The meaning of the participle, its morphological features and syntactic function
Participle - a special (unconjugated) form of the verb, which denotes the attribute of an object by action, answers the question which one? (what kind?) and combines the characteristics of a verb and an adjective. In a sentence participle can be a definition or a nominal part of a compound nominal predicate: Exhausted by the poisonous night, insomnia and wine, I stand, breathe in front of the brightening window opened into the fog (G. Ivanov); Nice started a glorious thing... (A. Akhmatova).(Together with dependent words, the participle forms participial, which in school practice is usually considered one member of a sentence: exhausted by the poisonous night; into the fog with a brightening window.)
Signs of verb and adjective in participle
Verb signs | Signs of an adjective |
1.View (imperfect and perfect): burning(nesov.v.) forest(from burn)- burnt(Soviet) forest(from burn). | 1. General meaning (like an adjective, a participle names attribute of an object and answers the question Which?). |
2. Transitivity/intransitivity: singing(who?/what?) song- running. | 2. Gender, number, case (like an adjective, the participle changes by gender, number and case, and the gender, number and case of the participle depend on the gender, number and case of the noun with which the participle is associated, i.e. participle agrees with a noun): ripened ear, ripened berry, ripened apple, ripened fruit. |
3.Returnability/non-refundability: lifter- rising smoke. | 3. Declension (participles are declined in the same way as adjectives), cf.: evening- burning, evening- burning, evening- burning etc. |
4. Active and passive meaning (voice): attacking enemy battalion- battalion attacked by the enemy. | 4. Syntactic function (both participles and adjectives in a sentence are definitions or the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate). |
5. Time (present and past): reading(present tense) - read(past tense). | 5. Short forms (a participle, like an adjective, can have short forms): built- built, closed- closed. |
Note . Active/passive meaning and tense are expressed in participles using special suffixes.
Participle ranks
Participles are divided into active and passive.
Valid participles denote a sign of an object by the action that the object itself performs: running boy- sign boy by action run, which the boy himself does.
Passive participles denote the attribute of one object by the action performed by another object (i.e., the attribute of the object on which the action has been performed or is being performed): glass broken (by a boy)- sign glasses by action break, which commits boy.
AND valid, And passive participles can be present or past tense (participles have no future tense).
Formation of participles
1. Participles present tense (both active and passive) are formed only from verbs not perfect form(verbs do not have a perfect form participles present tense).
2. Passives participles are formed only from transitive verbs (intransitive verbs do not have passive participles).
3. Participles present tense (both active and passive) are formed from the base of the present tense.
4. Participles past tense (both active and passive) are formed from the stem of the infinitive.
5. Passives participles past tense are mainly formed from perfective verbs.
Valid participles present time -ush-/-yush-(from verbs of I conjugation), and -ash-/-box-(from verbs of II conjugation): pish-ut - writer, numaj- ym- reading(from verbs of I conjugation); shout - shouting, speak - speaking(from verbs of II conjugation).
Valid participles past tense formed using suffixes -vsh-, -sh-: write- writing, shouting- shouting, carrying - carrying.
Passive participles present time formed using suffixes -eat-, -om-(from verbs of I conjugation) and -them-(from verbs of II conjugation): chita jut- readable (readable), ved-ut- driven, loved - beloved.
Some transitive imperfective passive verbs participles present tense do not form: wait, prick, take, crush, rub, dig, wash, pour, write, build, chop and etc.
Passive participles past tense formed using suffixes -nn-, -enn-, -t-: read- read, build - built, open- open.
Suffix -enn- joins stems with a consonant (P rines you- brought) or on -i (note - noticed).
Participles Verbs | Valid | Passive |
||
Present tense | Past tense | Present tense | Past tense |
|
-ushch (-yushch) from verbs of I conjugation; asch (box) from verbs II conjugation | -vsh ■ш | -om, -eat from verbs of I conjugation; -them from verbs of II conjugation | -nn, -enn, -t |
|
Imperfective transitives | Reading | + read | Readable | + read |
Perfective transitives | Read | Read |
||
Imperfective intransitives | Sitting | sitting | - | |
Perfective intransitives | Blooming | |||
Note. Most imperfective transitive verbs do not have a passive form. participles past tense.
Short form participles
Passive participles can have short form: I am not loved by anyone! (G. Ivanov)
IN short form participles (like short adjectives) change only by number and in the singular by gender (short forms do not change by case).
Short form of participles, like the short form of adjectives, is formed from the base of the full participle forms using endings: zero - masculine form, A- female, o - average, s- plural: solved, solvable, solvable, solvable; built, built, built, built.
