent application

incorrect attachment of the subordinate clause, creating

ambiguity of perception.

violation of supply boundaries

8. Identify the word in which the alternating vowel of the root is missing. Write out this word by inserting the missing letter.

proud adj..adjective

Answer: ___________________________

9. Determine the row in which the same letter is missing in both words in the prefix. Write down these words by inserting the missing letter.

and..distort, be..life pr..wise, pr..form pr..careful, pr...stop walking, be...reasonable n...repentance, pr...walk

Answer: ___________________________

10. Write down the word in which the letter E is written in place of the gap

memorable overcome...step...over

dear...color...

Answer: ___________________________

11. Write down the word in which the letter E is written in place of the gap

the log house...is independent...my movement...my ver...removed...my

Answer: ___________________________

12. Determine the phrase in which NOT is spelled together with the word. Open the brackets and write it down word .

error (not) corrected on time; (un)plowed field; the novel is (not) finished; the decision is (not) thought out; it’s not (not) loud

Answer: ___________________________

13. Identify the sentence in which both highlighted words are written HYPHENED. Open the brackets and write down these two words .

(IN) A boat appeared in the distance, (SO) the people who met them began to pull up to the pier. The heat (BY) subsided a LITTLE, but (STILL) it was unbearably stuffy. WHEN (THEN) Arkhip Petrovich understood (IN) FRENCH quite well. (ANCIENT) GREEK and (OLD) SLAVIC books are fraught with many more mysteries. It was (IN) AUTUMN cold outside, (SO) we all put on warm jackets.

Answer: ___________________________

14. Indicate the numbers in whose place NN is written.

In the room, furnished with (1) old (2) furniture, freshly painted (3) floors glittered, and there were golden (4) candlesticks on the tables.

Answer: ___________________________

1) From the plane there was a view of the city, battered by gunfire and explosions. rocky sandy area of the steppe.

2) He deduced the seriousness of his situation not so much from the words as from the exaggeratedly cheerful faces of the doctors.

3) And through the frosty and tart smell they both heard the sweet and intoxicating spirit of their home.

4) The young people fell silent and began to listen and watch.

5) The trees rustled, sometimes soothingly and melodiously, sometimes impulsively and alarmingly.

Answer: ___________________________

16. Place punctuation marks: indicate the numbers in place of which there should be commas in the sentence.

Faith (1) retreating from (2) illuminated bright light(3) windows (4) looked around in fear.

Answer: ___________________________

17. Place punctuation marks: indicate the numbers in place of which there should be commas in the sentence.

He really (1) can (2) turn out to be a good worker, if (3) of course (4) he comes to his senses.

Answer: ___________________________

18. Place punctuation marks: indicate the numbers in place of which there should be commas in the sentence.

The Kazan Cathedral (1) to the facade (2) of which (3) is adjacent a colonnade of 96 columns (4) overlooks Nevsky Prospekt.

Answer: ___________________________

19. Place punctuation marks: indicate the numbers in place of which there should be commas in the sentence.

The sun rose (1) and (2) while people were sleeping (3) warmed the city with its rays (4) so the day promised to be warm and clear.

Answer: ___________________________

(1) The harsh, demanding years coincided for us, “military boys,” with the age-related laws of human upbringing. (2)3 and all the teenagers took it themselves. (3) We learned from adults and from each other, our pride pushed us: Petka can do it, but why can I? (4) I remember what we could do. (5) We are five peers and classmates from the same street. (6) We knew how to mow, hem felt boots, insert the bottom into a bucket, clean the chimney in the stove, we knew how to set up a saw, cut a scythe, straighten a roof, make a ladder, a rake, weave a basket from brushwood, mix clay for plaster, load a cart of hay, grind grain, clean the well...

(7) And I won’t say that we grew up wild. (8) We went to school. (9) And they read a lot, amazingly a lot. (10) The books, of course, were random. (11) But if we talk about the efficiency1 of their work, it was huge. (12) We read it greedily! (13)3 and there was always a queue for a good book. (14) And it was customary: read it - tell me! (15) So we exchanged books and what we learned from books. (16) And something else happened: they read aloud, taking turns.

(17) If at that time someone had told us: in ten to fifteen years it would be possible to sit at home in front of a box with a screen and see what was happening thousands of kilometers away, we would never have believed it.

(18) What else grew out of childhood? (19) I think observation, the desire to try everything, learn everything. (20) In those days it was impossible to wait for what you needed, necessary thing someone will bring it to the house and someone will do the everyday work.

(21) It may seem strange to someone, but I don’t complain at all about fate, remembering these four years. (22) Now scrolling back the tape of life, weighing where, when and what I learned, I say without hesitation: the main school of life occurs in these years.

(23) I deeply believe that lessons of courage, work and difficulties are also necessary for teenagers now. (24) They must be consciously cultivated (in the family, at camp, at school), just as through physical education we make up for the lack of natural physical labor. (25) At the right time, in the right doses, with a justified degree of risk, it is imperative to teach a person what life will certainly require of him.

(According to V. Peskov *) * Vasily Mikhailovich Peskov(born in 1930) - Soviet writer, journalist, traveler and host of the television program “In the Animal World” from 1975 to 1990.

20. Which of the statements does not match content of the text? Please provide answer numbers.

1) From childhood, a child must be taught to work and to overcome life’s difficulties.

2) The main school of the author’s life occurred during the war years.

3) During wartime, the children did not go to school, but they read a lot.

4) The guys knew that through In ten to fifteen years it will be possible to sit at home in front of a box with a screen and see what is happening thousands of kilometers away.

Answer: ___________________________

21. Which of the following statements are incorrect? Please provide answer numbers.

1) Sentences 1-2 provide a description.

2) The content of sentence 11 is contrasted with the content of sentence 10.

3) Sentences 18-20 present the narrative.

4) Sentences 23-25 present the reasoning.

5) Sentences 5 and 6 explain the content of sentence 4.

Answer: ___________________________

22. From sentences 22-24, write down a verb with the lexical meaning “to develop, improve, put into use.”

Answer: ___________________________

23. Among the proposals 18-25 find one that is related to the previous one using a personal pronoun. Write the number of this offer.

Answer: ___________________________

1 efficiency. 1. Letter abbreviation: efficiency (of machines, mechanisms, etc.). 2. Unwind The degree to which something is effective.

Read a fragment of a review based on the text that you analyzed while completing tasks 20-23.

Write down the sequence of numbers in ANSWER FORM No. 1 to the right of task number 24, starting from the first cell.

24. “Describing the past, V. Peskov uses lexical means of expression:

(A)_______ (“harsh, demanding years”) and (B) ________ (“sprouted from childhood,” “lessons of courage”). The author invites the reader to think together, resorting to (B) ________ (sentences 18-19). The use of such a syntactic device as (G)__________(sentences 6, 19, 23) allows

V. Peskov presented the reader with the world of his childhood in its entirety.”
			List of terms:
	parcellation	homogeneous members of the sentence		citation
		exclamation sentences
	rhetorical questions	question-and-answer form of presentation		metaphor

Option 4 Part 1

The answers to tasks 1-24 are a word, phrase, number or sequence of words, numbers. Write the answer in the answer field in the text of the work, and then transfer it to the answer form No. 1 to the right of the assignment number, starting from the first cell, no spaces, commas or other additional characters. Write each letter or number in a separate box in accordance with the samples given in the form.

Read the text and complete tasks 1-3

(1) We must try in every possible way to keep the thesis as simple as possible and expressed more briefly, because a complex thesis outlines several thoughts, and therefore several points of disagreement. (2) Composite theses introduce extreme confusion, confusion and uncertainty into the dispute. (3)(...), having met them, it is necessary to immediately divide them into component elementary judgments and consider each point of disagreement separately.

