In many industrial areas expansion joints are widely used. We are talking about high-rise construction, construction of bridge structures and other industries. They represent a very important object element, and choosing the required type of dilatation structure will vary depending on:

• the magnitude of static and thermohydrometric changes;
• the magnitude of a certain transport load and the required level of travel comfort during operation;
• from the conditions of detention.

The purpose of the expansion joint is to reduce the load on individual parts of structures in places of expected deformations that can occur due to fluctuations in air temperature, as well as seismic phenomena, unexpected and uneven sedimentation of the soil and other influences that can cause their own loads that reduce the load-bearing properties of structures. In visual terms, this is a cut in the body of the building; it divides the building into several blocks, giving these a certain elasticity to the structure. To ensure waterproofing, the cut is filled with suitable material. These can be various sealants, waterstops or putties.

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Installing an expansion joint is the prerogative of experienced builders, so such a responsible task should be entrusted exclusively to qualified specialists. The construction team must have adequate equipment for proper installation of the expansion joint - the longevity of the entire structure depends on this. It is necessary to provide for all types of work, including installation, welding, carpentry, reinforcing, geodetic, and concrete laying. The technology for installing an expansion joint must comply with accepted specially developed recommendations.

The maintenance of expansion joints in general does not present any difficulties, but requires periodic inspections. Special control must be carried out in the spring, when pieces of ice, metal, wood, stone and other debris can get into the dilatation space - this can serve as an obstacle to the normal functioning of the seam. IN winter period caution should be exercised in use snow removal equipment, since its actions can damage the expansion joint. If a malfunction is detected, contact the manufacturer immediately.

Since hydraulic structures made of reinforced concrete or concrete (for example, dams, shipping buildings, hydroelectric power stations, bridges) are of considerable size, they undergo force impacts of various origins. They depend on many factors, such as the type of base, production conditions and others. Ultimately, thermal shrinkage and settlement deformations may occur, risking the appearance of cracks different sizes in the body of the structure.

In order to ensure the safety of the solidity of the structure to the maximum extent, the following measures are applied:

• rational cutting of buildings with temporary and permanent joints depending on both geological and climatic conditions
• creating and maintaining normal temperature regime during the construction of buildings, as well as during further operation. The problem is solved by using low-shrinkage and low-heat grades of cement, its rational use, pipe cooling, thermal insulation of concrete surfaces
• increasing the level of homogeneity of concrete, achieving its adequate tensile strength, strength for reinforcement in places where cracks may occur and axial tension

At what point do major deformations occur? concrete buildings? Why are expansion joints needed in this case? Changes in the building body can occur during construction under high temperature stress - a consequence of the exotherm of hardening concrete and fluctuations in air temperature. In addition, at this moment concrete shrinkage occurs. During the construction period, expansion joints can reduce excessive loads and prevent further changes that could be fatal to the structure. The buildings seem to be cut along their length into separate sectional blocks. Expansion joints serve to ensure high-quality functioning of each section, and also eliminate the possibility of forces occurring between adjacent blocks.

Depending on the service life, expansion joints are divided into structural, permanent or temporary (construction). Permanent seams include temperature cuts in structures with a rock foundation. Temporary shrinkage joints are created to reduce temperature and other stresses; thanks to them, the structure is cut into individual columns and concreting blocks.

There are a number of types of expansion joints. Traditionally, they are classified according to the nature and nature of the factors causing deformation in structures. Here they are:

• Temperature
• Sedimentary
• Antiseismic
• Shrinkage
• Structural
• Insulating

The most common types are temperature and sedimentary expansion joints. They are used in the vast majority of constructions of various structures. Expansion joints compensate for changes in the body of buildings that occur due to temperature changes environment. The ground part of the building is more susceptible to this, so cuts are made from the ground level to the roof, thereby not affecting the fundamental part. This type of seam cuts the building into blocks, thus ensuring the possibility of linear movements without negative (destructive) consequences.

Sedimentary expansion joints compensate for changes due to uneven various types of structural loads on the ground. This occurs due to differences in the number of floors or large differences in the mass of ground structures.

The anti-seismic type of expansion joints is provided for the construction of buildings in seismic zones. The arrangement of such sections makes it possible to divide the building into separate blocks, which are independent objects. This precaution allows you to effectively counteract seismic loads.

IN monolithic construction Shrinkage seams are widely used. As concrete hardens, there is a decrease in monolithic structures, namely in volume, but at the same time excess internal tension is formed in the concrete structure. This type of expansion joint helps prevent the appearance of cracks in the walls of the structure as a result of exposure to such stress. When the wall shrinkage process is completed, the expansion joint is tightly sealed.

Insulation joints are installed along columns, walls, and around the foundation for equipment in order to protect the floor screed from possible transfer of deformation resulting from the building structure.

Construction seams act as shrinkage ones; they provide small sizes horizontal movements, but in no case vertical. It would also be good if the construction seam corresponded to the shrinkage seam.

It should be noted that the design of the expansion joint must correspond to the plan of the developed project - we're talking about about strict compliance with all specified parameters.

Designers of bridge structures, first of all, advocate the excellent versatility of expansion joints and their design, which would allow one or another system of joints to be used practically without changes on any type of bridge structures (dimensions, diagrams, bridge deck, materials for manufacturing spans, etc.) .

If we talk about expansion joints installed in road bridges, the following criteria should be taken into account:

• Waterproof
• Durability and reliability of operation
• The amount of operating costs (it should be minimal)
• Small values ​​of reactive forces that are transmitted to supporting structures
• Possibility of uniform distribution of gaps in the spaces of suture elements with wide temperature ranges
• Moving bridge spans in all possible planes and directions
• Noise emissions in different directions when vehicles move
• Simplicity and ease of installation

In span structures of small and medium-sized bridge structures, expansion joints of filled and closed types are used when moving the ends of span structures up to 10-10-20 mm, respectively.

Based on the type, the following classification of expansion joints in bridges is obvious:

Open type. This type of seam involves an unfillable gap between the composite structures.

Closed type. In this case, the distance between the adjacent structures is closed by the roadway - a coating laid without the necessary gap.

Filled type. IN closed seams The coating, on the contrary, is laid with a gap, because of this, the edges of the gap, as well as the filling itself, are clearly visible from the roadway.

Overlapping type. In the case of a covered expansion joint, the gap between the connecting structures is blocked by some element at the upper level of the roadway.

In addition to the type characteristic, expansion joints of bridge structures are divided into groups according to their location in the roadway:

• under the tramway
• in the curb
• between sidewalks
• on the sidewalks

This is the standard classification of bridge expansion joints. There are also secondary, more detailed divisions of seams, but all of them must be subordinate to the main grouping.

Judging by the experience of operating bridges in Western Europe, it is obvious that the service life of a bridge structure (any) depends almost one hundred percent on the strength and quality of expansion joints.

