A document confirming the standard condition of the building facade. Inspection of building facades. End facade from the street xxx

Introduction

Basic definitions

Goals and objectives of the survey

Examination program

Brief description of the object being examined

Survey materials

Application. Photos, defects and damage map

Introduction

Study of the production environment and technical condition building structures is an independent direction of construction activity. This is the whole complex of issues related to the creation in buildings normal conditions for the life and work of people and ensuring the operational reliability of buildings. Carrying out repair and restoration work, as well as developing project documentation for the reconstruction of buildings and structures, directly require inspections.

The most reliable method of obtaining information about the durability and operational reliability of buildings and structures is field surveys.

Basic definitions

An inspection is a set of measures to determine and evaluate the actual values of monitored parameters that characterize the operational condition, suitability and performance of objects under inspection and determine the possibility of their further operation or the need for their restoration and strengthening.

A defect is a separate non-compliance of a design with any parameter established by a project or regulatory document (SNiP, SP, VSE, GOST, TU).

Damage is a malfunction caused by a structure during manufacturing, transportation, installation or operation.

Evaluation criteria are the establishment by a project or regulatory documentation of a quantitative or qualitative value of a parameter of a building structure. (Parameter - strength, deformability, endurance and other normalizing characteristics)

Categories of technical condition are the degree of serviceability of a building structure, or building, or structure as a whole. Established depending on the proportion of reduction in bearing capacity and performance characteristics designs.

Assessment of technical condition is the establishment of the degree of damage and the category of technical condition of building structures or buildings and structures in general, based on a comparison of the actual values of quantitative assessment characteristics with the value of the same characteristics established by the project or standards.

Reconstruction of buildings is a set of works involving organized and technical measures related to changing the main technical and economic indicators of the building in order to change operating conditions, restore damage from physical and moral wear and tear, and achieve new goals for the operation of the building.

Physical wear and tear of a building is a deterioration in the technical and related operational performance of the building caused by objective reasons.

Obsolescence of a building is a gradual deviation over time of the main operational indicators of a building from the modern level technical requirements operation of buildings and structures.

Strengthening is a set of measures that ensure an increase in the load-bearing capacity and performance qualities of building structures or buildings and structures in general, compared with the actual condition or design indicators.

Restoration is a set of measures to improve the performance qualities of structures that have reached a limited operational state to the level of their original condition.

Goals and objectives of the survey

The need for survey work, its volume, composition and nature depend on the specific tasks assigned. The following reasons may be the basis for an examination:

· the presence of defects and damage to structures (for example, due to force, corrosion, temperature or other influences, including uneven settlement of foundations), which can reduce the strength and deformation characteristics of structures and worsen the operational condition of the building as a whole;

· increase in operational loads and impacts on structures during redevelopment, modernization and increase in the number of storeys of a building;

· reconstruction of buildings even in cases not accompanied by an increase in loads;

· identification of deviations from the design that reduce the load-bearing capacity and performance of structures;

· lack of design, technical and as-built documentation;

· change functional purpose buildings and structures;

· resumption of interrupted construction of buildings and structures in the absence of conservation or after three years after the cessation of construction during conservation;

· deformation of soil foundations;

· the need to monitor and assess the condition of building structures located close to newly constructed structures;

· the need to assess the condition of building structures exposed to fire, natural Disasters natural or man-made accidents;

· the need to determine the suitability of production and public buildings for normal operation, as well as residential buildings for living in them.

In all of these cases, the objectives of the surveys are to establish the qualitative state of the following main load-bearing structures:

-foundations, grillages and foundation beams;

-walls, columns, pillars;

floors and coverings (including: beams, arches, rafter and sub-rafter trusses, slabs, purlins);

crane beams and trusses;

braced structures, stiffeners;

joints, nodes, connections and dimensions of the feathering areas.

The main indicators characterizing the quality of structures are their strength, rigidity and crack resistance.

Inspection of building structures of buildings and structures is carried out, as a rule, in three interconnected stages: preparation for the inspection, preliminary (visual) and detailed inspection. The overall result of the entire complex of survey work is the final document. This can be an act, a conclusion or a technical calculation with conclusions based on the results of the survey. It is also possible to develop recommendations for ensuring the required strength and deformability of structures with a recommended, if necessary, sequence of work.

Examination program

To draw up a program, it is necessary to determine the objectives of the survey, the scope of work usually performed to most completely collect information for assessing the conditions of structures. The inspection program is drawn up on the basis of design and technical documentation, including working drawings and explanatory note to them (design loads and impacts, design diagrams and static calculations, as well as characteristics of the materials used, work logs, as-built installation diagrams, etc.). The study of design and technical documentation is carried out in order to take into account the design features and operating features of the structure, the comparison of which makes it possible to more accurately draw up an inspection program.

The examination program includes following works:

· On-site visit, general assessment of the building;

· Control measurements of building structures;

· Visual inspection of structures, their description, determination of hazard categories, preparation of defective lists and maps, if necessary, photographic recording of the main (dangerous) or most characteristic defects and damages;

· Determination of the degree of physical wear of the structure;

· Carrying out the necessary openings of interfloor and attic floors, coatings to determine their composition, condition, if necessary, to determine the volumetric weight, quality of construction. Study of physical and mechanical characteristics of basic building materials, load-bearing structures;

· Carrying out verification calculations of structures or determining the load-bearing capacity of structures, taking into account identified defects and damage and actual strength material characteristics,

· Analysis of the results obtained, assessment of the technical condition of the structure individually and the building as a whole, conclusions, development of recommendations for further trouble-free operation

· If necessary, develop drawings of reinforcement structures, carry out verification calculations of structures taking into account reinforcement.

Brief description of the building being examined

The building is residential.

Address: st. 6th Krasnoarmeyskaya, no. 16.

dimensions: building length: - 37.12 m, height - 14.7 m.

Number of floors: 4 floors.

The ground floor has 11 windows, one arch and three doors.

The second floor has 14 windows and two balconies.

There are 16 windows on the third and fourth floors.

Drainage is carried out using external drainpipes (4 pcs. on the façade of the building in question).

Materials examination

A preliminary visual inspection was carried out in order to become familiar with the structure as a whole and obtain first impressions of the condition of the structures, as well as to clarify the need for urgent temporary fastening of structures in the event of emergency situation. Structures that inspire concern are to be inspected first. During a visual inspection, all any significant defects and damage to building structures are determined. For brick or stone masonry such defects are:

-cracks. Crack parameters: width and depth of opening, location, length, angle of inclination, nature of origin;

-areas of masonry destruction.

mechanical damage to stone or brickwork;

efflorescence on the surface of brickwork;

areas of excessive damage and deformation.

Stone or brickwork that bears the load consists of individual stones, which are united by a layer of mortar. As a result, the strength of masonry depends on the strength of the stones (bricks), the strength of the mortar and the type of stress state. The most rational method for studying the strength of masonry is indirect, using established grades of mortar and stone. In this case, destructive (extraction of samples from structures and their subsequent testing) and non-destructive (using ultrasonic devices) methods are used.