1. Which of the following sentences correctly conveys the MAIN information contained in the text?

1) A simple and short thesis contains one idea; it is better than a compound one.

2) To make it easier to convince your opponent in a dispute, the thesis must be shorter and simpler, which avoids confusion and uncertainty.

3) Composite talking points can add confusion and uncertainty to an argument because they outline multiple points that will lead to disagreement.

4) In a dispute, proof of a thesis formulated in the form simple sentence, is built and perceived more clearly, so it is necessary to break down the composite theses into elementary judgments.

5) Disagreements may arise in a dispute due to the complexity of the thesis, outlining several thoughts.

Answer: ___________________________

2. Which of the following words or combinations of words should be in place of the gap in the third (3) sentence of the text? Write it down word (combination of words).

therefore, contrary to this, firstly yes and

Answer: ___________________________

3. Read the dictionary entry that gives the meaning of the word POINT. Determine in what meaning this word is used in sentence 1. Write the number corresponding to this meaning in the dictionary entry.

ITEM , -a; m.

1) A specific place on the earth's surface. P. road intersections. Strategic area. Populated area (city, town, etc.).

2) An institution or department of an institution with a narrowly defined range of functions.Medical village Negotiation village

Reception p.

3) Section of an official document or some text, indicated by a number or letter. P. contract.

List the main points of the report. P. charges.

4) Question, topic, subject (of attention, reasoning). Don't agree on something. p.P.

disagreements. Separate into three points.

5) A separate moment in development something Climax point. Turning point in history. The starting point for inferences. Turning point of the war.

Answer: ___________________________

4. In one of the words below, an error was made in the placement of stress: the letter denoting the stressed vowel sound was highlighted incorrectly. Write this word down.

cough

iconDescription

Answer: ___________________________

5. One of the sentences below uses the highlighted word INCORRECTLY. Correct the error and write it down the word is correct

Cats are extremely patient and can WAIT for hours for a mouse to leave its hiding place.

No work posed any great difficulties for this brilliantly educated and highly organized person.

The control system may subsequently undergo significant changes. The more we learn about LIVING nature, the more we know ourselves.

It was impossible to EXPECT a warmer welcome than the one that was organized for the festival guests.

Answer: ___________________________

6. In one of the words highlighted below, an error was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the error and write it down the word is correct.

upon ARRIVAL to practice on BOTH sides THREE HUNDRED rubles upon FINISHING from school MORE beautiful

Answer: ___________________________

7. Establish a correspondence between the sentences and the grammatical errors made in them: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

	OFFERS	GRAMMATICAL ERRORS
A) The text reveals two		1) Violation of the grammatical form of the conjunction word in
Problems.		subordinate part.
B) In the spring, the young men returned to the village, with whom		2) incorrect construction of sentences with derivatives
served in the army.		pretext
C) Many of the travelers who were on		3) violation in the construction of sentences with
Russian North, eager to come again		inconsistent application
to Solovki and Kizhi.
D) Published in the magazine “New World”		4) Incorrect construction of sentences with double
review of this work.
D) According to established traditions in the navy,		5) error associated with the use of particles: separation
crossing the equator was considered		particles from the component of the sentence to which
significant event.		she relates
		she relates
		6) incorrect construction of sentences with adverbs
		turnover
		7) an error was made in agreeing the main terms in
		complex sentence.

8. Identify the word in which the unstressed vowel of the root being tested is missing. Write out this word by inserting the missing letter.

length...length brilliant...steel opt...mism collocation...tightening...to grow

Answer: ___________________________

9. Identify the row in which the same letter is missing in both words in the prefix. Write down these words by inserting the missing letter.

ra...wakened, be...boundary not...valent, slacker pr...buy, pr...red to...mature, n...write pr...cut, pr...wonderful

Answer: ___________________________

10. Write down the word in which the letter I is written in place of the gap

resistant...bush...fabric...fading...enamel...

Answer: ___________________________

11. Write down the word in which the letter I is written in place of the gap

snow that...t is produced...may oil refuel...the car is swaying...blown by the wind acceptable...conditions

Answer: ___________________________

12. Determine the sentence in which NOT is spelled together with the word. Open the brackets and write it down word .

1) Not an antique hat at all, but a very modern hat! 2) We have reached the goal, but our journey is (not) finished.

3) Young trees withered on the root, (not) reaching the light. 4) There was a piercing, (untouched) silence.

5) It was damp and cold in the still (not) dry house.

Answer: ___________________________

13. Identify the sentence in which both highlighted words are written SEPARATELY. Open the brackets and write down these two words .

AND STILL, we have a lot of gift wrapping left - WHAT else should we wrap in it?

All printing houses repeat the same thing: the cost of work will depend (ON) from which media to reprint.

Something like happy lights shone in her black eyes, which subsequently surprised Sergei more than once.

The stories of the hunters made my mouth water, and I also felt a sense of self-pity for having wasted my entire vacation in an ambush.

Answer: ___________________________

14. Indicate all the numbers in whose place NN is written.

The epic theme of S. Yesenin’s poem “Anna Snegina” is (1) in Nekrasov’s traditions: there is a focus (2) on people’s problems, and a plot about the people’s leader, and a fairy tale style, and lexico-stylistic features (3) of the peasants’ speech.

Answer: ___________________________

15. Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma.

1) Study and work lead to glory.

2) The moon looks mysteriously and affectionately and beckons with its dim light.

3) Dal and Sreznevsky Shcherba and Vinogradov were distinguished by their knightly loyalty and devotion to their word.

4) At first, they walked with their mother in the rain, either along a mown field or along forest paths.

5) The noise and chatter of a crowd of people - all this was unusual for Yegor.

Answer: ___________________________

16. Place punctuation marks: indicate all numbers in place of which there should be commas in the sentence.

Young masters of painting (1) led by I.N. Kramskoy (2) left the Academy (3) refusing to participate in the competition for a gold medal (4) and organized the “Artel of Artists” - the first public organization artists in Russia.

Answer: ___________________________

17. Place punctuation marks: indicate all numbers in place of which there should be commas in the sentence.

“Cheerful cunning of the mind, mockery and a picturesque way of expressing” A.S. Pushkin (1) as is known (2) considered the essential properties of the Russian character. These properties (3) of course (4) were reflected in the poetry and prose of Alexander Sergeevich.

Answer: ___________________________

18. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.

The first to come to his senses was the old sailor (1) whose childhood at sea (2) (3) was spent on whaling ships (4) and rushed to the steering wheel.

Answer: ___________________________

19. Place punctuation marks: indicate all numbers in place of which there should be commas in the sentence.

The sky completely merged with the earth here (1) and (2) although thick darkness surrounded us (3) it was visible (4) how dimly the lanterns shone on the streets.

Answer: ___________________________

Read the text and complete tasks 20-25

(1) Nature never makes noise. (2) She teaches a person greatness in silence. (3) The sun is silent.

(4) The starry sky silently unfolds before us. (5) We rarely and rarely hear anything from the “core of the earth.” (6) The royal mountains rest graciously and blissfully. (7) Even the sea is capable of “deep silence.”

(8) The greatest thing in nature, which determines and decides our destiny as such, happens silently...