What are the types of expansion joints between buildings? Experts classify them according to a number of characteristics. This may be the type of structure being serviced, the location (device), for example, expansion joints in the walls of the building, in the floors, in the roof. In addition, it is worth considering the openness and closedness of their location (indoors and outdoors, outdoors). A lot has already been said about the generally accepted classification (the most important, covering all the most characteristic signs of expansion joints). It was adopted on the basis of the deformations that it is intended to combat. From this point of view, the expansion joint between buildings can be temperature, sedimentary, shrinkage, seismic, or insulating. Depending on the current circumstances and conditions, different types of expansion joints are used between buildings. However, you should know that all of them must correspond to the initially specified parameters.

Even at the building design stage, specialists determine the location and size of expansion joints. This occurs taking into account all expected loads causing deformation of the structure.

When constructing an expansion joint, it is necessary to understand that it is not just a cut in the floor, wall or roof. With all this, it must be correctly designed from a constructive point of view. This requirement is due to the fact that during the operation of structures, expansion joints take on enormous loads. If the load-bearing capacity of the seam is exceeded, there is a risk of cracks. This, by the way, is a fairly well-known phenomenon, and special profiles made of metal can prevent it. Their purpose is expansion joints - the profiles seal them and provide structural reinforcement.

The seam between buildings serves as a kind of connection between two structures that are close to each other, but have different foundations. As a result, the difference in the weight load of the structures may have a negative impact, and both structures may develop unwanted cracks. To avoid this, a rigid connection with reinforcement is used. In this case, it is necessary to make sure that both foundations have already settled properly and are sufficiently resistant to the upcoming loads. The construction of the expansion joint is carried out in strict accordance with generally accepted procedures.

Expansion joint between walls

As you know, walls are the most important element in the structure of a structure. They perform a load-bearing function, taking on all falling loads. This is the weight of the roof, floor slabs, and other elements. It follows from this that the reliability and durability of a building largely depends on the strength of the expansion joint between the walls. Moreover, the comfortable operation of interior spaces also depends on the walls (load-bearing structures), which perform the important function of fencing from the outside world.

You should know that the thicker the wall material, the higher the requirements are placed on the expansion joints installed in them. Despite the fact that externally the walls appear monolithic, in reality they have to endure various types of loads. The causes of deformation may be:

• air temperature changes
• the soil under the structure may settle unevenly
• vibration and seismic loads and much more

If cracks form in load-bearing walls, this can threaten the integrity of the entire building. Based on the foregoing, expansion joints are the only way to prevent changes in the body of structures that could become fatal.

In order for the expansion joint in the walls to function correctly, it is necessary, first of all, to perform it correctly design work. Thus, the calculation of actions must be carried out at the building design stage.

The main criterion for the successful operation of an expansion joint is the correctly calculated number of compartments into which it is planned to cut the building to successfully compensate for stresses. According to the established quantity, the distance that must be taken into account between the seams is also determined.

As a rule, in walls with a load-bearing function, expansion joints have an interval of approximately 20 meters. If we are talking about partitions, then a distance of 30 meters is allowed. In this case, builders are required to take into account areas of concentration of internal stresses. The distance is determined by the type of expected expansion joints, which in turn depend on the factors causing changes in the body of the structure.

In addition, at the initial stage of design in the walls of structures, the width of the cut for expansion joints is taken into account with special care. This parameter has important functional significance, as it determines the amount of expected transverse displacement structural elements building. You should also think about ways to seal expansion joints in advance.

Expansion joints in industrial buildings

The length of industrial structures, as a rule, is almost always greater than that of civil buildings, so installation at such joints becomes of great importance. In industrial buildings, specialists provide expansion joints according to their purpose. They can be antiseismic, sedimentary and even temperature.

Expansion joints in frame buildings cut the building into separate blocks, as well as all structures resting on it. In industrial buildings of mass construction, as a rule, expansion joints are installed, which in turn are divided into longitudinal and transverse. The distance between seams in industrial buildings is determined according to the structural design of the building, as well as the climatic conditions of construction and the air temperature inside the room. If we are talking about reinforced concrete one-story structures of industrial buildings, then the gap between the seams is allowed without calculating the rise of 20%.

Transverse expansion joints on one-story industrial buildings are made on paired columns without taking into account the insert. In multi-storey buildings - with or without an insert and also on paired columns. It is worth noting that seams without insertion are more technologically advanced, since they do not require additional enclosing elements. Today, expansion joints are made in the format of an elastic arch from mineral wool slabs of medium hardness. They are crimped with galvanized roofing steel - cylindrical aprons. In the area where the expansion joint is installed, the carpet is reinforced with several layers of fiberglass.

Temperature longitudinal joints in one-story buildings are installed on 2 rows of columns with an insert; its width, depending on the connection in adjacent spans, is considered to be from 500 to 1000 mm. If the longitudinal expansion joint is combined with different heights of adjacent spans, therefore other sizes of inserts are accepted. The same conditions are observed in places where perpendicular spans are mutually adjacent to one another.

If we are talking about industrial buildings with a constructed reinforced concrete skeleton without special overhead cranes, expansion longitudinal joints can be installed on columns such as single columns. Such a seam is easy to install, thereby allowing you to not take into account additional elements in walls and coverings, as well as paired columns or rafter structures. The same can be said for industrial buildings without cranes with mixed or metal frames.

Since prices for various building materials have been rising rapidly recently, you need to think about how to create efficient and high-quality buildings so that you don’t have to correct mistakes after construction. In order to exclude possible mistakes and risks, during the construction of any buildings it is necessary to organize expansion joints in concrete. These designs minimize various deformations.

Various concrete structures are no exception here. These can be floors, blind areas and many other structures. If the wrong choice of technology for creating the floor is made, then as a result it will become covered with cracks, and the finishing coating will be deformed.

The condition of the foundation strip depends on the blind area. If it cracks, it can cause moisture to penetrate into the base and ultimately lead to very serious consequences.

How do they look?

In appearance they look like cuts in concrete. Thanks to these cuts, cracking of the base will not occur during sudden and smooth temperature changes. This can be explained by the fact that the base can expand; there is enough space for this.

So, there are a large number of similar protective building structures. The SNIP classification contains not only temperature joints, but also many other types of seams.

Variety of concrete joints

So, among the seams there are:

• Shrink;
• Sedimentation and temperature;
• Antiseismic.

Shrinkage joints are temporary lines. They are created mainly in monolithic structures directly when pouring concrete mixtures. As the mixture begins to dry, it will shrink. This may cause cracks. So, the solution will compress, and the pressure will act on the void line, which will expand. Then, when everything dries, the line will be destroyed.

As for the second group, these grooves are designed to preserve the building from precipitation and temperature changes. The sedimentary seam can be found on any elements of the building, as well as at the base. Temperature cuts can be found everywhere, on any elements, but not on the foundation. For example, in most buildings you can find expansion joints in the walls.