A visual inspection revealed the following defects and damage:

1.Wetting was detected above almost every window on the fourth floor;

2.Small cracks were detected in a small number;

.In some places there is peeling of the plaster layer with collapse;

The results of the visual inspection are recorded in the form of a defective map applied to a schematic image of the building facade and deciphered in a table with symbols main defects, indicating the location and category of technical condition.

List of defects and damages

Below are the main defects found during a visual inspection, their location and a brief description of. All of them are presented on the defect map.

N Name of element location Description of the defect or damage Link to map, photo Hazard category of the defect or damage 1 Cornice between axes 1-16 Peeling of the plaster layer, without collapse A = 41.25 m 2 Map Fig. 1 B2 Wall Under the cornice between axes 1-3 Soaking, moistening, A = 8.91 m 2 Map Fig. 1 B 3 Wall Under cornice between the axes 3-6 Peeling of the plaster layer, without collapse A = 3.79 m2 Map Fig. 8 B4 Wall Under the cornice between the axes 4-6 Soaking, moistening, A = 4.23 m 2 Map Fig. 1 B 5 Wall Under the cornice between the axes 8-10 Detachment of the plaster layer, without collapse, A =4.48 m2 Map Fig. 8B6 Wall Under the cornice between axes 11-13 Soaking, moistening A = 6.14 m2 Map Fig. 8 B7 Wall Above 0-3-5 between axes 4-5 Oblique crack a = 1.0 mm, L = 795 mm Map Fig. 8 B 8 Wall Above 0-3-6 between axes axes 5-6 Oblique branching crack a = 3.0 mm, L = 1249 mm Map Fig. 8 B9 Wall Above 0-3-10 between axes 9-10 Oblique crack a = 1.0 mm, L = 200 mm Map Fig. 8 B 10 Wall Above 0-3-11 between axes 10-11 Delamination of the plaster layer with collapse, A = 0.1 m2 Map Fig. 5B11 Wall Above 0-4-11 between axes 10-11 Oblique crack a = 1.0 mm, L = 533 mm Map Fig. 7 B 12 Wall To the right of 0-4-13 between axes 12-13 Oblique crack a = 1.0 mm, L =574mmMap Fig.8B13WallUnder 0-3-6 between axes5-62 inclined cracks a=2.0mm, L=375mmMap Fig.8B14WallBetween 0-3-11 and D-5 between axes10-112 inclined cracks a=3.0mm, L=677mmMap Fig. .8B15 WallBetween 0-3-15 and 0-2-13 between axes10-11Vertical crack a=5.0mm, L=1124mmMap Fig.8B16WallAbove 0-1-2 between axes 2-3Delamination of the plaster layer without collapse, A=0.2m2Map Fig. .8B17 Wall To the right of 0-1-3 between axes 3-4 Detachment of the plaster layer with collapse, A=0.2m2 Map Fig. 8B18 Wall To the left of the arch between axes 4-5 Detachment of the plaster layer with collapse, A=0.3m2 Map Fig. 8B19 Wall To the right of the arch between axes 4-5 Detachment plaster layer with collapse, A=0.4m2Map Fig.8B20WallBetween 0-1-7 and D-2 on axis 10 Detachment of the plaster layer with collapse, A=0.4m2Map Fig.7B21WallUnder 0-1-2 between axes 2-3 Detachment of the plaster layer without collapse , A=0.6m2Map Fig.8B22WallUnder 0-1-9 between axes 12-13Detachment of the plaster layer with collapse, A=0.65m2Map Fig.4B23WallBetween D-3 and 0-1-10 on axis 14Detachment of the plaster layer with collapse, A=0.1 m2Map Fig. 8B24Wall To the left of 0-1-11 At the corner on axis 16 Peeling of the plaster layer without collapse. A = 0.9 m2 Map Fig. 8B25 Basement windows P1 - P11 In axes 1-1 Closing the basement window (violation of current standards) Map Fig. 5,6B

Determination of the degree of physical wear

Physical wear and tear is the loss of a structure’s original technical and operational qualities as a result of exposure to natural and climatic factors, natural changes in the properties of materials and human activity. The physical deterioration of a building is assessed by comparing signs of physical deterioration identified during a visual or instrumental examination with standard values, given in VSN 53-86.

The physical wear of a structure, element or system that has varying degrees of wear in individual sections should be determined using the formula

Fk physical wear and tear of a structure, element or system, %;

Fi physical wear and tear of a section of a structure, element or system, determined according to VSN 53-86%;

Pi dimensions (area or length) of the damaged area, m2 or m;

Pk dimensions of the entire structure, m2 or m; number of damaged areas.

Physical wear and tear at the time of its assessment is expressed by the ratio of the cost of objectively necessary repair measures to eliminate damage to the structure, element, system or building as a whole, and their replacement cost.

To determine the degree of physical wear, Table 10 from VSN 53-86 was used. If an element has all signs of wear corresponding to a certain interval of its values from the table, then physical wear is taken to be equal to the upper limit of the interval. If only one of several signs of wear is detected, then physical wear should be taken equal to the lower limit of the interval. If in the table the interval of values of physical wear corresponds to only one sign, physical wear is accepted by interpolation depending on the size or nature of the existing damage.

Number of window openings: 58 pcs.

Quantity doorways 4 things.

Number of walls: 67 pcs.

Number of above-window and sub-window sections of the wall: 63 pcs.

Wear amount

Wall fields:

1) cracks

Ф=0.79%+0.63%+2.38%+0.95%=4.75%

) peeling of the plaster layer with collapse

4) soaking

Physical wear and tear of the wall field:

Cornice fields:

) peeling of the plaster layer without collapse

Base fields:

) peeling of the plaster layer by collapse

Let us determine the weighted average characteristics of each structural element as a whole

General wear and tear on the façade wall of the building

Total physical wear and tear of the facade wall, taking into account the weighted average characteristics of its elements:

Conclusion

As a result of an examination of the facade wall of a residential building at 16, 6th Krasnoarmeyskaya Street, defects characteristic of stone structures and their qualitative assessment was carried out. After comparing the parameters of these defects with the normative ones given in VSN 53-86 "Rules for assessing the physical deterioration of residential buildings for brick walls"The physical wear and tear of the façade wall structure was determined to be 8.1%.

Among the reasons for the occurrence of defects are: unsatisfactory operating conditions of the building, alternating freezing and thawing, aggressive influence environment, violation of rules and regulations technical operation building.