(9) And the man is making noise. (10) He makes noise early and late, intentionally and unintentionally, working and having fun. (11) And this noise in no way correlates with the result achieved thanks to it. (12) One would like to say that noise constitutes a person’s “privilege” in the world, for everything that nature gives to our hearing is

It is a mysterious and meaningful sound, not an annoying and empty noise. (13) Amazed and captured, we stand when thunder, a volcano or a hurricane raises its voice, and we listen to this voice, which intends to tell us something majestic. (14) We hear the roar of the Rhine Falls or the sea, the collapse of a mountain avalanche, the whisper of the forest, the murmur of a stream, the singing of a nightingale not as noise, but as the speech or song of related but mysterious forces. (15) The roar of trams, the crackling and hissing of factories, the roar of motorcycles, the squeal of braking cars, the crack of a whip, the beating of a scythe, the sharp sounds of garbage trucks and, ah, so often... the roar of a radio is noise, an annoying noise, so insignificantly meaning V spiritual sense. (16) Noise is present everywhere where sound means little or nothing at all, where rumble, whistle, buzz, hum, roar, penetrating into a person, give him little. (17) Noise is impudent and disappointing, arrogant and empty, self-confident and superficial, merciless and deceitful. (18) You can get used to noise, but you can never enjoy it. (19) He does not conceal anything spiritual in himself. (20) He “speaks” without having anything to say. (21) Therefore, every bad art, every stupid speech, every empty book is noise.

(22) In this case, the noise arises from the spiritual “nothing” and dissolves in the spiritual “nothing”. (23) He lures a person out of his spiritual refuge, out of his concentration, irritates him, binds him, so that he no longer lives a spiritual, but exclusively external life. (24) In the language of modern psychology, he instills in a person an “extroverted attitude” without compensating him for this in any way. (25) Something like this: “Greetings, man!.. (26) Listen! (27) However, I have nothing to tell you!..”

(28) And again... (29) And again... (30) The poor man is attacked and cannot even repel the attacker: “If you have nothing to say, leave me alone.” (31) And the more a person is overwhelmed by noise, the more accustomed his soul is to paying attention to the purely external. (32) Thanks to noise, the outside world becomes significant. (33) It stuns a person, absorbs him. (34) Noise, so to speak, “blinds” perception, and a person becomes spiritually “deaf.”

(35) Noise covers everything: in the external - the singing of the world, the revelation of nature, inspiration from cosmic silence. (36) In the inner - the emergence of a word, the birth of a melody, rest of the soul, peace of mind. (37) Because truly, where there is no silence, there is no peace. (38) Where the insignificant is noisy, there the Eternal is silent.

(39) Timid is also a muse. (40) How easy it is to scare her away with noise! (41) Her essence is tender, her voice is gentle. (42) And noise is a daring guy. (43) This brute knows nothing about the mysterious primordial melody that rises from the well of the soul, sometimes asking, sometimes calling, sometimes sighing. (44) He displaces this melody from earthly life and earthly music...

(45) From this disaster I know no consolation. (46) There is only one thing: to overcome the noise...

(According to I. Ilyin)

20. Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? Please provide answer numbers.

1) If you try, you can get used to the noise and even like it.

2) Noise allows a person to communicate with outside world without closing in on oneself.

3) The roar of the sea or a waterfall, the sounds of mountain falls, the rustling of leaves, the murmur of a stream, the singing of birds - all this is a song of related, but mysterious forces.

4) Making noise is the “privilege” of man, while nature creates mysterious and majestic sounds.

5) Noise makes a person spiritually deaf and muffles his perception.

Answer: ___________________________

21. Which of the following statements are true? Please provide answer numbers.

1) Sentences 17-21 contain reasoning and description

2) Sentences 17-21 contain narration, description, reasoning

3) Sentences 9-10 contain a narrative

4) Sentences 30-32 contain reasoning

5) Sentences 17-21 contain a narrative

Answer: ___________________________

22. From sentence ten (10), write down the outdated colloquial word Answer: ___________________________

23. Among the proposals 39-44 find one that connects to the previous one using demonstrative pronoun and contextual synonym. Write the number of this offer.

Answer: ___________________________

Read a fragment of a review based on the text that you analyzed while completing tasks 20-23.

This excerpt discusses language features text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Insert into the blanks (A, B, C, D) the numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list. Write down the corresponding number in the table under each letter.

Write down the sequence of numbers in the order in which you wrote them down in the text of the review in the place of gaps in answer form No. 1 to the right of number 24, starting from the first cell , no spaces, commas or other additional characters.

Write each number in accordance with the samples given in the form.

24. " Famous philosopher I. Ilyin uses in his thoughts such a trope as (A) _____(impudent guy in sentence 42). By contrasting (sentences 14 and 15), Ilyin reveals his attitude towards noise, which can drive away the muse, which is depicted using such a syntactic device as (B)

And such a trope as (B) _____ (sentence 41). (D) _____ (“extroverted attitude” in

sentence 24) helps to complement the author’s attitude towards noise"
			List of terms:
	a rhetorical question			citation
	rows of homogeneous members			comparative turnover
	lexical repetition	6) personification		rhetorical exclamation

Part 2 25. Write an essay based on the text you read.

Formulate and comment on one of the problems posed by the author of the text (avoid excessive quoting).

Formulate the position of the author (storyteller). Write whether you agree or disagree with the point of view of the author of the text you read. Explain why. Justify your answer, relying primarily on reading experience, as well as knowledge and life observations (the first two arguments are taken into account).

The volume of the essay is at least 150 words.

Work written without reference to the text read (not based on this text) is not graded. If the essay is a retelling or completely rewritten of the original text without any comments, then such work is scored zero points.

Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting.

A1. In which word is the letter denoting the stressed vowel sound incorrectly highlighted?

1) will lend
2) make you angry
3) put
4) heels

A2. In which sentence should we use CONDEMN instead of the word DISCUSS?

1) It is necessary to DISCUSS the prom scenario with high school students.
2) The site developers DISCUSSED its new design.
3) I would like to DISCUSS a science fiction novel I recently read with a friend.
4) It is impossible not to DISCUSS Pechorin for his selfishness.

A3. Give an example of an error in the formation of a word.

1) four hundred fifty
2) their dreams
3) lie down
4) no boots

A4. Choose the grammatically correct continuation of the sentence.

Saying goodbye to school.

1) gratitude was boundless.
2) many kind words were said to the teachers.
3) the last bell rang.
4) tell me good words to your teachers.

A5. Indicate the sentence with a grammatical error (in violation of the syntactic norm).

1) I would like to congratulate everyone who won the Olympics in Canada.
2) The athletes met and made friends with the residents of Vancouver.
3) Fans who came from many countries around the world joyfully greeted the Olympic champions.
4) The thirst for glory is a good incentive in the fight for Olympic medals.

Read the text and complete tasks A6-A11.

(1)... (2) According to various sources, among the books of his library there were rare copies of manuscripts, even for that period, which were known in the West only by hearsay: Greek glassines, Latin chronographs, ancient Egyptian manuscripts, labels and defteri from Mongol khans, books of the East and other peoples. (3) In underground storage facilities and hiding places there are chronicles of the ancient Slavic, Scythian and other peoples of our country up to the 15th century, as well as the richest collections of books taken from Novgorod, Tver, Vladimir, Suzdal, Pskov, on which the best minds of that time worked. (4) The sovereign library contained books from the famous Library of Alexandria and collections of ancient geographical maps, including the empire of Genghis Khan. (5) The books of this library in the storage facilities were seen by those close to Grozny, who left written evidence. (6)....interest in searching for a library either fades or flares up with renewed vigor as new information accumulates.

A6. Which of the following sentences should come first in this text?

1) A group of enthusiasts of various specialties, on a voluntary basis, conducted extensive research to find traces of the mysterious library of Grozny.
2) The first in Rus' to be solemnly crowned king in the Assumption Cathedral of the Kremlin was Grand Duke Ivan Vasilyevich in January 1547.
3) The mystery of the disappearance of the library of Ivan the Terrible, the first Tsar of Muscovy, excites the minds of many people in our country and abroad.
4) The incentive for new searches was the manifestation of interest in one’s ancient history.

A7. Which of the following words (combinations of words) should be in the gap in the sixth sentence of the text?