Anti-seismic protection is special lines that divide the building into blocks. Where these lines pass, double walls or special racks are created. This makes the building more stable.

Protects against sudden temperature changes and deformation

According to its design features, a temperature expansion joint is a special groove or line. He divides the entire building into blocks. The size of such blocks and the directions in which the cut line divides the building are determined by the project, as well as by special calculations.

In order to seal these grooves, as well as to minimize heat loss, these grooves are filled with heat insulators. Often used various materials rubber based. Thus, the elasticity of the building increases significantly, and thermal expansion will not have a destructive effect on other materials.

Often, this cut is made from the roof to the base. The very foundation of the building is not divided, since the foundation is lower than the depth at which the soil freezes. The base will not be affected by low temperatures. The expansion joint spacing depends on the materials used, as well as on the point on the map where the object is located.

Most buildings and structures can use numbers from tables. The distance between expansion joints will be 150 m for those buildings that are built from prefabricated structures and heated, or 90 m for monolithic heated structures.

Where is there no heating?

In this case, these figures are reduced by 20%. To prevent stress, in case of uneven settlement, settlement joints can be arranged. This protection can also serve as temperature protection. The sedimentary section must be created to the base. Temperature - to the top of the foundation. The width of the expansion joint should be 3 cm.

Protection in houses where people live

The expansion joint in a residential building has ancient history. These technologies began to be used during the construction of the first Egyptian Pyramid. Then it began to be used for any stone structures. With the help of this trick, people have learned to protect their homes from temperature fluctuations and other natural disasters.

The operation of residential buildings often leads to various types of destruction of the base and foundation. Among the many possible causes, ground movement under the house can be identified. This is a signal of waterproofing failure. Subsequently, the house will collapse sooner or later.

How it's done

Every home has a hammer drill. So, using a drill you need to make a horizontal cut in the wall. Then it is necessary to seal the seam using roofing felt, tow, and at the end a special lock should be made from water, sand, clay and straw. This composition must be used to seal the expansion joint well.

What if the house is made of brick?

Here, such protection measures should be provided at the design stage. In order to arrange the cut, a tongue and groove is used in the brickwork, which will be lined with two layers of roofing felt. Then everything is covered with a layer of tow and again everything needs to be covered with a lock based on water and clay.

1. The tongue and groove is created during the construction of the building. However, if it does not exist and is not provided, and to do so protective agent is really necessary, then everything can be done using a hammer drill, but you need to work very carefully. What is a tongue and groove? This is a technological notch. The dimensions of such a recess are 2 bricks high and 0.5 deep.
2. At this stage, it is necessary to cover the future expansion joint in the brickwork with the same roofing felt and hammer it with the same tow. Due to their unique properties, these materials do not react in any way to temperature changes, and the masonry, in turn, will not react to them either.
3. Now it's time to close this groove. Most people use concrete or cement mortar for this. However, clay-based putty is much better suited for these purposes. The effectiveness is due to the fact that clay is an excellent heat insulator and waterproofing agent. Clay also has a decorative function.

Protecting the blind area

So, to make expansion joints in the blind area, you need to:

• Dig a trench along the petimeter of the building. Its depth should be 15 cm. The width of the trench should be greater than the roof canopy;
• Fill the bottom of the trench with a cushion of crushed stone, and lay roofing material on top along the entire perimeter;
• Install the frame based on the reinforcement.

Before moving on concrete works on the blind area, we will make a protective seam. It should be done on the line where the walls and the blind area connect. To organize a groove, it is enough to install boards of small thickness between the blind area and the wall. These grooves are also necessary across. This is done using the same method. You need to maintain a distance of 1.5 m.

After pouring, the concrete mixture will go where it is needed, but there will be grooves where the boards are installed. After the solution has sufficiently hardened, the wood can be pulled out. The cracks can be sealed with sealant or other means. The most important thing is that the cuts are not empty, otherwise there will be zero protection.

What about the concrete floor?

Expansion joints in floors can be made even after the mixture has sufficiently hardened. Of course, it’s better to take care of them even before the pouring process.

To perform such protection in the floor, you need:

• Determine the lines for cutting concrete. The distance can be easily and simply calculated. So, 25 needs to be multiplied by the size of the floor thickness;
• Cut grooves using a power tool. The depth will be 1/3 of the thickness. The optimal width dimensions are a couple of centimeters;
• Remove all dust from the grooves and prime;
• When dry, the slots should be filled with any material intended for these purposes.

These actions will not cause any difficulties for anyone. What happened? If the floor is deformed, then these processes will follow the seam lines. Here the screed may crack a little, but the finish flooring will remain perfectly intact.

It turns out that such measures and simple technological operations, both on the street and in the house or any other building, make it possible to protect the building. If you once use inexpensive materials and a hammer drill to create an expansion joint in the slab, floor, or anywhere else, you can save significantly in the future and extend the service life of the building.

During the construction and design of structures for various purposes, an expansion joint is used, which is necessary to strengthen the entire structure. The purpose of the seam is to protect the structure from seismic, sedimentary and mechanical influences. This procedure serves as an additional strengthening of the house, protects against destruction, shrinkage and possible shifts and curvatures in the soil.

Definition of an expansion joint and its types

Expansion joint- a cut in a building that reduces the load on parts of the structure, thereby increasing the stability of the building and its level of resistance to loads.

It makes sense to use this stage of construction when designing large premises, locating buildings in areas of weak soil or active seismic phenomena. The seam is also made in areas with high rainfall.

Based on their purpose, expansion joints are divided into:

• temperature;
• shrinkage;
• sedimentary;
• seismic

In some buildings, due to the peculiarities of their location, combinations of methods are used to protect against several causes of deformation at once. This can be caused when the area where construction is being built has soil prone to subsidence. It is also recommended to make several types of seams when constructing long, tall houses with many different structures and elements.

Expansion joints

These construction methods serve as protection against temperature changes and fluctuations. Even in cities located in temperate climate zones, cracks of varying sizes and depths often appear on houses during the transition from high summer temperatures to low winter temperatures. Subsequently, they lead to deformation of not only the frame of the structure, but also the base. To avoid these problems, the building is divided by seams, at a distance which is determined based on the material from which the structure is constructed. Also taken into account is the maximum low temperature, characteristic of this area.

Such seams are used only on the wall surface, since the foundation, due to its location in the ground, is less susceptible to temperature changes.

Shrink seams

They are used less frequently than others, mainly when creating a monolithic concrete frame. The fact is that when concrete hardens, it often becomes covered with cracks, which subsequently grow and create cavities. In the presence of large quantity foundation cracks, the building structure may not withstand and collapse.
The seam is applied only until the foundation has completely hardened. The point of its use is that it grows until all the concrete becomes solid. Thus, concrete foundation shrinks completely without cracking.

After the concrete has completely dried, the cut must be completely caulked.

To ensure that the seam is completely sealed and does not allow moisture to pass through, special sealants and waterstops are used.