Based on the results of a preliminary assessment of the structure, it can be concluded that the condition of the facade wall being examined does not fully meet the operational requirements for it. In areas where obvious defects are identified, it is necessary to carry out repair work, namely:

· It is necessary to replace the balcony slabs, because... significant corrosion of working reinforcement can lead to the collapse of balconies;

· Sealing cracks with acrc?1.0mm (between axes 5-6, 8-11, 13-16) using injection (for this, a special installation is used that allows injection under high pressure solution to a great depth into the crack, it is recommended to use solutions with a polymer binder);

· Drying sections of walls with moistened plaster at the level of the 4th floor above window openings;

· After drying, if necessary, remove loose areas of plaster;

· Biocidal treatment of previously soaked sections of the wall is necessary;

· Repair of damaged plaster layer; having previously prepared the surface. At the same time, also take into account that applying plaster to cement based (modern technology) onto lime (existing) is undesirable because it causes rapid delamination. The use of cement-lime mortar can be recommended;

· In areas of peeling of the plaster layer without hoop (the entire cornice), it is necessary to remove this layer (beating off loose plaster) and plastering the damaged area according to the recommendations listed above;

· It is necessary to establish and then eliminate the reason for the installation of vents in the basement of the building;

· Restoration of the finishing stone of the base;

· Remove dust, degrease, prime and then paint the building; in the case of partial painting, carefully select the color and composition of the paint, taking into account the original appearance and surrounding buildings of the old building;

· Replace or paint external drains;

building technical design defective

Application

Fig No. 2 Fig No. 3

Fig. No. 5 Fig. No. 6

List of used literature

1.VSN 53-86. Rules for assessing the physical deterioration of residential buildings.

2.A manual for the inspection of building structures. JSC "TSNIIPROMZDANIY" M., 1997.

.Accidents of concrete and stone structures. A.Mitzeli, etc., M., Stroyizdat, 1978.

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During the technical operation of the facade, it is necessary to pay attention to the reliability of fastening of architectural and structural parts (eaves, parapets, balconies, loggias, bay windows, etc.).

Base is the most moistened part of the building due to the effects of precipitation, as well as moisture penetrating through the capillaries of the foundation material. This part of the building is constantly exposed to adverse mechanical influences, which requires the use of durable and frost-resistant materials for the base.

Cornices, the crowning part of the building, drains rain and melt water from the wall and performs an architectural and decorative function. The facades of the building may also have intermediate cornices, corbels, sandriks, which perform functions similar to those of the main crowning cornice.

The reliability of the building envelope depends on the technical condition of the cornices, belts, pilasters and other protruding parts of the facade.

Part outer wall, continuing above the roof - parapet. To avoid destruction by precipitation, the upper plane of the parapet is protected with galvanized steel or factory-made concrete slabs.

Architectural and structural elements of the facade also include balconies, loggias, and bay windows, which help improve the performance and appearance of the building.

Balconies are in conditions of constant atmospheric exposure, humidification, alternating freezing and thawing, therefore, earlier than other parts of the building they fail and collapse. The most critical part of balconies is the place where slabs or beams are embedded in the wall of the building, since during operation the place of embedding is subject to intense temperature and humidity effects. Figure 2 shows the pairing balcony slab With outer wall.

Figure 2 Pairing the balcony slab with the outer wall

1-balcony slab; 2-cement mortar; 3-lining; 4-insulation; 5-embedded metal element; 6-gasket; 7-insulation; 8-anchor.

Loggia- a site surrounded on three sides by walls and fencing. In relation to the main volume of the building, the loggia can be built-in or remote.

The covering of the loggias must ensure the drainage of water from the external walls of the building. To do this, the floors of the loggias must be made with a slope of 2-3% from the plane of the facade and placed 50-70 mm below the floor of the adjacent rooms. The surface of the loggia floor is covered with waterproofing. The connections of balcony and loggia slabs with the facade wall are protected from leakage by placing the edge of a waterproofing carpet on the wall, covering it with two additional layers of waterproofing 400 mm wide and covering it with a galvanized steel apron.

Fences for loggias and balconies must be high enough to comply with safety requirements (at least 1 - 1.2 m) and made predominantly solid, with railings and flower beds.

Bay window- part of the premises located behind the plane of the facade wall can be used to accommodate vertical communications - stairs, elevators. A bay window increases the area of the premises, enriches the interior, provides additional insolation, and improves lighting conditions. The bay window enriches the shape of the building and serves as an architectural means of shaping the scale of the façade composition and its division.

During the technical operation of façade elements, sections of walls located next to drainpipes, gutters, and inlet funnels must be thoroughly inspected.

All damaged areas of the finishing layer of the wall must be repelled and, after identifying and eliminating the cause of the damage, restored. In case of weathering, crumbling of fillings of vertical and horizontal joints, as well as destruction of the edges of panels and blocks, the faulty areas should be inspected, the joints should be filled and the damaged edges should be restored with appropriate materials.

The facades of buildings are often faced with ceramic tiles and natural stone materials. If the cladding is poorly secured with metal staples and cement mortar, it will fall out. The reasons for peeling of the cladding are moisture getting into the seams between the stones and behind the cladding, alternate freezing and thawing.

If tile defects are detected, the surface of the entire facade is tapped, loose tiles are removed and repairs are carried out. restoration work.

Defects in facades are often associated with atmospheric pollution, which leads to loss of their original appearance, sooting and tarnishing of their surface.

Building facades should be cleaned and washed within the time limits established depending on the material, condition of building surfaces and operating conditions.

The facades of wooden, unplastered buildings must be periodically painted with vapor-permeable paints or compounds to prevent rotting and in accordance with fire safety standards. Improvements appearance buildings can be achieved through high-quality plastering and painting.

Drainage devices of external walls must have the necessary slopes from the walls to ensure drainage atmospheric waters. Steel fastening parts are placed at a slope from the walls. On parts that have a slope towards the wall, tightly fitting galvanized steel cuffs should be installed at a distance of 5-10 cm from the wall. All steel elements, fixed to the wall, are regularly painted and protected from corrosion.

It is necessary to systematically check the correct use of balconies, bay windows, loggias, avoiding the placement of bulky and heavy things on them, clutter and contamination.

During operation, there is a need to restore the plaster of the facades. Defects in the plaster are caused by poor quality of the mortar, work at low temperatures, excessive moisture, etc. For minor repairs of the plaster, cracks are opened and puttied; for significant cracks, the plaster is removed and plastered again, paying special attention to Special attention ensuring adhesion of the plaster layer to the load-bearing elements.

The main reasons for damage to the appearance of buildings are:

The use of materials of different strength, water absorption, frost resistance and durability in the same masonry (sand-lime brick, cinder blocks, etc.);

Different deformability of load-bearing longitudinal and self-supporting end walls;

The use of sand-lime brick in rooms with high humidity (baths, saunas, swimming pools, showers, washing rooms, etc.);

Loosening the dressing;

Thickening of seams;

Insufficient support of structures;

Freezing of the solution;

Moistening of cornices, parapets, architectural details, balconies, loggias, wall plaster;

Violations of technology during winter laying, etc.

During a major overhaul of the facade of the administrative building, a plaster coating was installed, followed by painting of the facades.

During subsequent operation, cracks and peelings, traces of white plaque and signs of biodestruction began to appear on the façade.

To determine the causes of defects, plaster samples were taken, probes were made to inspect the base and determine the thickness of the plaster layer. The moisture content of the base materials was checked.

Based on the results of a laboratory study, the type of finishing was determined - plaster made of a mixed binder based on cement, lime and gypsum. Aggregate- rounded river sand and textured paint layer.

Description of defects found during inspection of facades

An examination of the finishing coating revealed vertical and horizontal cracks located on all facades of the building, as well as former stains and peeling of the finishing coating.