1) Therefore
2) As if
3) Exactly
4) Because

A8. What word or combination of words is the grammatical basis in one of the sentences or in one of the parts complex sentence text?

1) were rare (sentence 2)
2) there are chronicles (sentence 3)
3) there were books (sentence 4)
4) interest fades, flares up (sentence 6)

A9. Indicate the correct characteristic of the second (2) sentence of the text.

1) with subordinating and coordinating connections between parts
2) with a subordinate and non-union connection between parts
3) complex
4) complex with subordinating, coordinating and non-union connections between parts

A10. Indicate the correct morphological characteristic of the word EVEN from the second sentence of the text.

1) union
2) preposition
3) adverb
4) particle

A11. State the meaning of the word MINDS in sentence 3.

1) community of people
2) public consciousness
3) outstanding thinkers
4) scientists

A12. Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers replaced by two letters НН?

The stars were scattered (1) out of sight (2) on the black sky, like precious (3) stones from a gold (4) casket.

1) 2, 3, 4
2) 2, 3
3) 1, 2, 3
4) 1, 2, 4

A13. In which row in all words is the unstressed vowel of the root being tested missing?

1) connected, finished, warm
2) worn out, accompanied, precaution
3) lights up, elk, n_strong
4) designations, to_footed, opens

A14. In which row is the same letter missing in all words?

1) nuclear-free, load-bearing, trilingual
2) pr_svetly, pr_novitsya, pr_datel
3) reckless, _dravnitsa, _burnt
4) s_skat, super_gra, super_impulsive

A15. In which row in both words is the letter I written in place of the gap?

1) glued, sleepy
2) substituted, purchased
3) hated, addicted
4) screw_t, stick_t

A16. Which answer option contains all the words where the letter E is missing?

A. weathered B. glowing C. legible D. command

1) A, B
2) A, B, C
3) V, G
4) G

A17. In which sentence is NOT written separately with the word?

1) (Not) far away there was a famous manor estate.
2) The elder’s intervention was extremely (in)appropriate.
3) The guests experienced incomparable pleasure while visiting Velsky.
4) The note was written in (illegible) handwriting.

A18. In which sentence are both highlighted words written separately?

1) There was (FROM) SOMETHING to be sad: (BY) THIS house our grown children no longer ran around.
2) The Cossacks rushed (IN) AFTER the retreating and overtook them (IN) THE MIDDLE of the field.
3) (B) SUBSEQUENTLY, our detachment moved (B) ALONG the banks of the Yenisei.
4) (WHY) did you reassure him, (WHY) didn’t you consult with me?

A19. Provide the correct explanation for the use of a comma or its absence in the sentence:

They played a lot in the Glazunovs' house () and young Saiga firmly remembered all the plays performed.

1) Simple sentence with homogeneous members, before the conjunction And a comma is not needed.
2) Compound sentence, before the conjunction And a comma is not needed.
3) A complex sentence, before the conjunction And a comma is needed.
4) A simple sentence with homogeneous members, before the conjunction And a comma is needed.

A20. Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence?

Born into the family of a famous book publisher (1), the future composer Glazunov was brought up from childhood in an atmosphere of enthusiastic music-making (2), amazing his relatives (3) with his extraordinary ability to instantly remember music (4) once heard.

1) 1, 2, 3, 4
2) 2, 4
3) 1, 2, 4
4) 1, 3, 4

A21. Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence?

Glazunov (1) literally (2) was transformed while conducting the orchestra. He (3) they say (4) merged with the music, led it and followed it.

1) 1, 2, 3, 4
2) 3, 4
3) 1, 3, 4
4) 1, 2

A22. Indicate a sentence that requires one comma. (There are no punctuation marks.)

1) Alexander Konstantinovich’s concern for the students and teachers of the conservatory was enormous.
2) Glazunov was adored and idolized by students and connoisseurs of his music.
3) The composer worked at the conservatory not only during the day but also at night.
4) Before dawn, music began to sound in the deserted halls of the Philharmonic.

A23. How to explain the placement of a DASH in this sentence?

If you repay good with good - well done, if you respond to evil with good - you are a sage.

1) The second part of a non-union complex sentence is contrasted with the first.
2) The first part of a non-union complex sentence indicates the condition for accomplishing what is mentioned in the second part.
3) The second part of a non-union complex sentence indicates the reason for what is said in the first part.
4) The second part of a non-union complex sentence explains and reveals the content of what is said in the first part.

A24. Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence?

Comparing Glazunov with Glinka (1) Lunacharsky said (2) that they are “springs of unusually happy music (3) having plunged into which (4) you come out transformed.”

1) 1, 2, 3
2) 1, 2, 4
3) 2,3
4) 2, 3, 4

A25. Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence?

In 1926, a free concert by Glazunov took place (1) and it aroused such interest (2) that (3) although all 2000 seats were filled (4) there were still many who wanted (5) who were unable to get tickets.

1) 1, 2, 3
2) 1, 2, 4
3) 2, 3
4) 2, 3, 4

A26. In which sentence the subordinate part of a complex sentence cannot be replaced separate definition, expressed by a participial phrase?

1) The imagination of the composer, who has long been fascinated by the colorfulness of knightly legends, gave birth to a multicolored musical picture.
2) Particularly attractive are the crowd scenes in his ballets, in which the national flavor is conveyed.
3) V. Stasov, who knew Glazunov well, called him “Russian Samson” - a great hero.
4) Glazunov, who always looked closely at young composers, was the first to see talent in D. Shostakovich.

A27. Read the text.

For a long time it was believed that the Egyptian pyramids were built by slaves, but more recently, contrary to these claims, scientists have found that the construction of the pyramids did not at all place a heavy burden on the shoulders of slaves and the poorest segments of the population. The work in the quarries and transporting huge stone blocks was, undoubtedly, extremely difficult, but money was paid for it, and if you consider that the construction was carried out during the time of the Nile flood, when the peasants had nothing to do, then such work can be considered a blessing: it did not give people die of hunger. Moreover, peasants were used mainly for transporting stone, and the actual construction of the pyramids was carried out by several thousand professional builders.

Which of the following sentences correctly conveys the main information contained in the text?

1) During the construction of the pyramids, helping professional builders, peasants were engaged in transporting stone, because this work did not allow them to die of hunger and was carried out at a time convenient for them.
2) The construction of the pyramids was an unbearable burden for the poorest segments of the population.
3) The pyramids were built during the Nile flood, when agricultural work stopped.
4) When the Nile flooded, the peasants had nothing to do, and in order not to die of hunger, they were forced, against their will, to go to the quarries and transport stone.

Read the text and complete tasks A28-A30; B1-B8, C1.

(1) One of the signs of the cultural catastrophe that befell us was foul language. (2) It nests not only in groups of hanging out teenagers and has long ceased to be the “linguistic prerogative” of a drunken loader in a grocery store. (3) Swearing flows freely and proudly in the corridors and smoking rooms prestigious universities, from stage and screen, from the pages of our press. (14) The rule “not to express yourself in front of ladies” has become a deep anachronism: swearing is now not gender-selective, and some “ladies,” especially at a tender age, are able to outshine another homeless person.

(5) Massive profanity in general, apparently, is a companion in times of crisis. (6) The historian and thinker of the 17th century, clerk Ivan Timofeev, among the vices and sins that led to the Troubles that almost destroyed Russia, mentioned “the fetid pronunciation of swear words by the tongue and lips.”