Settlement expansion joints

Such structures are used in the construction and design of structures of different heights. So, for example, when building a house in which there will be two floors on one side and three on the other. In this case, the part of the building with three floors exerts much more pressure on the soil than the part with only two. Due to uneven pressure, the soil can sag, thereby causing strong pressure on the foundation and walls.

From a change in pressure, various surfaces structures become covered with a network of cracks and subsequently undergo destruction. In order to prevent deformation of structural elements, builders use sedimentary expansion joints.

The fortification separates not only the walls, but also the foundation, thereby protecting the house from destruction. It has a vertical shape and is located from the roof to the base of the structure. Creates fixation of all parts of the structure, protects the house from destruction and deformation of varying degrees of severity.

Upon completion of the work, it is necessary to seal the recess itself and its edges to completely protect the structure from moisture and dust. For this, conventional sealants are used, which can be found in hardware stores. Work with materials is carried out according to general rules and recommendations. An important condition arrangement of the seam is to completely fill it with material so that there are no voids left inside.
On the surface of the walls they are made of tongue and groove, with a thickness of about half a brick; in the lower part the seam is made without a sheet pile.

To prevent moisture from getting inside the building, a clay castle is installed on the outside of the basement. Thus, the seam not only protects against destruction of the structure, but also serves as an additional sealant. The house is protected from groundwater.

This type of seams must be installed in places where different parts of the building come into contact, in the following cases:

• if parts of the structure are placed on soil of varying flowability;
• in the case when others are added to an existing building, even if they are made of identical materials;
• with a significant difference in the height of individual parts of the building, which exceeds 10 meters;
• in any other cases when there is reason to expect uneven subsidence of the foundation.

Seismic seams

Such structures are also called anti-seismic. It is necessary to create this kind of fortifications in areas with a high seismic nature - the presence of earthquakes, tsunamis, landslides, volcanic eruptions. To prevent the building from being damaged by bad weather, it is customary to build such fortifications. The design is designed to protect the house from destruction during earth tremors.
Seismic seams are designed according to our own design. The meaning of the design is to create separate, non-communicating vessels inside the building, which will be separated along the perimeter by expansion joints. Often inside a building, expansion joints are located in the shape of a cube with equal sides. The edges of the cube are sealed using double brickwork. The design is designed to ensure that at the time of seismic activity, the seams will hold the structure and prevent the walls from collapsing.

The use of various types of seams in construction

When temperatures fluctuate, structures made of reinforced concrete are subject to deformation - they can change their shape, size and density. As concrete shrinks, the structure shortens and sags over time. Since subsidence occurs unevenly, when the height of one part of the structure decreases, others begin to shift, thereby destroying each other or forming cracks and depressions.

Nowadays, each reinforced concrete structure is an integral indivisible system, which is highly susceptible to changes in the environment. For example, during soil settlement, sudden temperature fluctuations, and sedimentary deformations, mutual additional pressure arises between parts of the structure. Constant changes in pressure lead to the formation of various defects on the surface of the structure - chips, cracks, dents. To avoid the formation of building defects, builders use several types of cuts, which are designed to strengthen the building and protect it from various destructive factors.

In order to reduce the pressure between elements in multi-story or extended buildings, it is necessary to use sedimentary and temperature-shrinkable types of seams.

In order to determine the required distance between seams on the surface of the structure, the level of flexibility of the material of the columns and connections is taken into account. The only case where there is no need to install expansion joints is the presence of rolling supports.
Also, the distance between seams often depends on the difference between the highest and lowest ambient temperatures. The lower the temperature, the farther apart the recesses should be located. Temperature-shrinkage joints penetrate the structure from the roof to the base of the foundation. While sedimentary isolates different parts of the building.
A shrinkage joint is sometimes formed by installing several pairs of columns.
A temperature-shrinkage joint is usually formed by installing paired columns on a common foundation. Settlement joints are also designed by installing several pairs of supports that are located opposite each other. In this case, each of the supporting columns must be equipped with its own foundation and fasteners.

The design of each seam is designed to be clearly structured, reliably fix the structural elements, and be reliably sealed from wastewater. The seam must be resistant to temperature changes, the presence of precipitation, and resist deformation from wear, shock, and mechanical stress.

Seams must be made if the soil is uneven or the walls are not of the same height.

Expansion joints are insulated using mineral wool or polyethylene foam. This is caused by the need to protect the room from cold temperatures, the penetration of dirt from the street, and provides additional sound insulation. Other types of insulation are also used. From the inside of the room, each seam is sealed with elastic materials, and from the outside - with sealants capable of protecting against precipitation or strippings. Facing material do not cover the expansion joint. At interior decoration indoors, covering the seam with decorative elements at the discretion of the builder.

CENTRAL ORDER OF THE RED BANNER OF LABOR RESEARCH AND DESIGN INSTITUTE OF STANDARD AND EXPERIMENTAL HOUSING DESIGN (TSNIIEP HOUSINGS) OF THE STATE Architectural Committee

ALLOWANCE

for the design of residential buildings

Part 1

Residential building structures

(to SNiP 2.08.01-85)

Contains recommendations on the selection and layout of a structural system and the design of structures of residential buildings. The features of designing structures of large-panel, volumetric block, monolithic and prefabricated monolithic residential buildings are considered. Practical methods for calculating load-bearing structures are given, as well as calculation examples.

The manual is intended for design engineers of residential buildings.

PREFACE

The main direction of industrialization of housing construction in our country is the development of frameless large-panel housing construction, which accounts for more than half of the total construction of residential buildings. Large-panel buildings are made from large-sized planar elements that are relatively easy to manufacture. Along with planar elements, large-panel buildings also use volumetric elements filled with engineering equipment (sanitary cabins, elevator shaft tubing, etc.).

The construction of large-panel buildings allows, in comparison with brick buildings, to reduce the cost by an average of 10%, the total labor costs by 25-30%, and the duration of construction by 1.5-2 times. Houses made from volumetric blocks have technical and economic indicators close to large-panel buildings. An important advantage of a volumetric block house is a sharp reduction in labor costs on the construction site (2 - 2.5 times compared to large-panel housing construction), achieved through a corresponding increase in the labor intensity of work at the factory.

In the last decade, house construction made from monolithic concrete has developed in the USSR. The construction of monolithic and prefabricated monolithic residential buildings is advisable in the absence or insufficient capacity of the panel housing construction base, in seismic areas, as well as when it is necessary to construct high-rise buildings. The construction of monolithic and prefabricated monolithic buildings requires significantly lower (compared to large-panel housing construction) capital costs, reduces the consumption of reinforcing steel by 10 - 15%, but at the same time leads to an increase of construction costs by 15 - 20%.

The use of inventory formwork, prefabricated reinforcement elements (grids, frames), mechanized methods of transporting and laying concrete in modern residential buildings made of monolithic concrete makes it possible to characterize monolithic housing construction as industrial.