The highest concentrations of finishing coating defects were noted in the area of window openings, locations of horizontal decorative protrusions of the facade, above the base of the building and under the roof.

Inspection of the end facade from xxx lane

When examining the façade, numerous vertical and horizontal cracks were recorded, up to 3 meters long and with an opening width of up to 0.3 cm.

Traces of exposure to atmospheric precipitation (smudges, stains) were recorded, concentrated on the protruding elements of the facade and under them, with penetration into window openings; in these places, vertical, broken cracks are located along the entire horizontal belt, with a development length of up to 50 cm.

Along the upper horizontal slope of the window opening, located near the entrance to the building, there is a through crack, up to 80 cm long, peeling and biodestruction of the plaster. IN this place samples were extracted for laboratory testing.

Horizontal cracks, up to 100 cm long, up to 0.5 cm wide in the lower part of the building’s bay windows.

Wall surface humidity is from 5% to 9%.

Humidity in places of delamination and cracks is from 11% to 14.5%.

Inspection of the courtyard facade of the building

On the courtyard façade of the building, above the window openings of the second floor, horizontal cracks of up to 2 meters were recorded.

Vertical crack above the arch.

A through vertical crack along the slope of a window opening, 100 cm long, up to 20 mm wide, up to 20 mm deep, humidity around the crack is from 8% to 11%, humidity inside the crack is 12%-15%.

Water efflorescence, on the right side of the arch, humidity 9%-10%. Water efflorescence around the drainpipe, above the canopy of the entrance to the building.

Peeling of plaster on the horizontal girdle of the building, peeling of the finishing coating between two window openings on the first floor of the building (photo No. 7,8), humidity is from 13% to 14%, in the place of peeling of the plaster and from 11% to 11.5%, on the wall around the peeling.

High humidity on the surface of the walls above the base of the building - from 10% to 12.5%.

High humidity around the canopy above the basement window of the building - from 12% to 13.5%, contributes to warping and peeling of the plaster along the slopes of the window opening in the basement of the building.

The surface humidity of the basement wall is from 13.5 to 14%.

End facade of the building

There are two horizontal cracks running along the entire length of the facade at the level of the 1st and 2nd floors of the building, up to 0.4 cm wide and up to 1.5 cm deep.

Efflorescence over a large area at the level of the 1st floor and above the basement of the building.

Wall surface humidity - from 7% to 12%

End facade from the street xxx

Vertical and horizontal cracks of various sizes run along the entire façade of the building.

Vertical cracks of various lengths on the pediment of the building, above the window openings, from the decorative horizontal belt, to the base of the building, up to 0.2 cm wide, up to 1 cm deep.

Almost complete peeling of the plaster layer on the horizontal girdle of the building, surface humidity from - 13.5% to 14%

Above the base of the building, in places where the finishing layer is peeling and biodeteriorated, the humidity is 13-14%; in this place, samples of plaster were taken for laboratory research.

Results of laboratory testing of plaster

Table No. 1

Name of sampling location	Type of corrosion destruction and classification according to chemical data. analysis.
Wall of the basement of the building. Central facade	Black deposits on plaster. Biochemical corrosion of the plaster layer. The depth of the lesion is up to 3 mm.
Courtyard facade	Damage to house mold. Black deposits on plaster Biochemical corrosion of the plaster layer. The depth of the lesion is up to 3 mm.
Wall of the basement of the courtyard facade
Wall of the basement of the central facade	Capillary suction surface waters. Leaching lime from solution.

Conclusion of the examination:

The main reason for wetting and biological damage of repaired walls in the basement area is their moistening with surface and ground moisture penetrating into the capillaries and pores of the wall material due to the absence or insufficient horizontal waterproofing of the walls along the perimeter of the building, which must be done along the perimeter of the walls during the reconstruction of the building . Prolonged dampening of the basement walls caused the development of biocorrosion - mold. Mold is a household mold that can destroy warehouse equipment and property stored near contaminated walls.

It is necessary to complete a project for horizontal waterproofing of walls along the perimeter and implement it in situ.

The main reason for the peeling of plaster in the area of window openings is the appearance of sedimentary cracks and the accumulation of atmospheric moisture in them, and, as a result, their freezing.

As a result of constant wetting, salts accumulate in the area of cracks in the walls - products of leaching of lime from the plaster mortar. As a result, due to their crystallization under plaster layer, the latter cracks and crumbles along with the finishing layer (putty and paint).

The reason for the peeling of plaster on horizontal decorative elements is the lack of protective tides in some places.

It is necessary to install a protective flashing made of roofing steel.

It is necessary to check the dynamics of building settlement by installing beacons on window openings and walls, in the area of vertical cracks. In the case of progressive settlement, it is necessary to carry out a complex of engineering and geological surveys and develop a project for strengthening the foundations. In case of residual deformation, inject cracks grouting solutions and restore the finishing layer, in accordance with the adopted design decision.

MOSCOW STANDARD
for the operation of housing stock

Approved and put into effect
by decree of the Moscow Government
dated April 25, 2006 No. 276-PP

1. GENERAL PART

1.1. This Standard was developed in pursuance of Moscow Government Decree No. 959-PP dated November 29, 2005 “On measures to improve the organization of work on the repair and maintenance of building facades in the city of Moscow” and is aimed at ensuring the efficiency of maintenance work on the facades of buildings and structures.

1.2. The requirements of this Standard are binding on: owners and other legal owners, managers of buildings and structures, maintenance and repair organizations, customer and contractor organizations for the reconstruction and major repairs of buildings and structures.

1.3. For failure to comply with the requirements of this standard, performers are liable in the manner prescribed by law.

1.4. Maintenance and repair of facades of buildings and structures (hereinafter - facades) ensure the maintenance of their condition in accordance with the requirements established by law and including:

Maintenance activities (scheduled inspections, unscheduled inspections, routine repairs);

Major repairs or restoration of facades for architectural monuments and valuable historical buildings.

The specified activities and work must be carried out at specified intervals.

Repairs in emergency condition of facades must be carried out immediately upon detection of this condition.

1.6. Particular attention should be paid to the safety of people in case of unsatisfactory technical condition of protruding structural elements of facades: balconies, bay windows, canopies, cornices, stucco architectural details. To eliminate the threat of possible collapse of protruding facade structures, security and preventive measures must be immediately carried out - installation of fences, nets, cessation of operation of balconies, dismantling of the collapsing part of the element, etc.

Contamination may be limited to mud deposits consisting of greasy soot and semi-coked solids.

2. MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR OF BUILDING FACADES

2.1. Maintenance and repair of building facades includes the following activities: scheduled inspections, unscheduled inspections, current repairs, major renovation, restoration of facades (for architectural monuments and valuable historical buildings).

When carrying out these activities, the requirements of the Moscow Law “On the maintenance and preservation of the facades of buildings and structures on the territory of the city of Moscow” must be observed.

2.2. Routine inspections are carried out in spring and autumn. Unscheduled inspections are carried out after natural disasters (fires, hurricane winds, etc.). The inspection results are recorded in a log kept for each façade. The log notes the condition of the facades and its elements, defects identified during the inspection, measures taken to eliminate the identified defects, and the decision to include the building facade in the plan for current or major repairs.