(7) Nowadays, foul language exists in different manifestations, as if it appears in several forms.
(8) First of all, this is habitual foul language, characteristic of people with a low level of culture. (9) In this case, swear words and expressions are used automatically for the person who uses them - both as units of naming the corresponding objects and actions, and as interjections expressing various feelings, and as ballast fillers of the speech flow (similar to some other people say every minute: that’s what it means, so to speak). (10) Habitual swearing is an absolute and complete manifestation of lack of culture. (11) Although it is related to the level of education, it is not directly: I, for example, knew peasants who had two classes of parish school behind them, but for whom a swear word was as unnatural as laziness or poor work; at the same time, I know students, engineers and doctors who swear. (12) The main environment for the formation of habitual foul language is the family, the main reason is the cultural vacuum that reigns in it. (13) This is why foul language is so persistent: a child who daily hears his parents “caressing” each other with harsh words will almost certainly grow up “swearing” and pass this habit on to their children. (14) So-called affective foul language is widespread. (15) It is associated with the expression of some feeling and is usually a person’s emotional reaction to a situation, words or behavior of other people, even to his own actions.

(16) Another manifestation of foul language is deliberate shocking, a challenge to society, attempts to destroy generally accepted rules of decency. (17) The range of this type of swearing is very wide - from inscriptions on fences and in toilets to mannered and cynical speeches of some representatives of the intelligentsia and, so to speak, works of art - books, films, performances. (18) Yes, in the texts of great Russian literature there are many lines and lines where the corresponding words, even in academic publications, were bashfully replaced with periods. (19) But is there anything in common between them and swearing for the sake of fashion, to create an aura of obscene scandalousness, or simply because they don’t know how to speak otherwise?

(20) Checkmate is, alas, an objective harsh reality. (21) Clearly aware of this, should we take an indifferent position? (22) Hardly. (23) After all, foul language not only offends other people, but also has a destructive effect on the person himself: obscenity, as it were, becomes part of his mentality. (24) A person begins to look at the world through a grid, the nodes of which are connected from swear words, and this world is depressingly primitive, since all the diversity of life in it is reduced to the simplest functions.

(25) There are not and cannot be any universal recipes for curing foul language. (26) It is clear to me: this is possible only with a significant increase in the cultural level of both society and the individual. (27) There is no need to indulge yourself with illusions: no one will teach a drunken lumpen to speak another language. (28) But a lot can be done in a micro-team: in the classroom, student audience, and especially in the family. (29) Let's be intolerant of foul language - let's impose a complete and non-negotiable ban on it.

(According to S. Vinogradov)

A28. Which statement does not correspond to the content of the text?

1) Foul language in modern times has become almost a linguistic norm for all social strata of the population.
2) Foul language is directly related to low level education.
3) The origins of this negative speech phenomenon are family.
4) An intolerant attitude towards foul language, a significant increase in the cultural level of both society and the individual can cure society from this linguistic phenomenon.

A29. Indicate the answer option that indicates all types of speech used in sentences 16-24.

1) description
2) narration and description
3) reasoning
4) reasoning and storytelling

A30. Indicate a sentence that uses synonyms.

1) 3
2) 8
3) 12
4) 23

IN 1. From sentences 5-7, write down a word formed in a prefix-suffix way.

AT 2. From sentences 14-15, write down short participles.

AT 3. Indicate the method of subordinating connection in the phrase IM USES in sentence 9.

AT 4. Among sentences 24-29, find complex ones that contain one-part impersonal sentences. Write the numbers of these sentences.

AT 5. Among sentences 5-10, find a sentence with an insertion construction. Write the number of this offer.

AT 6. Among offers 18-24 find complex sentences with additional reasons. Write the numbers of these sentences.

AT 7. Among sentences 7-13, find one that connects with the previous one using a particle and a personal pronoun. Write the number of this offer.

AT 8. The review, based on the text, misses some terms. Fill in the blanks with numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list. If you don't know which term to insert, write the number 0.

“Cultural catastrophe” - this is how the author characterizes the massive profanity that has become the speech norm for most people, and _____ (sentence 3) clearly demonstrates this fact. And this is far from a harmless phenomenon: _____ (sentence 6) gives an idea of how our ancestors treated obscene words. A technique such as _____ (sentences 21-22) allows the author to express his opinion on this issue, and _____ (sentence 24) depicts the psychology of a swearing person.

List of terms:

1) extended metaphor
2) lexical repetition
3) quoting
4) question-and-answer form of presentation
5) inversion
6) series of homogeneous members
7) parcellation
8) rhetorical question

C1. Write an essay based on the text you read.

State and comment on one of the issues raised by the narrator (avoid excessive quotation). Formulate the narrator's position. Write whether you agree or disagree with his point of view. Explain why. Justify your answer based on knowledge, life or reading experience (the first two arguments are taken into account). The volume of the essay is at least 150 words.