In this Manual on the design of structures of residential buildings, the main attention is paid to the most widespread and economical building systems of frameless residential buildings - large-panel, volumetric block, monolithic and prefabricated monolithic. For other structural types of residential buildings (frame, large-block, brick, wood), only minimal information is provided and links are given to regulatory and methodological documents that discuss the design of structures of such systems.

The manual contains provisions for the design of structures of residential buildings erected in non-seismic areas, in terms of the selection and layout of structural systems, design of structures and their calculation for force impacts.

The manual was developed by the TsNIIEP housing of the State Committee for Architecture (candidates of technical sciences V. I. Lishak - work leader, V. G. Berdichevsky, E. L. Vaisman, E. G. Val, I. I. Dragilev, V. S. Zyryanov, I V. Kazakov, E. I. Kireeva, A. N. Mazalov, N. A. Nikolaev, K. V. Petrova, N. S. Strongin, M. G. Taratuta, M. A. Khromov, N. N. Tsaplev, V. G. Tsimbler, G. M. Shcherbo, O. Yu. Yakub, engineers D. K. Baulin, S. B. Vilensky, V. I. Kurchikov, Yu. N. Mikhailik, I. A. Romanova) and TsNIIPImonolit (candidates of technical sciences Yu. V. Glina, L. D. Martynova, M. E. Sokolov, engineers V. D. Agranovsky, S. A. Mylnikov, A. G. Selivanova, Ya. I. Tsirik) with the participation of MNIITEP GlavAPU of the Moscow City Executive Committee (candidates of technical sciences V. S. Korovkin, Yu. M. Strugatsky, V. I. Yagust, engineers G. F. Sedlovets, G. I. Shapiro, Yu. A. Eisman), LenNNIproject GlavAPU of the Leningrad City Executive Committee (candidate of technical sciences V. O. Koltynyuk, engineer A. D. Nelipa), TsNIISK im. V. A. Kucherenko of the USSR State Construction Committee (candidates of technical sciences A. V. Granovsky, A. A. Emelyanov, V. A. Kameyko, P. G. Labozin, N. I. Levin), TsNIIEP citizenselstroy (candidates of technical sciences A. M. Dotlibov, M. M. Chernov), NIIZhB, NIIOSP im. N. M. Gersevanov of the USSR State Construction Committee, the Mosstroy Research Institute of the Glavmosstroy of the Moscow City Executive Committee and the LenZNIIEP State Committee for Architecture.

Please send your reviews and comments to the address: 127434, Moscow, Dmitrovskoye Shosse, 9, bldg. B, TsNIIEP housing, department of structural systems of residential buildings.

1. GENERAL PROVISIONS

1.1. The Manual provides data on the design of structures of apartment buildings and dormitories up to twenty-five floors inclusive, erected in non-seismic areas on foundations composed of rocky, coarse-grained, sandy and clayey soils (usual soil conditions). The Manual does not discuss the design features of buildings for seismic areas and buildings erected on subsidence, frozen, swelling, water-saturated peat soils, silts, undermined areas and other difficult soil conditions.

When designing structures, along with the requirements of SNiP 2.08.01-85, one should take into account the provisions of other regulatory documents, as well as the requirements state standards on a structure of the appropriate type.

1.2. It is recommended to select a constructive solution for a building based on a technical and economic comparison of options, taking into account the existing production and raw material base and transport network in the construction areas, planned construction sites, local climatic and engineering-geological conditions, architectural and urban planning requirements.

1.3. It is recommended to design residential buildings with load-bearing structures made of concrete and reinforced concrete (concrete buildings) or stone materials in combination with reinforced concrete structures (stone buildings). Residential buildings with a height of one or two floors can also be designed with timber-based structures (timber buildings).

1.4. Concrete buildings are divided into prefabricated, monolithic and precast-monolithic.

Prefabricated buildings are made from prefabricated products of factory or polygon production, which are installed in the design position without changing their shape and size.

IN monolithic buildings The main structures are made of monolithic concrete and reinforced concrete.

Prefabricated monolithic buildings are erected using prefabricated products and monolithic structures.

In conditions of mass construction, it is recommended to predominantly use prefabricated buildings, which make it possible to mechanize the process of erecting structures to the greatest extent, reducing construction time and labor costs on the construction site. Monolithic and prefabricated-monolithic buildings are recommended primarily for use in areas with warm and hot climates, in areas where there is no industrial base for prefabricated housing construction or their capacity is insufficient, and also, if necessary, in any areas of construction of high-rise buildings. During a feasibility study, it is possible to make individual structural elements from monolithic concrete and reinforced concrete in prefabricated buildings, including stiffening cores, structures of lower non-residential floors, and foundations.

Rice. 1. Large prefabricated elements of residential buildings

A¾ wall panels; b¾ floor slabs; V¾ roofing slabs; G¾ volumetric blocks

Panel called a planar prefabricated element used for the construction of walls and partitions. A panel with a height of one floor and a length in plan not less than the size of the room that it encloses or divides is called a large panel; panels of other sizes are called small panels.

Prefabricated slab is a factory-made planar element used in the construction of floors, roofs and foundations.

Block is called a self-stable prefabricated element of predominantly prismatic shape during installation, used for the construction of external and internal walls, foundations, ventilation devices and garbage chutes, placement of electrical or sanitary equipment. Small blocks are usually installed manually; large blocks - using mounting mechanisms. Blocks can be solid or hollow.

Large blocks of concrete buildings are made of heavy, light or cellular concrete. For buildings one to two floors high with an expected service life of no more than 25 years, gypsum concrete blocks can be used.

Volumetric block is a prefabricated part of the building volume, fenced on all or some sides.

Volumetric blocks can be designed as load-bearing, self-supporting or non-load-bearing.

A load-bearing block is a volumetric block on which the volumetric blocks located above it, floor slabs or other load-bearing structures of the building rest.

Self-supporting is a volumetric block in which the floor slab rests floor-by-floor on load-bearing walls or other vertical load-bearing structures of the building (frame, staircase-elevator shaft) and participates with them in ensuring the strength, rigidity and stability of the building.

A non-load-bearing block is a volumetric block that is installed on the floor, transfers loads to it and does not participate in ensuring the strength, rigidity and stability of the building (for example, a sanitary cabin installed on the floor).

Prefabricated buildings with walls made of large panels and floors made of prefabricated slabs are called large-panel. Along with planar prefabricated elements, non-load-bearing and self-supporting volumetric blocks can be used in a large-panel building.

A prefabricated building with walls made of large blocks is called large block.

A prefabricated building made of load-bearing volumetric blocks and planar prefabricated elements is called panel-block.

A prefabricated building made entirely of volumetric blocks is called volumetric block.