2.3. When inspecting facades, the strength of fastening of architectural details and cladding, the stability of parapet and balcony railings are determined. Carefully inspect the base, sections of walls in the areas where drainpipes are located, near balconies and in other places exposed to heavy exposure to storm, melt and rain water, as well as around wall attachments metal structures(flag holders, anchors, fire escapes, etc.). They check the condition of the fastening of overhangs, window sills, coverings of sandriks, corbels, plinth projections, and balconies.

When inspecting the facades of large-panel and large-block buildings, the condition of horizontal and vertical joints between panels and blocks is monitored.

In concreted or plastered metal beams, the adhesion strength of concrete (mortar) to metal is checked, and the condition of embedded parts of walls, balconies, and brackets is monitored.

For engineering surveys of the condition of structures, if necessary, design and survey organizations that have a license to perform this work are involved.

2.4. If an emergency condition of balconies, bay windows, loggias, canopies is detected, the use of these elements is prohibited and the necessary measures are taken to eliminate the detected faults.

2.5. During the inspection, you should pay attention to the presence of unauthorized structural devices on facades and roofs, advertisements, advertisements or other elements, as well as litter on balconies, bay windows, loggias, and take appropriate measures to eliminate the identified violations.

2.6. Elimination of minor structural defects is carried out during inspections or during routine repairs.

If detected defects and malfunctions cannot be eliminated by ongoing repairs, the facades are included in the capital repair plan.

2.7. The period between repairs for building facades is 10 years, and for buildings located in the city center or on main highways - 5 years. In case of early repair, the need for it is confirmed by the results technical inspection indicating the reasons for premature wear of facade structures.

2.8. Inclusion in the title list of buildings designated for major repairs is allowed in agreement with the Design Bureau of the State Unitary Enterprise "GlavAPU" of the Moskomarkhitektura and the Committee for Cultural Heritage of the City of Moscow only if there are design and estimate documentation prepared by specialized design organization, which has a license for design work on the renovation of buildings, and for buildings - architectural monuments and valuable historical buildings, which have a license for design work on the restoration of buildings.

In accordance with the requirements established by law, the title lists should provide for compliance with the instructions of state control and supervision bodies over the safety of buildings and structures on the mandatory restoration or repair of facades within the time limits established by them.

The contractor is appointed by competition from among specialized repair and construction or construction enterprises that have a license to carry out facade repair work.

3. FACADE REPAIR TECHNOLOGY

3.1. Before finishing work on the facade begins, you must:

Repair the roof and prepare parts for hanging drainpipes and other drainage elements;

Complete the repair of walls, window devices, external doors, balconies, bay windows, loggias, canopies, parapets, chimneys, as well as exhaust ventilation structures located on the roof;

Protect polished bases, bronze and cast iron parts, sculptures and other elements that may be damaged during repairs;

Repair radio and electrical wiring, television and other networks located on the facade;

Check that there is no electrical voltage in all tram and trolleybus wires and other devices attached to the building being repaired;

Protect areas for people and vehicles to pass through;

Prepare molded parts of the facade (prefabricated cornices, complex profiles, rods, sandings, brackets, etc. elements) to replace damaged ones.

3.2. Simultaneously with the repair of the facades, the entrance halls and staircases should be repaired.

3.3. Repair of facades can be carried out using inventory tubular scaffolding, mobile tower scaffolding, hanging cradles, which is determined by the work organization project.

3.4. Repair of plastered surfaces is carried out in the following technological sequence. Unstable plaster that is coming off the walls or has grease or tar stains is removed.

It is recommended to remove rusty stains on the surface of the façade with a creamy paste of the following composition by weight, %:

12 hours after application, the paste should be washed off with water.

Gray areas of plaster should be dried. Then the surface of the walls is cut, the masonry seams are cleaned of mortar to the depth of a durable mortar. Dust is removed from the cleaned surface by blowing with compressed air, brushes or rinsing with a stream of water. The surface is cleaned of old paint. To remove old paint, if necessary, use blowtorches or gas torches.

3.5. To repair plaster, solutions are used that are similar in composition to the existing plaster, for which purpose a laboratory analysis of the material of the old plaster is carried out in advance during engineering surveys.

To create a unified texture of the old and new plasters, the surface of the facade is ground after removing the old paint.

3.6. Repair technology decorative plaster are chosen depending on the size of the damage and the type of existing finishing (relief plaster, flute finishing, finishing with “Belgorod white” material, finishing with colloidal cement, finishing using the stencil method, finishing with decorative crushed stone, finishing with exposed aggregate, terrazite plaster, etc.). Minor damage is smeared after clearing and washing with tinted cement mortar and treated with the appropriate tool. After clearing and washing, onto damaged areas of significant size, a selected decorative solution, similar to that previously applied, is applied, followed by treatment. After washing, cracks in decorative plasters are filled with tinted cement mortar and treated to match the texture of the existing plaster.

The type and method of finishing with decorative plaster is established by a color passport issued by the Design Bureau of the State Unitary Enterprise "GlavAPU" of the Moscow Committee for Architecture and Architecture and agreed upon with the Committee for Cultural Heritage of the City of Moscow.

3.7. The façade coating must have a wide range of properties:

Good adhesion;

Alkali resistance;

Lightfastness;

Vapor permeability;

Elasticity;

Insignificant water absorption;

Resistance to microorganisms, etc.

3.8. When choosing paints for finishing facades, their weather resistance is decisive.

Particularly durable coatings are obtained by painting with paint compositions based on synthetic polymers.

The color of the paint coating is established by the Design Bureau of the State Unitary Enterprise "GlavAPU" of the Moscow City Architecture Committee and is agreed upon with the Committee for Cultural Heritage of the City of Moscow.

3.9. Before painting facades, the following operations are performed: cleaning the surface, filling cracks; lining, sanding, puttying, priming, roofing, repair and replacement of cornice covers, façade belts, as well as installation of drains, repair of balconies and their fences, bay windows, loggias, plastering of the basement or repair of its cladding, installation or repair of blind areas around the building, repair of the building's lobbies.

Particular attention is paid to removing fragile layers of old paint. After removing old facade paints, their surface is cleaned with pneumatic installations, washing with water and brushes. Completion of the listed works and readiness of the facade for finishing works confirmed by a commission consisting of: the owner of the building, the customer, the contractor, the author of the project, the Moscow City Design Bureau of the State Unitary Enterprise "GlavAPU" of the Moscow City Committee for Architecture and the Committee for Cultural Heritage of the City of Moscow with the execution of the corresponding act.

3.10. When applying the paint composition, its properties and requirements for the coating should be taken into account.

Polymer painting materials are made on the basis of copolymers of butadiene and styrene, acrylic, perchlorovinyl, organosilicon and other resins.

Organosilicon dyes are the most resistant to environmental influences. Paints based on rubbers, for example, polyisobutylene, which has the property of fluidity, due to which cracks that appear seem to self-heal (for example, KCH-1222 paint) have special properties.