OPTION 3
Part 1
Read the text and complete tasks 1-3.
(1) For a long time it was believed that the Egyptian pyramids were built by slaves, but more recently, contrary to these statements, scientists have found that the construction of the pyramids did not at all place a heavy burden on the shoulders of slaves and the poorest segments of the population. (2) The work in the quarries and transporting huge stone blocks was undoubtedly extremely difficult, but money was paid for it, and considering that the construction was carried out during the flood of the Nile, when the peasants had nothing to do, then such work can be considered a blessing: it prevented people from dying of hunger. (3)<...>peasants were used mainly for transporting stone, and the actual construction of the pyramids was carried out by several thousand professional builders.
1.Which of the sentences below correctly conveys the MAIN information contained in the text?
During the construction of the pyramids, helping professional builders, peasants were engaged in transporting stone, because this work did not allow them to die of hunger and was carried out at a time convenient for them.
The construction of the pyramids was an unbearable burden on the poorest segments of the population.
The pyramids were built during the Nile flood, when agricultural work stopped.
When the Nile flooded, the peasants had nothing to do, and in order not to die of hunger, they were forced, against their will, to go to the quarries and transport stone.
The construction of the Egyptian pyramids was carried out by professional builders, and peasants willingly worked in quarries and transporting stone, since during the Nile flood they were left without work and the work on the construction of the pyramids did not allow them to die of hunger.
2.Which of the following words (combination of words) should appear in the gap in the third (3) sentence of the text? Write him out.
Thus, and
ThereforeAlthough
Because
3. Read the dictionary entry that gives the meaning of the word LABOR. Determine in what sense this word is used in the second (2) sentence. Write down the number corresponding to this meaning in the dictionary entry.
LABOR, -a, m.
Purposeful human activity aimed at creating material and spiritual values with the help of production tools. Mental t. Physical t. Scientific organization t. Productivity t. Right to t.
Work, occupation. Persistent t. Daytime t. Pay per t.
Effort towards achieving something. Take upon yourself t. do something. S t. persuaded someone.
The result of an activity, work, work. T. all life. Scientific T.
Instilling skills and abilities in some. professional, economic activity as a subject of school teaching. Lessons t. Teacher on t.
4. In one of the words below, an error was made in the placement of stress: the letter denoting the stressed vowel sound was highlighted incorrectly. Write this word down.
LEND
Angry
lived
lied
It's tilting
5. In one of the sentences below, the highlighted word is used INCORRECTLY. Correct the error and write the word correctly.
Soon the new tenant PAID all the bills.
We managed to PROTECT our friend from unfair accusations.
A joyless, lonely old age awaited Marya Nikolaevna.
The Museum of the History of our city will host a CELEBRATIVE concert dedicated to veterans of the Great Patriotic War.
Our ancestors in Rus' gave their children SOUNDING names.
6. In one of the words highlighted below, an error was made in the formation of the form. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.,
FOUR HUNDRED fifty
THEIR dreams
no BOOTS
RUN TO THE SIDE
THREE fox cubs
7. Establish a correspondence between the sentences and the grammatical errors made in them: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
OFFERS
GRAMMATICAL ERRORS
A) Having first sentenced Dostoevsky to death, the decision was replaced by hard labor and settlement in Siberia
1) violation of the connection between subject and predicate
B) Upon arrival at Baikal, the writer heard from local residents There are many fascinating legends.
2) violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application
C) The hours spent in the family were priceless for Nikolai Rostov. 3) an error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members
D) M. Sholokhov’s attitude to the war in the novel “Quiet Don” is manifested in many details and images.
4) incorrect construction of sentences with participial phrases
D) I would like to congratulate everyone who won the Literature Olympiad.
5) incorrect construction of sentences with indirect speech
6) violation in the construction of sentences with participial phrases
7) incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition
8. Identify the word in which the unstressed vowel of the root being tested is missing. Write out this word by inserting the missing letter.
g..mature / precaution / ign..lights / sends..fires / app..lived
9. Identify the row in which the same letter is missing in both words in the prefix. Write out these words by inserting the missing letter.
pr..light, pr..strive
homeless, ra..distribute
not..conscious, d..urgent
pr..grandfather, in..push
claim.. claim, pursuit.. pursuit
10. Write down the word in which the letter E is written in place of the gap.
weathered..weathered
glow, heat
legible
led, lead
shy
11.Write down the word in which the letter I is written in place of the gap.
Bought / hated / hovered / invisible / smoothed
12.Find a sentence in which NOT is written SEPARATELY with the word. Open the brackets and write down this word.
(Not) far away there was a famous manor estate.
The elder's intervention was extremely (in)appropriate.
The note was written in (illegible) handwriting.
The letter I (un)read remained lying on the table.
(No) why rush if the work requires special care.
13.Find a sentence in which both highlighted words are written SEPARATELY. Open the brackets and write down these two words.
There was (FROM) SOMETHING to be sad, (BASE) THIS house our grown children no longer ran around.
The Cossacks rushed (IN) FOLLOWING the retreating and overtook them (IN) THE MIDDLE of the field.
(B) CONSEQUENCES, our detachment moved (B) ALONG the banks of the Yenisei.
(WHY) did you reassure him, (WHY) didn’t you consult with me?
Turning her head (B)RIGHT and (B)LEFT, Margarita admired the moon rushing
under her, like crazy, back to Moscow.
14.Indicate the numbers in which NN is written.
The stars were scattered (1) out of sight (2) on the black sky, like precious (3) stones from a gold (4) casket.
15.Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma?
Glazunov was adored and idolized by students and connoisseurs of his music.
Alexander Konstantinovich's concern for the students and teachers of the conservatory was enormous.
Sasha had never heard of any composers or their works before.
The composer worked at the conservatory not only during the day but also at night.
Before dawn, music began to sound in the deserted halls of the Philharmonic.
16. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
Born into the family of a famous book publisher (1), the future composer Glazunov was brought up from childhood in an atmosphere of enthusiastic music-making (2), amazing his relatives (3) with his extraordinary ability to instantly remember music (4) once heard.
17. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
Glazunov (1) literally (2) was transformed while conducting the orchestra. He (3) they say (4) merged with the music, led it and followed it.
18. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
Comparing Glazunov with Glinka (1) Lunacharsky said (2) that they are “springs of unusually happy music (3) having plunged into which (4) you come out transformed.”
19. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
In 1926, a free concert by Glazunov took place (1) and it aroused such interest (2) that (3) although all 2000 seats were filled (4) there were still many people who wanted to (5) who were unable to get tickets.
Read the text and complete tasks 20-25.
(1) One of the signs of the cultural catastrophe that befell us was foul language. (2) It nests not only in groups of hanging out teenagers and has long ceased to be the “linguistic prerogative” of a drunken loader in a grocery store. (3) Swearing flows freely and proudly in the corridors and smoking rooms of prestigious universities, from the stage and screen, from the pages of our press. (4) The rule “not to express yourself in front of ladies” has become a deep anachronism: swearing is now not gender-selective, and some “ladies,” especially at a tender age, are able to outshine another homeless person.
(b) Massive profanity in general, apparently, is a companion in times of crisis. (b) The historian and thinker of the 17th century, clerk Ivan Timofeev, among the vices and sins that led to the Troubles that almost destroyed Russia, mentioned “the fetid pronunciation of swear words by the tongue and lips.”
(7) Nowadays, foul language exists in different manifestations, as if it appears in several forms.
(8) First of all, this is habitual foul language, characteristic of people with a low level of culture. (9) In this case, swear words and expressions are used automatically for the person who uses them - both as units of naming the corresponding objects and actions, and as interjections expressing various feelings, and as ballast fillers of the speech flow (similar to some other people say every minute: that’s what it means, so to speak). (Y) Habitual swearing is an absolute and complete manifestation of lack of culture. (11) Although it is related to the level of education, it is not directly: I, for example, knew peasants who had two classes of parish school behind them, but for whom a swear word was as unnatural as laziness or poor work; at the same time, I know students, engineers and doctors who swear. (12) The main environment for the formation of habitual foul language is the family, the main reason is the cultural vacuum that reigns in it. (13) This is why foul language is so persistent: a child who daily hears his parents “caressing” each other with harsh words will almost certainly grow up “swearing” and pass this habit on to their children.
(14) So-called affective foul language is widespread. (15) It is associated with the expression of some feeling and is usually a person’s emotional reaction to a situation, words or behavior of other people, even to his own actions.
(16) Another manifestation of foul language is deliberate shocking, a challenge to society, attempts to destroy generally accepted rules of decency. (17) The range of this type of swearing is very wide - from inscriptions on fences and in toilets to mannered and cynical speeches of some representatives of the intelligentsia and, so to speak, works of art - books, films, performances. (18) Yes, in the texts of great Russian literature there are many lines and lines where the corresponding words, even in academic publications, were bashfully replaced with periods. (19) But is there anything in common between them and swearing for the sake of fashion, to create an aura of obscene scandalousness, or simply because they don’t know how to speak otherwise?
(20) Checkmate is, alas, an objective harsh reality. (21) Clearly aware of this, should we take an indifferent position? (22) Hardly. (23) After all, foul language not only offends other people, but also has a destructive effect on the person himself: obscenity, as it were, becomes part of his mentality. (24) A person begins to look at the world through a network, the nodes of which are connected from swear words, and this world is depressingly primitive, since all the diversity of life in it is reduced to the simplest functions.
(25) There are not and cannot be any universal recipes for curing foul language. (26) It is clear to me: this is possible only with a significant increase in the cultural level of both society and the individual. (27) There is no need to indulge yourself with illusions: no one will teach a drunken lumpen to speak another language. (28) But a lot can be done in a micro-team: in the classroom, student audience, and especially in the family. (29) Let's be intolerant of foul language - let's impose a complete and non-negotiable ban on it.
(According to S. Vinogradov)
S. Vinogradov - Candidate of Philological Sciences.
20.Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? Please provide answer numbers.
Foul language has now become almost a linguistic norm for all social strata of the population.
Foul language is directly related to low levels of education.
The main environment for the formation of habitual foul language is the family.
An intolerant attitude towards foul language and a significant increase in the cultural level of both society and the individual can cure society of this linguistic phenomenon.
There are universal recipes for curing foul language.
21.Which of the following statements are true? Please provide answer numbers.
Sentences 16-17 provide a descriptive fragment.
Sentences 21-24 present the narrative.
Sentences 2-4 contain confirmation of the judgment expressed in sentence 1.
Sentence 29 contains a conclusion from what the text says.
Sentences 18-19 present the reasoning.
22. Write down synonyms from sentences 21-23.
23. Among sentences 7-13, find one that is connected to the previous one using a conjunction, a personal pronoun and a particle. Write the number of this offer.
Read a fragment of a review based on the text that you analyzed while completing tasks 20-23.
This fragment examines the linguistic features of the text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Insert into the blanks (A, B, C, D) the numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list. Write down the corresponding number in the table under each letter.
Write down the sequence of numbers in ANSWER FORM No. 1 to the right of task number 24, starting from the first cell, without spaces, commas or other additional characters. Write each number in accordance with the samples given in the form.
24. “Cultural catastrophe” - this is how the author characterizes the massive profanity that has become the speech norm for most people, and such a syntactic device as (A) (sentence 3) clearly demonstrates this fact. And this is far from a harmless phenomenon: (B) (sentence 6) gives an idea of
how our ancestors treated obscene words.
A technique such as (B) (sentences 21-22) allows the author to express
his opinion on this issue, and the trope (G); (sentence 24) draws
psychology of a swearing person.”
List of terms:
extended metaphor
lexical repetition
citation
question-and-answer form of presentation
inversion
rows of homogeneous members
parcellation
8) rhetorical question
Part 2
Write an essay based on the text you read.
Formulate and comment on one of the problems posed by the author of the text (avoid excessive quoting).
Formulate the position of the author (storyteller). Write whether you agree or disagree with the point of view of the author of the text you read. Explain why. Justify your answer, relying primarily on reading experience, as well as knowledge and life observations (the first two arguments are taken into account). The volume of the essay is at least 150 words.
Work written without reference to the text read (not based on this text) is not graded.
If the essay is a retelling or completely rewritten of the original text without any comments, then such work is scored zero points. Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting.