In a sentence short form of participle is the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate: And the sailboat is lit up with a copper-red sunset (G. Ivanov).Short Communion can sometimes serve as a definition, but only isolated and only related to the subject: Pale as a shadow, dressed in the morning , Tatyana is waiting: when will the answer be? (A. Pushkin)
Participles and verbal adjectives
Participles differ from adjectives not only by the presence of morphological features of the verb, but also by their meaning. Adjectives mean constant signs objects, and participles- signs that develop over time. Wed, for example: red- blushing, flushed; old- aging, aged.
Participles may lose the meaning and characteristics of the verb and turn into adjectives. In this case participle denotes a permanent attribute of an object (loses the category of time), loses the ability to have subordinate (dependent) words, to control nouns: an out-of-tune piano, a defiant look, an aspiring poet, a brilliant answer. Wed: He also liked Titus Nikonich... beloved by everyone(participle) and loving everyone (I. Goncharov) And When she played the piano my favorite(adjective) plays... I listened with pleasure (A. Chekhov).
Passive adjectives are most easily converted to participles: reserved character, high spirits, strained relationships, confused appearance.
Participles They are used mainly in bookish speech styles and are almost never found in everyday speech.
Morphological analysis of the participle includes the identification of three constant features (real or passive, aspect, tense) and four non-constant ones (full or short form, gender, number and case). Participles, like the verbs from which they are formed, are characterized by transitivity - intransitivity, reflexivity - irrevocability. These constant signs are not included in the generally accepted analysis scheme, but can be noted.
Scheme morphological analysis participles. I. Part of speech ( special shape verb). II. Morphological characteristics. 1. Initial form (nominative singular masculine). 2. Permanent signs: 1) active or passive; 3. Variable signs: 1) full or short form (for passive participles); 4) case (for participles in full form). Sh. Syntactic function. The secluded monastery, illuminated by the rays of the sun, seemed to float in the air, carried by the clouds. (A. Pushkin) | A sample of morphological analysis of a participle. I. Illuminated(monastery) - participle, a special form of the verb, denotes the attribute of an object by action, derived from the verb illuminate. II. Morphological characteristics. 1. Initial form - illuminated - 2. Permanent signs: 1) passive participle; 2) past tense; 3) perfect appearance. 3. Variable signs: 1) full form; 2) singular; 3) masculine; 4) nominative case. III. Syntactic function. In a sentence it is an agreed definition (or: it is part of a separate agreed definition, expressed by a participial phrase). |
In the system of modern Russian language, the morphology section consists of fairly large groups of words united by common grammatical features. Among them, the most difficult one can be identified - the sacrament. What is the difficulty? The answer is quite simple.
It can be illustrated by the words of one famous linguist Dahl: “The part of speech involved in the verb in the form of an adjective.” Based on this phrase, the name can be explained, that is, it relates to both the verb and the adjective.
This is very convenient, because the participle allows you to clearly express a thought, while being expressed quite clearly and briefly. What is a passive participle, what questions does it answer, what verbs is it formed from?
The passive form is called a participial form, which has the meaning of a characteristic by action, and this action must necessarily be performed on the object. You can ask them the same questions as you would ask an adjective.
Passive participles are used in speech in both full and short form. In this respect they are similar to adjectives.
Passive past participles (PPPV - an abbreviation generally accepted among linguists) express the meaning of a property by action. Moreover, the defined object appears under the influence of the named action.
In the grammar of the Russian language, there are two groups of participles: passive and active. Passive participles (SP) usually name the attribute of an object by action. Moreover, this item or object experiences the effect on itself.
SPPV in Russian can be formed in a suffixal way.
You can ask the same questions for SP as for adjectives. For the full form you can ask questions Which? Which? Which? Which? To the short – What is it? What? What are they? What's it like?
- The book (what?) has been read.
- Pie (what?) baked.
There are “special” verbs in the Russian language, the stem of which will never become a derivative for the SP:
- Intransitive verbs. From the named group of verbs, or rather, from their stem, it is possible to form only real participles.
- Verb reflexivity. If the verb is reflexive, then it is impossible to form passive past participles from it.
- It is not possible to form SPPV from the verbs beat, write, sew, revenge.
How to find short passive participle
To find the SPPV in a short form in the text, you need to follow the following rules:
- Remember or write down the features that distinguish participles from other parts of speech. In this situation, this is the meaning of the part of speech and affixes.
- The participle always combines verb features and adjective markers.
- SP suffixes. They need to be memorized.
- Perform analysis of the proposal for TsIOVO. Find all the definitions and choose among them the one that combines the characteristics of a verb and an adjective.
- Remember adjectives that were formed by moving from participles. For example, soaked (apples); hackneyed (true).
If you follow all the steps in the specified algorithm, then it is quite simple to detect the SP in a sentence.
Interesting linguistic term"passive" From what or because of whom is he suffering? This is, of course, a joke. But seriously, the answer is quite simple.
Passive means when an action is directed towards an object, but someone else performs it.