Acrylic paints are highly resistant to environmental influences.

Organosilicate paints have very high properties, as well as reduced flammability in the cured state.

Very resistant to exposure industrial environment are perchlorovinyl paints. They dry quickly, and coatings based on them are highly weather resistant.

3.11. When repairing facades, the following requirements for repairing balconies must be met:

The slope of the top of the balcony slab must be at least 2%;

Ensuring drainage from a balcony or loggia;

Restoration of waterproofing;

Strength of fastening of external fences;

The drain must have a drip and go under the waterproofing carpet and cover the lower edge of the balcony slab.

3.12. The use of other dyes must be preceded by laboratory testing for:

Drying time;

Covering power;

Spill;

Weediness;

Grinding degree;

Flexural strength;

Impact strength;

Abrasion resistance;

Water resistance;

Oil resistance;

Gasoline resistance;

Shine;

Adhesion.

3.13. When repairing facades with decorative plaster, textured layers that have weak adhesion to the base (as determined by tapping) are removed.

3.14. The technology for applying and processing decorative plasters must comply with the requirements of the facade overhaul project developed by a design organization that has a license for these works and a color passport issued by the Moscow Design Bureau of the State Unitary Enterprise "GlavAPU" of the Moskomarkhitektura and agreed upon with the Committee for Cultural Heritage of the city of Moscow with the execution of the corresponding act.

4. TECHNOLOGY FOR WASHING AND CLEANING BUILDING FACADES

4.1. Organizations managing the housing stock, owners (occupiers), and tenants of buildings are obliged to clean and wash facades, incl. It is recommended to wash the main facades of buildings located on main streets and highways at least once a month, plinths - once every 10 days, on prefectural streets (depending on pollution) at least once a year, plinths - once a month .

4.2. Organizations that have a license to carry out facade repair work are involved in the work of washing and cleaning facades on a competitive basis.

4.3. Cleaning and washing of facades should be carried out with the cleaning agents specified in the Passport (section “Materials and technologies for carrying out work”) in accordance with the recommendations of TR 118-01 “Materials and technologies for cleaning buildings and structures”.

4.4. Facade cleaning can be done mechanically and using detergents.

4.5. It is prohibited to sandblast plastered and tiled surfaces of facades, as well as architectural details.

Cleaning by hydrosandblasting can be used in exceptional cases only on cladding with an unpolished texture of hard stone, taking into account the specifics of the operation of buildings.

4.6. Mechanical cleaning of facades made of facing bricks, facing with an unpolished structure of hard stones with special cleaning units, where calcium carbonates (soft minerals) are used as a cleaning agent.

4.7. Cleaning facades from mold, mildew, atmospheric, dirt, oil and artificial contaminants (for example, “grafitti”) with various surfaces(brickwork, concrete, facing granite, sandstone facing products, ceramics, metal, etc.) is also possible using aerohydrodynamic technology (AGD).

4.8. Depending on the type of facade contamination, the following specialized cleaning agents are selected, which, due to their properties, provide high-quality cleaning of facades.

4.8.1. For substrates contaminated with microorganisms, antiseptics of the “Kartotsid-compound” type are used, followed by mechanical cleaning, washing with one of the specified agents and re-treatment with an antiseptic.

4.8.2. For washing facades made of plastics and polymer coatings, an alkaline product with antiseptic and degreasing effects “Plastic Cleaner” is used.

4.8.3. For cleaning the glazing of buildings, an alkaline agent “Glass 1” with an antistatic effect is used.

4.9. Cleaning work with water-soluble detergents carried out at an ambient temperature of at least +5 degrees. C. It is prohibited to perform work when strong wind(more than 15 m/s).

4.10. When performing work on cleaning facades with water-soluble detergents, disposal of cleaning products must be ensured.

5. ACCEPTANCE OF WORK

5.1. The quality of the work performed is established in accordance with the requirements of the current Building Codes.

The condition of the facade is determined by external examination(using tools if necessary).

Possible defects and methods for eliminating them are given below.

	Reasons for appearance	Remedies

Peeling of paint film.	The surface is not sufficiently cleaned from fragile old film, painting was done on a damp, icy or snowy surface. Painting was done on a dusty surface.	Clean the surface down to the base, dry, prime, putty and paint again.
Joints at the boundary of the grips.	The paint was applied to the dried paint of the previous grip. The surface where the scaffolding decks meet is not sufficiently puttied and sanded.	Repaint, following the requirements of painting technology.
Rough texture of the painted surface in some places.	Unsatisfactory puttying and surface grinding.	Repair and sand defective areas and repaint.
Dark spots, efflorescence on the surface.	Painted over damp surfaces.	Dry and paint again.
Striped coloring.	Layering of a paint composition ground with pigments of different densities.	Repaint the facade, ensuring mixing of the paint composition.
Drips and cracks in the paint film.	Copious application of paint.	Sand and repaint the surface.
Damp spots and wet streaks.	Wetting of the surface due to moisture suction.	Eliminate the cause of the wetness, dry the surface and paint again
Depressurization of interpanel joints in 25% or more rooms.		Repair of all joints on this facade, including joints between slabs of balconies and loggias of external wall panels, as well as the junction of window (balcony) blocks to the edges of openings.
Depressurization of interpanel joints in less than 25% of rooms.	Expiration of standard service life, poor quality performance repair work.	Repair of the defective joint and adjacent horizontal and vertical joints, as well as the junction of window (balcony) blocks to the edges of the openings of adjacent panels of the upper floor.

5.2. Areas of decorative plaster that have weak adhesion of the stone-like filler or with a texture that differs in the degree of processing or color of the covering layer from the existing plaster are removed and replaced with plaster that matches the existing one.

On façade surfaces lined with ceramic tiles, broken or peeling (making a dull sound when tapped) tiles must be replaced with new ones laid on polycement mortar. Recommended composition of polycement mortar: Portland cement - I weight. h., sand - 3-wt. h., polyvinyl cement dispersion calculated on dry matter - 10% by weight of cement.

It is recommended to cut seams that are not filled with mortar using a polymer-cement mortar of the specified composition.

Tiles that have deviations from the plane of the facade of more than 2 mm are replaced.

Chips along the perimeter of facing tiles are allowed if they do not exceed 35 mm in length and width

4 mm. The number of chips should not be more than two for each tile.

Tiles with clearly visible through cracks, if they have not lost contact with the base, are sealed with mastic of a color corresponding to the color of the tile and having the following composition and weight. Part:

epoxy resin (ED-5 or ED-6) 10-12;

hardener PEPA 1;

pigment (in quantity to obtain a color that matches the color of the tile).

5.3. Acceptance of completed facade repair work is carried out by a commission consisting of:

Customer, owner of the building;

Contractor;

Representative of the Moscow City Design Bureau of the State Unitary Enterprise "GlavAPU" of the Moskomarkhitektura;

Representative of the design organization.

5.4. The acceptance results are documented in the following form:

ACTacceptance of repair (restoration) work on facades

City_______________ "___"___________200_g.

We, the undersigned, are the representative of the customer, owner, owner of __________ .