Ancient pyramids – business card Egypt, the most recognizable symbol, the main attraction. These ancient structures have been studied for many centuries, but still remain the greatest mystery.

Typically, when we mention the pyramids of Egypt, we mean the three Great Pyramids located in the Giza Valley. In fact, archaeologists have discovered more than 100 ancient pyramids, the earliest of which date back to the reign of the First Dynasty of Pharaohs. The pyramids at Giza are the largest and best preserved. In addition, they are located in close proximity to Cairo, the modern capital of Egypt. For these reasons, it is the Great Pyramids that are most famous among tourists.

The pyramids of Egypt were built voluntarily

It is generally accepted that the Egyptian pyramids are the tombs of the pharaohs who ruled the state. Most of the pyramids are named after the kings during whose lifetime the pyramids are believed to have been built. The most significant pyramid is considered to be the pyramid of Cheops, pharaoh of the 4th dynasty: it is taller than the others and, perhaps, the best studied. Already in the 3rd century. BC e. The Cheops pyramid was named one of the seven wonders of the world.

The original height of this pyramid was 146.6 m, but the upper pyramidon and external cladding were lost long ago and now the height of the structure is 138.8 m. The length of the side of the base is 230 m. The Pyramid of Cheops, like the rest of the Great Pyramids, has a perfectly regular geometric shape and the angle of inclination of the walls is more than 51o. This ideality shocks modern engineers: in order to recreate the exact model of the Cheops pyramid, the French architect J.-P. It took Udin 8 years of calculations using a computer. The work of the builders of the real pyramid was also complicated by the fact that the construction was not carried out on a flat surface: the base of the Cheops pyramid is a natural hill, smoothly turning into the lower rows of masonry and raising the structure by almost 9 m.

The construction of the Cheops pyramid required 2.3 million stone blocks. The average weight of each block is 2.5 tons, but there are individual granite blocks weighing up to 80 tons. All the blocks were fitted to each other without the use of any binding substance with a precision that surprises modern architects. The blocks are stacked so that the pyramid is an almost monolithic structure. However, corridors, chambers and shafts are hollowed out inside it, the purpose of which still has no precise explanation.

Scientists date the construction of the pyramid to the 26th century. BC. It is assumed that the Cheops pyramid took about 20 years to build. For a long time it was believed that the main builders of the pyramid were hundreds of thousands of slaves. Scientists relied on the opinion of Herodotus, who was the first to describe in detail the pyramids of Giza. However, Herodotus explored the Great Pyramids 2,000 years after they were built. His main source was the stories of local residents. It should be taken into account that Herodotus had to communicate with those rare people who owned Greek, or through a translator. It is therefore not surprising that the results of recent excavations have refuted these conclusions.

For more than twenty years, archaeologists have been exploring the settlement of the pyramid builders, discovered near the sacred part of the Giza plateau. As a result, scientists came to the conclusion that the builders worked voluntarily and not for free. They received good food and quality medical care. Drawings and inscriptions found in the settlement even suggest something akin to “social competition” between teams of builders. Some of the builders of the Egyptian pyramids even acquired their own pyramid tombs, sometimes using very expensive materials for their construction. Many such tombs have been explored by archaeologists today.

Egyptian pyramids were built using different technologies

Not all of Egypt's pyramids are as well preserved as the Great Pyramids of Giza. Most of them today look more like piles of rocks or hills. It's interesting that in worse condition turned out to be late pyramids built during last dynasties pharaohs. This fact is partly explained by the fact that the state gradually declined. Perhaps this is why the later pyramids were built from other materials, using other technologies and clearly carelessly, without the former diligence and accuracy. In some cases, slabs from other, more ancient structures were used to cover the walls of later pyramids.

Late pyramids were built from poorly processed stone blocks or baked bricks and, in comparison with the pyramids of the early dynasties (I-IV), had much more modest dimensions. For example, the Niuserra pyramid at Saqqara had a base length of 78.8 m and a height of about 50 m.

According to their design, pyramids are divided into 2 classes: stepped (like Djoser’s pyramid) and regular, ideal pyramids (Pink Pyramid, Great Pyramids). Researchers explain the refusal of builders to a regular march of steps rising from the base to the top for religious reasons. At the same time, they do not think about how much they had to change the applied construction technologies. However, the “correctness” of the ancient builders ended at the Great Pyramids. The pyramids built after the Great Pyramids and called “late” ones have many differences from their predecessors.

Unlike the early pyramids, in which practically no drawings or inscriptions were found, the later pyramids of the kings of the V-VI dynasties brought to us the so-called Pyramid Texts: the oldest funerary texts.

Interestingly, two pyramids were built for almost every pharaoh. In most pyramids, the so-called “queen’s chamber” or second sarcophagus was discovered, although it is known that the wives of the pharaohs were buried separately, in small satellite pyramids.

By the way, each pyramid was not built on its own, but is part of a huge complex of structures. These are small satellite pyramids, several temples, covered passages or open ramps connecting them. Only near one pyramid such a complex was more or less preserved. In other cases they are practically destroyed. All these structures and structures are supposed to have been built so that the body of the deceased would go through all the stages of the transitional rite on the way to the kingdom of the dead.

Secrets of the Egyptian pyramids

The biggest mystery of the Egyptian pyramids is that no mummies of pharaohs were discovered in these grandiose tombs. Burials were found in the Valley of the Kings and only in one of the later pyramids. Scientists attribute this fact to the atrocities of robbers, who were abundant at all times. However…

Caliph al-Mamun managed to enter the burial chamber of Cheops back in 820, but the remains of the pharaoh were not found there. And recently, during excavations carried out near the pyramid of Djoser, another pyramid was accidentally discovered, almost completely covered with sand. Until the last moment, researchers were confident that they had finally discovered a complete burial. The perfectly preserved alabaster sarcophagus was indeed untouched. It even preserves the remains of a funeral wreath of flowers and herbs, laid 4,700 years ago. But this sarcophagus also turned out to be empty.

However, official archeology continues to claim that the pyramids are nothing more than tombs. It’s just that those chambers of the pyramids in which the royal remains were securely hidden had not yet been discovered.

What if we abandon the version of funeral needs? For what other purpose could such large-scale structures be built? There are many possible answers to this question, each more fantastic than the other. And it is simply unrealistic to consider them all here. Let's focus only on the three most interesting ones.

— Pyramids are a repository of knowledge. Their design, hieroglyphs, and arrangement contain the knowledge of the ancient Egyptians in mathematics, physics, astronomy, and other sciences. But we are not yet able to comprehend these encrypted messages, since we still do not have even a close amount of knowledge. That is why the pyramids of Egypt remain mysterious to this day and surprise scientists with new discoveries.