Monolithic and prefabricated monolithic buildings According to the method of their construction, it is recommended to use the following types:

with monolithic external and internal walls erected in sliding formwork (Fig. 2, A) and monolithic floors erected in small-panel formwork using the “bottom-up” method (Fig. 2, b), or in large-panel floor formwork using the “top-down” method (Fig. 2, V);

with monolithic internal and end external walls, monolithic floors, erected in volumetric adjustable formwork, removed to the facade (Fig. 2, G), or in large-panel formwork of walls and ceilings (Fig. 2, d). In this case, the external walls are made monolithic in large-panel and small-panel formwork after the construction of internal walls and ceilings (Fig. 2, e) or from prefabricated panels, large and small blocks of brickwork;

with monolithic or prefabricated-monolithic external walls and monolithic internal walls, erected in adjustable formworks removed upward (large-panel or large-panel in combination with block) (Fig. 2, and, h). In this case, the floors are made prefabricated or prefabricated monolithic using prefabricated slabs - shells, which act as permanent formwork;

with monolithic external and internal walls erected in volumetric movable formwork (Fig. 2, And) method of tiered concreting, and prefabricated or monolithic floors;

with monolithic internal walls erected in large-panel wall formwork. In this case, the floors are made of prefabricated or prefabricated monolithic slabs, the outer walls are made of prefabricated panels, large and small blocks, and brickwork;

with monolithic stiffening cores erected in adjustable or sliding formwork, prefabricated wall and ceiling panels;

with monolithic stiffening cores, prefabricated frame columns, prefabricated external wall panels and slabs erected using the lifting method.

Rice. 2. Types of monolithic frameless buildings erected in a sliding ( A— V), volumetric-adjustable and large-panel ( G— e), block and large panel ( f - and) formworks (arrows indicate the direction of movement of the formworks)

1 — sliding formwork; 2 — small-panel floor formwork; 3 — large-panel floor formwork; 4 —volume-adjustable wall formwork; 5 — large-panel wall formwork; 6 — small panel formwork of walls; 7 - block formwork

Sliding formwork called formwork, consisting of panels mounted on jacking frames, a working floor, jacks, pumping stations and other elements, and intended for the construction of vertical walls of buildings. As the walls are being concreted, the entire system of sliding formwork elements is lifted upward by jacks at a constant speed.

Small panel formwork called formwork, consisting of sets of panels with an area of ​​​​about 1 m 2 and other small elements weighing no more than 50 kg. It is allowed to assemble panels into enlarged elements, panels or spatial blocks with a minimum number of additional elements.

Large panel formwork called formwork, consisting of large-sized panels, connection and fastening elements. The formwork panels accept all technological loads without installing additional load-bearing and supporting elements and are equipped with scaffolding, struts, adjustment and installation systems.

called formwork, which is a system of vertical and horizontal panels, hingedly combined into a U-shaped section, which in turn is formed by connecting two L-shaped half-sections and, if necessary, inserting a floor panel.

Volume-movable formwork called formwork, which is a system of external panels and a folding core that moves vertically in tiers along four racks.

Block formwork called formwork, consisting of a system of vertical panels and corner elements, hingedly combined by special elements into spatial block forms.

1.5. Stone buildings may have walls made of masonry or prefabricated elements (blocks or panels).

Masonry is made of brick, hollow ceramic and concrete stones (natural or artificial materials), as well as lightweight brickwork with slab insulation, backfill made of porous aggregates or polymer compositions foamed in the cavity of the masonry.

Large blocks of stone buildings are made of brick, ceramic blocks and natural stone (sawn or clean hew).

The panels of stone buildings are made of vibrobrick masonry or ceramic blocks. External wall panels may have a layer of slab insulation.

When designing the walls of stone buildings, one should be guided by the provisions of SNiP II-22-81 and relevant manuals.

1.6. Wooden buildings are divided into panel, frame and timber buildings.

Wooden panel buildings are made from panels made using solid and (or) laminated wood, plywood and (or) profile products made from it, chipboards, fiberboards and others sheet materials wood based. The structures of wooden panel buildings should be designed in accordance with SNiP II-25-80 and the “Guidelines for the design of structures of wooden panel residential buildings” (TsNIIEPgrazhdanselstroy, M., Stroyizdat, 1984).

Wooden frame buildings are made from wooden frame, which is assembled at the construction site and sheathed with sheet material, between which heat and sound insulation is made of slabs or backfill.

In log buildings, the walls are made of solid wood in the form of beams or logs. Log buildings are used primarily in rural estate construction in logging areas.

1.7. When designing the structures of residential buildings, it is recommended:

choose optimal design solutions in technical and economic terms;

comply with requirements Technical rules on the economical use of basic building materials;

comply with the established maximum consumption rates of reinforcing steel and cement;

provide for the use of local building materials and concrete with gypsum-containing binders;

use, as a rule, unified standard or standard structures and formworks that allow the building to be erected using industrial methods;

reduce the range of prefabricated elements and formworks through the use of enlarged modular meshes (with a module of at least 3M); unify the parameters of structural and planning cells, reinforcement schemes, location of embedded parts, holes, etc.;

provide for the possibility of interchangeable use of external enclosing structures, taking into account local climatic, material and production conditions of construction and requirements for the architectural design of the building;

provide for the manufacturability of manufacturing and installation of structures;

use designs that ensure the least total labor intensity of their manufacture, transportation and installation;

apply technical solutions that require the least amount of energy resources for the manufacture of structures and heating of the building during its operation.

1.8. In order to reduce the material consumption of the structure, it is recommended:

adopt structural building systems that allow full use of the load-bearing capacity of the structure, if possible, reduce the class of concrete and change the reinforcement of structures along the height of the building;

take into account joint spatial work structural elements in the building system, providing it structurally by connecting prefabricated elements with connections, combining sections of walls separated by openings with lintels, etc.;

reduce loads on structures through the use of lightweight concrete, lightweight structures made of sheet materials for non-load-bearing walls and partitions, layered and multi-hollow load-bearing concrete and reinforced concrete structures;

the compressive strength of load-bearing walls is primarily ensured by the resistance of concrete (without design vertical reinforcement);

prevent the formation of cracks in structures during their manufacture and construction primarily through technological measures (selection of appropriate concrete compositions, heat treatment modes, molding equipment, etc.), without using additional reinforcement of the structure for technological reasons;

adopt such schemes for transportation, installation and demolding of prefabricated elements, which, as a rule, do not require their additional reinforcement;

provide for the installation of prefabricated elements mainly using traverses that ensure the vertical direction of lifting slings;

use lifting loops as parts to connect prefabricated elements to each other.

1.9. In order to reduce the total labor costs for the manufacture and construction of structures when designing prefabricated buildings, it is recommended:

enlarge prefabricated elements within the limits of the carrying capacity of installation mechanisms and established transport dimensions, taking into account the rational cutting of elements and the minimum consumption of steel caused by the conditions of transport and installation of structures;

transfer the maximum amount of finishing work to factory conditions;

apply industrial solutions for hidden electrical wiring;

in the factory, install window and balcony door blocks in the panels and seal their interfaces with the concrete of the panels;

provide for the factory assembly of individual structural elements into composite installation elements;

carry out the most labor-intensive elements of the building (sanitary units, elevator shafts, waste collection chambers, fencing of loggias, bay windows, balconies, etc.) mainly in the form of volumetric elements with full installation of engineering equipment and finishing at the factory.