Chief engineer of a construction (repair and construction) enterprise ______________;

Representatives of the architectural body of the Moscow City Design Bureau, State Unitary Enterprise "GlavAPU" of the Moskomarkhitektura and the Committee for Cultural Heritage of the City of Moscow ________________________________

work producer ________________________________________________

inspected the work ______________________________________________

for repair (restoration) of building facades __________________________

On the street (trans.) ___________________________________

for No. ______ and, having checked the quality of these works and their compliance with the approved facade designs, fragments and details, established the following:

Main facade

Base ______________________________________________________________

Field of walls ______________________________________________________________

Protruding elements of the facade (columns, bay windows, balconies, terraces, etc.) _____________

Framing openings _________________________________________________

Crowning cornice, belts, rods and fastening of molded parts on them __________________

Pediments, parapets, balustrades and roof connections with them _____________________

Sculptures and molded parts, their quality and finish ________________________________

The finishing (painting) of the facades was carried out in accordance with the colors approved by the Moscow City Design Bureau of the State Unitary Enterprise "GlavAPU" of the Moscow City Committee for Architecture and the Moscow Committee for Cultural Heritage. Condition of drains (roof gutters, window sill drains, covering of cornices, rods and molded parts, arrangement and fastening of drainpipes, etc.) _________________________________________________

Courtyard façade ________________________________________________

Form of acceptance certificate for repair (restoration) of facades (end)

Entrances

Lobbies

In the work performed on the external architectural design of the building, there are no deviations from the approved project, no defects or shortcomings. The quality of work performed is recognized. ___________________

Based on the above, we consider it possible to allow the dismantling of scaffolding and other devices used for façade finishing work.

Customer representative, owner, proprietor ___________________

Representatives of the architectural body of the Moscow City Design Bureau, State Unitary Enterprise "GlavAPU" of the Moscow City Committee for Architecture and the Committee for Cultural Heritage of the City of Moscow

_______________________________________________________________

Chief engineer of a construction (repair and construction enterprise) _______________

Work producer _____________________________________________________

Note: If there are objections from the owner of the building, the act is not subject to approval until the prefecture resolves the disagreements that have arisen.

5.5. Based on the requirements established by law, owners and owners of buildings (premises) are responsible for violation of the procedures and deadlines for repairing facades in accordance with the requirements of building maintenance standards.

5.6. Owners (owners) of buildings are obliged to systematically clean, wash or paint facades as necessary, taking into account the material and nature of the finishing, as well as the condition of the surfaces of the walls of the buildings (the degree of contamination and color fading, the presence of efflorescence, destruction of the finishing coating).

If the surface of the facade becomes heavily soiled, this is evidence of too high a degree of water absorption of the wall material.

Cleaning contaminated surfaces with dry sand can be used in exceptional cases only on facings with unpolished textures, mainly from hard stones.

To avoid destruction and damage, it is prohibited to sandblast surfaces plastered with weak plasters and having cladding or architectural details made of soft rocks stones.

The surfaces of brick walls and walls lined with ceramic tiles (stones) or plastered with cement mortar can be cleaned by hydrosandblasting.

Building facades painted with perchlorovinyl paints should be washed with an aqueous solution of soda ash periodically every 2-3 years.

To clean the surfaces of facades lined with glazed ceramic tiles, it is advisable to use chemical compositions: 8-10 liters of water, 400 g of soda, 0.5 liters of kerosene, followed by rinsing with water.

After cleaning, facades lined with ceramics should be treated with hydrophobic compounds or silicofluorides (fluates) to protect them from moisture and surface contamination. The grit-repellent composition is applied to the surface of the cladding using a spray gun in two steps. Composition consumption for the first is 100-150 g/m2, for the second - 55-80 g/m2. Hydrophobizing composition: water - 100 parts by weight, GKZh-10 (GKZh-11 or GKZh-94) - 7 parts by weight.

5.7. To avoid the formation of dirty streaks and rusty stains on the walls, steel fastening parts (brackets for fire escapes and flag holders, clamps for drainpipes, etc.) should be placed at a slope from the walls. On parts that have a slope towards the wall, tightly fitting galvanized steel cuffs should be installed at a distance of 5-10 cm from the wall. All elements attached to the wall should be painted regularly.

Painting of metal stairs, flag holders, fastening elements of electrical network cables, enclosing grilles on roofs and ventilation openings of basement panels should be done with oil paints every 3-6 years in accordance with the color passport of the house.

Change the architecture of the building (by abolishing, replacing with others or installing new architectural details, punching and sealing openings, changing the shape of windows and the design of frames) without the permission of the Moscow City Design Bureau “GlavAPU” of the Moscow City Committee for Architecture and the Committee for Cultural Heritage of the City of Moscow;

Install advertisements, posters and other decorations on facades, as well as on roofs, without a special project approved in the prescribed manner;

Use license plates, index signs and house signs that deviate from the approved samples.

5.9. In the event of an emergency condition of balconies, loggias and bay windows, it is necessary to prohibit exit from them, announcing this against receipt to the owners (owners) of residential premises, close and seal the exits and take measures to bring the balconies into a technically sound condition. Sidewalks and courtyard areas located under emergency balconies and bay windows should be fenced.

5.10. Owners (proprietors) of buildings are obliged to systematically check the correct use of balconies, bay windows and loggias by the population, preventing the placement of heavy things on them, littering and requiring regular cleaning of them from snow, dust and dirt.

5.11. Metal fences, black steel covers, and flower boxes must be periodically painted with weather-resistant paints. The color of the paint must correspond to the color passport.

To avoid contamination of the walls of buildings and balconies located below, boxes should be installed on pallets with a gap of at least 50 mm from the wall.

5.13. The bodies of architecture and urban planning and state control bodies, in accordance with the established procedure, determine the composition of obligations for the maintenance and repair (restoration) of facades and verify their fulfillment. Within the limits of their powers, in accordance with current legislation, they have the right to impose penalties on owners and owners of buildings (premises) who fail to fulfill their obligations to maintain facades in a timely manner or perform them improperly.

5.14. The contract construction (repair and construction) enterprise bears warranty liability for the quality of the work performed by it for 5 years.

6. OBLIGATIONS OF THE PARTIES

6.1. Customer services:

Compile title lists based on monitoring the technical condition of the housing stock;

Assign objects for repairs if design estimates are available;

Monitor the implementation of repair work and their compliance with the design documentation, the passport “Color solutions, materials and technology of work”, and the requirements of the Standard;

Approve the facility readiness certificate only if there are no deficiencies and the quality of work meets the requirements of the Standard;

Ensure that claims work is carried out to eliminate defects identified during operation within the warranty period;

Provide scope of work to contractors only on the basis of competitive selection.

6.2. Performer of work:

Use certified materials that have GOST standards;

Ensure the quality of work performed in accordance with the Standards;

Carry out work in accordance with design and estimate documentation and a passport “Color solutions, materials and technology of work”.

During the technical operation of the facade, it is necessary to pay attention to the reliability of fastening of architectural and structural parts, which provide static and dynamic resistance to the influence of natural and climatic factors.