— The pyramid is a huge energy generator. The vibrations of the pyramid generate special waves, which, if used correctly, can be both waves of life and waves of death. Perhaps the priests of ancient Egypt knew how to perfectly control this energy, and the pyramids were built in order to prolong the life of the pharaoh, preserve his youth and royal splendor for many years?

The fact that the pyramids have colossal energy is confirmed by numerous facts. First of all, there is the notorious “curse of the tombs” that befell many researchers of ancient burials. They first started talking about it in connection with the Egyptian pyramids. At the same time, it has been noted that the energy of the pyramid is capable of healing many diseases. Bacteria do not multiply inside the pyramid, razor blades sharpen themselves, and the quality of seeds improves. Wheat, which had lain in a tomb for thousands of years, retained its germination! The soil around the pyramids also changes its properties, becoming surprisingly fertile.

This phenomenal feature of the pyramids is successfully used today by experimental gardeners. It turned out that when building a greenhouse with exact observance of the proportions of the true pyramids and without the use of metal, it is possible to obtain record harvests.

— The pyramid is a means of space communication. It is known that the pyramids were installed with a clear orientation to the cardinal points. Research has also shown that the early pyramids were built in exact accordance with the star map. In particular, the Great Pyramids reflect Orion's Belt. But the pyramids of Egypt do not look like astronomical laboratories. Moreover, if we assume that all the pyramids in the project were combined into a single complex, then this project was compiled 8,000 years before the construction of the first discovered pyramid! Computer calculations showed that it was at this time that the coincidences were perfect.

Then what are these objects? And why do they need to be tied to stellar motion?

A detailed study of the design of the pyramids showed that they could well be antennas, emitters, and even protection or weapons to combat invasion from space. But at the same time, a pyramid can perform all such functions only when it is equipped with an empty stone sarcophagus-resonator. And such a resonator should be located on vertical axis pyramids, sometimes with a slight displacement. Incredibly, this is where sarcophagi are discovered! And the Cheops pyramid could even play the role of a reflector: aerial photography showed that it has concave edges, like a lens.

To be fair, it should be noted that in later pyramids all these features were lost.

Do we draw conclusions?

So, there were no burials in the early pyramids. They were found in later pyramids, which had a different design and were built carelessly. It turns out that initially there were technologies for the sake of which thousands of people VOLUNTARILY built grandiose structures. This kind of work requires a goal. A common goal that excites and inspires everyone.

Could the future burial of the king be such a purpose? Apparently not. This is confirmed by the gradual disappearance of a tradition that has survived for many thousands of years. Could such a goal be the transfer of knowledge to mythical future generations? Hardly. Personally, would you work in such hard labor during your “free time from your main job” for this? I think most likely not. I would prefer to engage in the practical implementation of these very future generations with my beloved

And if the goal is communication with representatives extraterrestrial civilizations? Protection from the threat of attack? It seems to me that if the population of that time realized the reality of such a threat and had experience of such communication, then - an unconditional YES. And if we take this version as a basis, then both , and , and are correlated with it. It also gets its explanation that the pyramids ( different shapes, but equally inexplicable purpose) have been discovered by archaeologists all over the world: in America (), China and France. These and many others unsolved mysteries humanity, thus, line up in one chain, complementing each other.

But after many thousands of years, no other evidence of this version has been preserved. Either it has not survived or has not been found. Either we are simply not able to read and solve these puzzles at present.

In the Saqqara area, not far from the ruins of the ancient Egyptian city of Memphis, among the 12 royal pyramids, the oldest pyramid in Egypt is located. This pyramid is one of the most impressive monuments of antiquity. The reason for this is not only her grandeur, but also her age - and it is more than impressive. The six-step pyramid of Djoser is today more than 4,700 years old. So what secrets does this grandiose structure hide?

The Pyramid of Djoser is considered the forerunner of all the surviving Egyptian pyramids, those that were created in Ancient Egypt, including the three pyramids on the Giza plateau - Cheops, Khafre and Mikkerin. For obvious reasons, find out the exact date The construction of the pyramid is impossible, but it is believed that it was erected around 2650 BC as a mortuary temple for the family of the first pharaoh of the Third Dynasty of the Ancient Kingdom of Djoser.

This pyramid consists of six steps, but the hot, dry desert wind has long ago dulled its sharp edges, and several hundred generations of robbers, destroyers, and even ordinary residents who needed building material for their own homes, removed its once beautifully polished cladding. Now this structure no longer shines in the rays of the sun, it seems to grow straight out of the sand and is one with it.

To imagine the size of Djoser's pyramid, imagine three ordinary 9-story buildings standing on top of each other - this will be the width of the base. The length is four 9-story buildings. The pyramid rises almost 60 meters in height. This is a huge giant that rests on solid limestone rock. Inside this mighty structure a whole labyrinth of wide and narrow corridors, the total length of which is almost a kilometer.

In that distant year 2650, the order to build this pyramid was given by Imhotep. At first, he planned to create a simple one-level tomb, of which there were many at that moment, but over time his decision changed - he ordered the construction of a multi-stage pyramid so that Djoser’s soul could ascend from earth straight to heaven along these steps.

Today, the Pyramid of Djoser is the oldest Egyptian pyramid, so it is not surprising that millions of tourists come to it every year. It stood on the ground for so many years, in such harsh conditions, and yet it is still not only well preserved, but is also still impressive in its shape and size.

The most mysterious thing about Djoser’s pyramid is that scientists have still not found a single text, or any documents at all, describing its design. Despite the abundance of artifacts, there is not a single written evidence of how exactly this complex was built. Therefore, we still do not know why Imhotep did not use bricks and clay (which would have been much more convenient), but huge massive stones, which even today are not so easy to carry and install. Experts believe that special ramps were apparently used to build the pyramid - with their help, at least, it would be possible to put the stones in place, and then, apparently, the workers fixed them in place.

Inside the pyramid, Imhotep ordered the construction of 11 burial chambers - so that there would be enough for all members of the pharaoh's family. It is interesting that when archaeologists excavated the inner chambers of the pyramid, they found the wives of the pharaoh and his children, but the mummy of Djoser himself was not there. Almost all the jewelry and sacred objects with which he was buried also disappeared.
We can only guess how many people visited this structure before it was recorded in writing. All we know for sure is that Napoleon's men visited here between 1798 and 1801. They found this pyramid during their Egyptian campaign.

If you enter the pyramid, the visitor will first see a tunnel with columns, and then a labyrinth of many small rooms and tunnels that gradually go 28 meters underground. According to ideas about the world order of that time, the entrance to all buildings, including the pyramid itself, was made from the north side.

Of course, scientists would really like to find at least some documents as to why the pyramid was built this way and not otherwise. Why was it necessary to take huge heavy stones if other pyramids of that time were quite successfully built from smaller bricks? Why is the structure of the corridors this way and not another? Scientists can only speculate. For example, in the Encyclopedia of Ancient History, Egyptologist Miroslav Werner suggested the following: “A simple, but effective method construction. The stonework was not laid vertically, but along slopes towards the middle of the pyramid, which increased its structural stability.”

In other words, Imhotep apparently wanted this entire complex to be not just a royal tomb, but a monumental structure that would leave a mark on history. And, it must be admitted that thanks to unique ideas and a far-sighted approach to construction, Imhotep really succeeded.
Even today, the architecture of all Egyptian pyramids amazes both specialists and ordinary visitors. Perhaps not knowing all their mysteries is for the best, at least it adds even more charm and mystery to them.
If you are interested in the mysteries of history Ancient Egypt read another one on this topic.
By materials thevintagenews.com