In the Russian language textbook for grade 7 there is the following example of a passive participle: Doll, dressable a girl.
Participle SPPV, since the doll “suffers” from what the girl does to it.
Important! Wikipedia contains a detailed article on the topic in question. It gives a definition of this part of speech and describes the indicators of SPPV. There is quite a lot of information about SPs; the mechanism of their occurrence with the help of affixes is described in detail. Here is the link: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communion_(linguistics).
Passive participle suffixes
| SP of the present time | |
| are formed from the stem of verbs combined with nouns. in V. p. without the pretext ness. V. and from the stem of the verb. present vr. | |
| -eat- -om- | risu(em) → drawable, carry → carry → carried |
| -them- | Verb d/b. 2 references: hate → hate(s) → hated, divide→divisible decide→decidable |
| SP past tense | |
| are formed from the transition. verb nesov. V. and owls V. passed from the base. vr. using affixes: | |
| -n(n)- | Verb. na -at, -yat, -et: detain → detained, sweep away → swept away command → commanded before -nn-: In short form, SPPV has one letter -n-: Leaves are blown from the asphalt by the wind. The essay is written legibly. The exercise was performed carefully. In SPPV in full form (from the verb sov. v.): cook (v. sov. v.) → cooked bring → brought zoom in → approximate SPPV in full image form. using the affixes -(ir)ova-, -eva: mechanize → mechanized, |
| -en(n)- | from verb., ending. on -ch, -sti and -it: oven → baked, dump → dumped under stress write e: decided, deprived baked handed over In the short form of SPPV there is one letter N: The work was completed efficiently and on time. Good treatment is guaranteed at this clinic. The applicant is guaranteed admission to the institute on a budgetary basis if he receives high score on the Unified State Exam. At a certain period of time, some types of agricultural work were mechanized. Errors in interpreting exam results are excluded. Verb. owls V. From their stem in SPPV there are two letters -nn-: cover → covered, treat → treated enlighten → translucent SPPV has a prefix (except for non-) - -nn-: hang → hanged, Next to SPPV there is a dependent word - -nn-: Deep fried potatoes. |
| -T- | from verbs ending in -nut, -ot, -eret, and verbs consisting of one syllable: screw → screwed, stretch→stretched |
Important! Participles began to be actively used in the Russian language at the end of the 17th - beginning of the 18th century. M.V. wrote about them. Lomonosov, noting their amazing properties.
Full passive participle
SPPV in its full form are similar in appearance to adjectives. They should be distinguished by meaning. SPPV in full form always have the value of the attribute by action. Also, SPPVs in full form have such grammatical features as tense and aspect indicator. They are “inherited” from verbs.
First, let's give examples of single joint ventures: braided, broken, embroidered, unwound, loose, decorated, solved.
Participles, both passive and active, are truly universal parts of speech. They decorate the language of works of art, making it bright and imaginative.
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Participle– a part of speech, which is a special form of a verb that denotes signs of action. Answers questions such as “which?”, “which?”, “which?”, “which?”.
As a verbal form, participles have the following grammatical features:
- Type: perfect and imperfect (for example: evening (what?) dozing(what to do? - take a nap); the cat jumped(what to do? - jump);
- Time: present and past (grandfather (what?) dozing, cat (what?) escaped);
- Refundability: returnable and non-refundable.
Morphological and syntactic features of participles
There are scientists who believe that the sacrament is independent part speech because it has characteristics that are not characteristic of the verb. In particular, participles have some features of adjectives, such as
- object attribute designation
- and agreement with the noun (that is, the same gender, number and case).
Participles are active and passive, some have full and short forms. The short form of the participle in a sentence plays the role of a nominal part compound predicates. For example: Textbook revealed on page ten.
Participles can be inflected by case, number and gender, like adjectives. Even though participles have verbal characteristics, in a sentence they are definitions. For example: A lost book, a lost briefcase, a lost panel.
Participles have an initial form, but only participles that are formed from imperfective verbs have it. Active and passive participles are formed using suffixes.
Types of participles and their examples.
Passive participles.
Passive participles- these are those participles that denote a characteristic created in one object under the influence of another. Passive participles are formed only from transitive verbs. For example: A picture (what?) drawn or drawn by a student.
Formed from verb stems in the present and past tenses using suffixes:
- -om- (-em-) – for verbs of the first conjugation
- -im- – for verbs of II conjugation
- -nn-, -enn-, -t- – from the stems of verbs in the past tense
Examples: read, carried, lit, divided, heard, sown, broken, baked. trimmed, beaten, split
Active participles.
Active participle is a participle that denotes a characteristic produced by the subject/object itself. For example: Boy painting a picture.
Active participles are formed from verbs in the present and past tenses using suffixes
drawable
- suffer. prib. present vr;
hand-drawn
- suffer. prib. pr. vr.