The basement is the most moistened part of the building due to the effects of precipitation, as well as moisture penetrating through the capillaries of the foundation material.

This part of the building is constantly exposed to adverse mechanical influences, which requires the use of durable and frost-resistant materials for the base.

The cornices, the crowning part of the building, drain rain and melt water from the wall and perform an architectural and decorative function in the same way as other architectural and structural elements of the building’s facade. The facades of the building may also have intermediate cornices, corbels, sandriks, which perform functions similar to those of the main crowning cornice.

The reliability of the building envelope depends on the technical condition of the cornices, belts, pilasters and other protruding parts of the facade.

The part of the outer wall that continues above the roof is the parapet. To avoid destruction by precipitation, the upper plane of the parapet is protected with galvanized steel or factory-made concrete slabs.

For the safety of repair work, parapet fences in the form of metal gratings and solid brick walls are installed on the roofs of the building. It is necessary to maintain the tightness of the junctions of roofing coverings with elements of parapet fences.

Architectural and structural elements of the facade also include balconies, loggias, and bay windows, which help improve the performance and appearance of the building. Depending on their purpose, balconies have various shapes and sizes. With well-performed waterproofing, balconies protect the walls of the building from moisture. Balconies are exposed to constant weathering, humidification, alternating freezing and thawing, so they fail and collapse before other parts of the building. The most critical part of balconies is the place where slabs or beams are embedded in the wall of the building, since during operation the place of embedding is subject to intense temperature and humidity effects. In Fig. Figure 3.4 shows the connection between the balcony slab and the outer wall. In buildings of the 50-60s. XX century Typically, crushed stone from broken bricks served as concrete filler, which did not provide the required density and frost resistance of balconies. Due to low corrosion resistance, balcony designs with metal beams turned out to be unjustified.

Particularly susceptible to destruction are the edges of the balcony slab, which freeze on three sides and are exposed to moisture and corrosion.

Loggia is a platform surrounded on three sides by walls and fencing. In relation to the main volume of the building, the loggia can be built-in or remote.

Fences for loggias and balconies must be high enough to comply with safety requirements (at least 1-1.2 m) and made predominantly solid, with railings and flower beds.

A bay window is a part of the premises located behind the plane of the facade wall that can be used to accommodate vertical communications - stairs, elevators. A bay window increases the area of the premises, enriches the interior, provides additional insolation, and improves lighting conditions. The bay window enriches the shape of the building and serves as an architectural means of shaping the scale of the façade composition and its division.

During the technical operation of façade elements, sections of walls located next to drainpipes, trays, and inlet funnels must be thoroughly inspected. All damaged areas of the finishing layer of the wall must be repelled and, after identifying and eliminating the cause of the damage, restored. In case of weathering, crumbling of fillings of vertical and horizontal joints, as well as destruction of the edges of panels and blocks, you should inspect the faulty places, fill the joints and restore the damaged edges with appropriate materials, having previously removed the collapsed mortar and carefully caulked the joints with an oiled rope, wiping them with hard cement mortar and painting the corrected ones. places to match the color of the wall surfaces.

On facades lined with ceramic tiles, you should pay attention to places where swelling of the cladding is observed, individual tiles coming out of the plane of the wall, the formation of cracks, chipping in the corners of the tiles; in this case, it is necessary to tap the surface of the entire facade, remove loose tiles and perform restoration work.

Facades lined ceramic products, after cleaning, they are treated with hydrophobic or other special solutions.

Defects in facades are often associated with atmospheric pollution, which leads to loss of their original appearance, sooting and tarnishing of their surface. By effective means cleaning is the use of sandblasting machines, cleaning with wet rags, etc.

To clean facades finished with glazed ceramic tiles, special compounds are used. Building facades should be cleaned and washed within the time limits established depending on the material, condition of building surfaces and operating conditions. It is not allowed to clean architectural details or plastering surfaces made of soft stones by sandblasting. The facades of wooden, unplastered buildings must be periodically painted with vapor-permeable paints or compounds to prevent rotting and in accordance with fire safety standards. Improving the appearance of a building can be achieved through high-quality plastering and painting. Painting of facades must be done after completion of repairs to walls, parapets, protruding parts and architectural moldings, input devices, sandriks, window sills, etc.

Coloring metal stairs, fastening elements for electrical network cables and roof fencing should be done with oil paints after 5-6 years, depending on operating conditions.

Drainage devices of external walls must have required slopes from the walls to ensure the removal of atmospheric water. Steel fastening parts are placed at a slope from the walls. On parts that have a slope towards the wall, tightly fitting galvanized steel cuffs should be installed at a distance of 5-10 cm from the wall. All steel elements attached to the wall are regularly painted and protected from corrosion.

It is necessary to systematically check the correct use of balconies, bay windows, loggias, avoiding the placement of bulky and heavy things on them, clutter and pollution.

To prevent the destruction of the edges of the slabs of balconies and loggias, as well as the occurrence of cracks between the slab and the walls due to precipitation, a metal drain is installed in a groove in the box with a width of at least 1.5 times the thickness of the slab. The metal drain must be placed under the waterproofing layer. The slope of the slabs of balconies and loggias is at least 3% from the walls of the building with the organization of water drainage with a metal apron or behind an iron plate with a drip, with its removal of 3-5 cm; At the end, the drain is embedded in the body of the panel. In the event of an emergency condition of balconies, loggias and bay windows, the entrances to them must be closed and restoration work must be carried out, which must be carried out according to the project.

During inspections, it is necessary to pay attention to the absence or faulty connection of drains and the waterproofing layer with structures, to loosening of fastenings and

damage to fencing of balconies and loggias. Damage must be repaired. Destruction of cantilever beams and slabs, chipping of support areas under the consoles, peeling and destruction are eliminated during major repairs.

In concrete steel beams check the adhesion strength of concrete to metal. The exfoliated concrete is removed and the protective layer is restored. The location, shape and fastening of flower boxes must correspond architectural solution building.

Flower boxes And metal fencing painted with weather-resistant paints in the color specified in the color passport of the facade.

Flower boxes are installed on pallets, with a gap from the wall of at least 50 mm. Depending on the materials used for the main structures of balconies and loggias, their minimum duration efficient operation is 10-40 years.

During operation, there is a need to restore the plaster of the facades. Defects in plaster are caused by poor quality of the mortar, work at low temperatures, excessive moisture, etc. For minor plaster repairs, cracks are expanded and filled; for significant cracks, the plaster is removed and plastered again, paying special attention to ensuring adhesion of the plaster layer to the load-bearing elements.

The main reasons for damage to the appearance of buildings are:
- use in the same masonry of materials of different strength, water absorption, frost resistance and durability (sand-lime brick, cinder blocks, etc.);
- different deformability of load-bearing longitudinal and self-supporting end walls;
- use of sand-lime bricks in rooms with high humidity(baths, saunas, swimming pools, showers, washrooms, etc.);
- weakening of the dressing;
- thickening of seams;
- insufficient support of structures;
- freezing of the solution;
- moistening of cornices, parapets, architectural details, balconies, loggias, wall plaster;
- violations of technology during winter laying, etc.