1.10. Constructive and technological solutions monolithic and prefabricated-monolithic buildings should, as a rule, provide a variety of volumetric-spatial solutions at a minimum of reduced costs. For this purpose it is recommended:

take into account as fully as possible the features of each building construction method that affect volumetric-spatial solutions;

use designs of adjustable formworks assembled from modular panels;

design technology and organization of work simultaneously with the design of the building for the mutual coordination of architectural, planning, structural and technological solutions;

to industrialize the production of work as much as possible through the comprehensive mechanization of the processes of manufacturing, transportation, laying and compacting the concrete mixture, the use of prefabricated reinforcement products and the mechanization of finishing work;

reduce construction time by ensuring maximum formwork turnover by intensifying concrete hardening at positive and negative outdoor temperatures;

use formwork and methods for compacting the concrete mixture that ensure minimal additional work to prepare concrete surfaces for finishing.

1.11. In order to reduce fuel consumption for the manufacture of structures and heating the building during its operation, it is recommended:

the thermal resistance of external enclosing structures should be assigned according to economic requirements, taking into account operating costs;

take into account the energy intensity of the production of materials for structures and their manufacture;

constructive measures to reduce heat loss through openings in walls, joints of prefabricated elements, heat-conducting inclusions (hard ribs, in layered walls, etc.);

choose space-planning solutions for the building that allow minimizing the area of ​​their external fences;

use roofs with a warm attic.

1.12. To ensure the reliability of structures and components during the life of the building, it is recommended:

use materials for them that have the necessary durability and meet the requirements of maintainability; heat and sound insulating materials and gaskets located in the thickness of load-bearing structures must have a service life that corresponds to the service life of the building;

choose design solutions for external fencing taking into account the climatic regions of construction;

use combinations of materials in external layered structures that prevent delamination of concrete layers;

prevent the accumulation of moisture in structures during operation;

assign design parameters and select physical-mechanical, thermal, acoustic and other characteristics of materials, taking into account the peculiarities of the manufacturing technology, installation and operation of structures, as well as possible changes in the properties of structural materials over time;

assign a frost resistance class, and, if necessary, a water resistance class for structures in accordance with the requirements of SNiP 2.03.01-84, II-22-81;

provide for the sequence and order of work on the construction and installation of structures, connections, sealing, insulation and sealing of joints, allowing them to ensure their satisfactory operation during the operation of the building;

provide measures to protect structural reinforcement, connections and embedded parts from corrosion;

structural elements and engineering equipment, the service life of which is less than the service life of the building (for example, carpentry, floor coverings, sealants in joints, etc.), be designed so that their replacement does not disturb adjacent structures.

1.13. The drawings of structural elements (panels, slabs, volumetric blocks, etc.) must indicate the design characteristics of the material in terms of strength, frost resistance (if necessary, water resistance), tempering strength, humidity and density of the material of the building element, design load diagrams and control tests, as well as approvals for the manufacture and installation of structures.

With antifreeze additives(potash, sodium nitrite, mixed and other additives that do not cause corrosion of concrete prefabricated elements), ensuring hardening of the mortar and concrete in the cold without heating;

without chemical additives with heating of the structures being built during the time during which the mortar or concrete in the joints gains strength sufficient for the construction of subsequent floors of the building.

The construction of prefabricated buildings by freezing without chemical additives and heating structures is permitted only for buildings with a height of no more than five floors, subject to the calculation of the strength and stability of structures during the first thawing period (at the lowest strength of freshly thawed mortar or concrete) taking into account the actual strength of the mortar (concrete) in joints during operation.

In cases where solutions with antifreeze additives are used, steel connections that have anti-corrosion properties protective covering made of zinc or aluminum, must be protected with additional protective coatings.

unheated (thermos method, use of antifreeze additives);

heating (contact heating, chamber heating);

a combination of unheated and heated methods. Non-heating methods are recommended to be used at outdoor temperatures down to minus 15°C, and heating methods - up to minus 25°C.

The choice of a specific method for constructing monolithic structures in winter is recommended to be made on the basis of technical and economic calculations for local construction conditions.

1.15. In buildings that are extended in plan, as well as buildings consisting of volumes of different heights, it is recommended to install vertical expansion joints:

temperature - to reduce forces in structures and limit the opening of cracks in them due to constraint by the base due to temperature and shrinkage deformations of concrete and reinforced concrete structures of the building;

sedimentary - to prevent the formation and opening of cracks in structures due to uneven settlement of foundations caused by the heterogeneity of the geological structure of the foundation along the length of the building, unequal loads on the foundations, as well as cracks that occur in places where the height of the building changes.

It is recommended to perform vertical expansion joints in the form of paired transverse walls located at the border of the planning sections. The transverse walls of vertical joints should, as a rule, be insulated and constructed similarly to the designs of the end walls, but without an external finishing layer. The width of vertical joints should be determined by calculation, but take at least 20 mm in clearance.

To prevent snow, moisture and debris from entering and accumulating in them, it is recommended to cover vertical seams around the entire perimeter, including the roof, with flashings (for example, made of corrugated galvanized iron sheets). Flashings and insulation of vertical seams should not prevent deformation of the compartments separated by the seam.

Expansion joints may be extended to the foundations. Settlement joints should separate the building, including foundations, into isolated compartments.

1.16. The distances between temperature-shrinkable seams (lengths of temperature compartments) are determined by calculation taking into account the climatic conditions of construction, adopted structural system buildings, structures and materials of walls and ceilings and their butt joints.

Efforts in the structures of extended buildings can be determined according to the “Recommendations for the calculation of structures of large-panel buildings for temperature and humidity influences” (M., Stroyizdat, 1983) or according to appendix. 1 of this Manual.

The distance between temperature-shrinkage joints of frameless large-panel buildings rectangular in plan, the design of which satisfies the requirements of Table. 1, may be prescribed according to table. 2, depending on the value of the annual difference in average daily temperatures t avg.day, taken equal to the difference between the maximum and minimum average daily temperatures of the warmest and coldest months, respectively. For the coast and islands of the Arctic and Pacific Oceans the indicated difference should be increased by 10 ° C.