Active participles denote a sign of the object that itself performs the action.
drawing
- valid prib. present vr.;
painted
- valid prib. pr. vr.
Most verbs cannot form all four types of participles.
Formation of present passive participles
Passive present participles formed from the base present tense of transitive imperfective verbs using suffixes -eat- (-om-) from verbs 1st conjugation and suffix -them- from verbs 2nd conjugations: lead - led, respect - respected, see - visible, store - stored .
You need to remember the participle with the suffix -im- - movable(in the sense of "impelled": "moved by a feeling of remorse"; also used in relation to property that can be moved). This participle is formed not from the verb to move (I conjugation), but from the obsolete verb “move”.
Many transitive verbs do not form passive present participles (for example, take, wait, reap, write, wash, pour, beat, drink and etc.). At the same time, there are several passive participles formed from intransitive verbs: preceded, guided, controlled .
Present passive participles should not be confused with verbal adjectives with suffixes -eat-, -them- (fossil, permissible, incomparable, invincible, inextinguishable ). Such adjectives can also be formed from intransitive verbs ( dependent, inexhaustible, waterproof, incessant, unfading, incombustible ), and from perfective verbs ( beg - inexorable ). Most of them are not used without the prefix Not— (imperturbable, unbearable, invisible, innumerable, inexhaustible ). Features that are indicated by verbal adjectives are constant and do not occur over time (unlike features indicated by participles).
Formation of passive past participles
Passive past participles are formed from the foundations indefinite form of transitive verbs using suffixes -nn-, -enn- (-yonn-), -t- (read, seen, decided, understood ).
Using a suffix -nn- Passive past participles are formed from verbs in -at, -yat. In this case, the verb suffix -A- or -I- preserved before the participle suffix -nn- (sow - sown, knead - mixed ).
Using a suffix -enn-(yonn-) passive past participles are formed from verbs ending in - it, -et. In this case, the verb suffix -And- or -e- is cut off ( seal - sealed, see - seen, offend - offended, ask - asked ). Suffix -enn- (-yonn-) is also used to form participles from verbs with a base on a consonant (verbs on -whose: captivate - captivated, save - saved ; verbs with endings -ty: bring - brought, weave - intertwined ).
We need to differentiate!
| Pump out enne a barrel from the basement - from the verb to roll out | Pump out Ann oil from a barrel - from the verb to pump out |
| Shot enne oh beast - from shooting | Shot Jann oh gun - from shooting (by shooting to determine the correct aim) |
| Hang it up enne flour - hang out (divide into parts by weight) | Hang it up Ann 1st paintings - from hanging |
| Obvesh enne 1st buyer - from weighing | Obvesh Ann Walls covered with portraits - from hanging |
| Smash enne oh dough - from mixing | Smash Ann y forest - from mix |
| Knead enne oh dough - from kneading | Knead Ann th in crime - from complicate |
Using a suffix -T- participles are formed from verbs with a suffix -Well- (leave - I'll leave T th ), from verbs to -ot (prick - colo T th ), on - heresy (lock - locked T th ), from monosyllabic verbs ( beat - bi T oh, wash - we T oh, take - take T th ), including from monosyllabic ones with prefixes ( live - live T th ).
Passive past participles cannot be formed from some transitive verbs: drive, know, take, live, seek, love, although there are participles: expelled, recognized, chosen, lived, sought out .
During the lesson you will become more familiar with the concept of “participle pledge”, consider the differences between real and passive voice(semantic and grammatical). Special attention During the lesson, pay attention to the suffixes that form participles.
Topic: Communion
Lesson: Active and Passive Participles
Rice. 2. Verb conjugation
Homework
Exercises No. 83 - 84. Baranov M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. 34th ed. - M.: Education, 2012.
Exercise: write down phrases with participles, indicate suffixes of participles, determine the voice of participles.
1. A wonderful monument. 2. Visible from afar 3. Towering structure 4. Protected cathedral 5. Protected by law 6. Memorable 7. Intimidating 8. Awe-inspiring 9. Inspiring respect 10. Enthusiastic tourists 11. Architectural style 12. Frozen music
Russian language in diagrams and tables. Declension of participles.
Didactic materials. Section "Communion"
3. Online store of the publishing house "Lyceum" ().
Spelling participles.
4. Online store of the publishing house "Lyceum" ().
Literature
1. Razumovskaya M.M., Lvova S.I. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. 13th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2009.
2. Baranov M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. 34th ed. - M.: Education, 2012.
3. Russian language. Practice. 7th grade. Ed. S.N. Pimenova. 19th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2012.
4. Lvova S.I., Lvov V.V. Russian language. 7th grade. In 3 parts, 8th ed. - M.: Mnemosyne, 2012.