Table 1

	Type I building		Type II building
Constructions		A s, cm 2	Concrete class for compressive strength or grade of mortar	Sectional area of ​​the longitudinal reinforcement of one floor, A s, cm 2
Exterior walls
Panels: single-layer	B3.5 ¾ B7.5		B3.5 ¾ B7.5	4¾ 7(4¾ 7)
multilayer
vertical		2¾ 4(5¾ 10)		3 ¾ 5
horizontal
Internal walls
				3 ¾ 5
Floors
		25 ¾ 60
Joints (platform)				¾
Notes: 1. The reinforcement of panels and joints of staircase walls is indicated in brackets. 2. Cross-sectional area of ​​reinforcement A s includes all longitudinal reinforcement of panels and joints (working, structural, mesh).

table 2

Annual change in daily averages		Distances between expansion joints of frameless large-panel buildings, m
temperature, ° C		Type I buildings (according to Table 1) with transverse wall spacing, m, up to		Type II buildings (according to
	Batumi, Sukhumi	Not limited	Not limited	Not limited
	Baku, Tbilisi, Yalta
	Ashgabat, Tashkent
	Moscow, Pet-rozavodsk
	Vorkuta, Novosibirsk
	Norilsk, Turukhansk
	Verkhoyansk, Yakutsk
Note. For intermediate temperature values, the distance between expansion joints is determined by interpolation.

Assignment of distances between expansion joints according to table. 2 does not exclude the need for a design check of walls and ceilings in places where they are weakened large holes and openings where concentration of significant thermal forces and deformations is possible (staircases, elevator shafts, driveways, etc.).

In cases where the structural design, reinforcement and grade of concrete of building structures differ significantly from those provided in Table. 1, the building should be designed to withstand temperature impacts.

1.17. It is recommended to install settlement joints in cases where uneven settlements of the foundation under normal soil conditions exceed the maximum permissible values ​​regulated by SNiP 2.02.01-83, as well as when the difference in building height is more than 25%. In the latter case, it is permissible not to construct a settlement seam if, according to the calculations, the strength of the building’s structures is ensured, and the deformations of the joints of prefabricated elements and the opening of cracks in the structures do not exceed the maximum permissible values.

1.18. In monolithic and prefabricated monolithic buildings of wall structural systems, temperature-shrinkage, settlement and technological seams must be installed. Technological (working) seams must be arranged to ensure the possibility of concreting monolithic structures with separate grips. Technological seams, whenever possible, should be combined with temperature-shrinkage and settlement seams.

The distance between temperature-shrinkage seams is determined by calculation or according to table. 3.

Table 3

Structural system	Distance between temperature-shrinkage joints, m, for floors
	monolithic
Cross-wall with load-bearing external and internal walls, longitudinal wall
Cross-wall with non-load-bearing external walls, cross-wall with separate longitudinal diaphragms
Transverse wall without longitudinal diaphragms
Note. When framing the first floor, the distances between temperature-shrinkage joints can be increased by 20%.

2. STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

Principles for ensuring strength, rigidity and stability of residential buildings

2.1. Structural system of the building is a set of interconnected structures of a building that ensure its strength, rigidity and stability.

The adopted structural system of the building must ensure the strength, rigidity and stability of the building at the construction stage and during operation under the influence of all design loads and impacts. For fully prefabricated buildings, it is recommended to provide measures to prevent progressive (chain) destruction of the building’s load-bearing structures in the event of local destruction of individual structures during emergency impacts (explosions of domestic gas or other explosive substances, fires, etc.). Calculation and design of large-panel buildings for resistance to progressive destruction are given in the appendix. 2.

2.2. Structural systems of residential buildings are classified according to the type of vertical load-bearing structures. For residential buildings, the following types of vertical load-bearing structures are used: walls, frames and trunks (stiffening cores), which correspond to wall, frame and trunk structural systems. When several types of vertical structures are used in one building on each floor, frame-wall, frame-trunk and trunk-wall systems are distinguished. When the structural system of a building changes along its height (for example, in the lower floors - frame, and in the upper floors - wall), the structural system is called combined.

2.3. Walls, depending on the vertical loads they perceive, are divided into load-bearing, self-supporting and non-load-bearing.

Carrier is a wall that, in addition to the vertical load from its own weight, receives and transmits to the foundations loads from floors, roofs, non-load-bearing external walls, partitions, etc.

Self-supporting is a wall that receives and transfers to the foundations a vertical load only from its own weight (including the load from balconies, loggias, bay windows, parapets and other wall elements).

Non-load bearing is a wall that, floor by floor or across several floors, transfers the vertical load from its own weight to adjacent structures (floors, load-bearing walls, frame). An internal non-load-bearing wall is called a partition. In residential buildings, it is generally recommended to use load-bearing and non-load-bearing walls. Self-supporting walls can be used as insulating walls for projections, building ends and other elements of external walls. Self-supporting walls can also be used inside a building in the form of ventilation blocks, elevator shafts and similar elements with engineering equipment.

2.4. Depending on the arrangement of load-bearing walls in the building plan and the nature of the support of the floors on them (Fig. 3), the following structural systems are distinguished:

cross-wall with transverse and longitudinal load-bearing walls;

cross-wall - with transverse load-bearing walls;

longitudinal wall - with longitudinal load-bearing walls.

Rice. 3. Wall structural systems

A - cross-wall; b— cross-wall; V - longitudinal wall with ceilings

I— short-span; II- medium-span; III- long-span

1 - curtain wall; 2 — bearing wall

In buildings with a cross-wall structural system, the external walls are designed as load-bearing or non-load-bearing (curtain), and the floor slabs are designed as supported along the contour or on three sides. The high spatial rigidity of a multi-cell system formed by floors, transverse and longitudinal walls, contributes to the redistribution of forces in it and the reduction of stresses in individual elements. Therefore, buildings of the cross-wall structural system can be designed with a height of up to 25 floors.

In buildings with a transverse wall structural system, vertical loads from floors and non-load-bearing walls are transferred mainly to transverse load-bearing walls, and floor slabs work primarily according to a beam scheme with support on two opposite sides. Horizontal loads acting parallel to the transverse walls are carried by these walls. Horizontal loads acting perpendicular to the transverse walls are perceived by: longitudinal stiffening diaphragms; flat frame due to the rigid connection of transverse walls and floor slabs; radial transverse walls with a complex building plan shape.

Longitudinal walls of staircases and individual sections of longitudinal external and internal walls can serve as longitudinal stiffening diaphragms. It is recommended to support the adjacent floor slabs on longitudinal diaphragms, which improves the performance of the diaphragms on horizontal loads and increases the rigidity of the floors and the building as a whole.

It is recommended to design buildings with transverse load-bearing walls and longitudinal stiffening diaphragms up to 17 floors in height. In the absence of longitudinal stiffening diaphragms in the case of a rigid connection of monolithic walls and floor slabs, it is recommended to design buildings with a height of no more than 10 floors.

Buildings with radially located transverse walls with monolithic floors can be designed up to 25 floors high. It is recommended to place temperature-shrinkage joints between sections of an extended building with radially located walls so that horizontal loads are absorbed by walls located in the plane of their action or at a certain angle. For this purpose, it is necessary to provide special dampers in temperature-shrinkage joints that work compliantly under temperature-shrinkage influences and rigidly under wind loads.

In buildings with a longitudinal-wall structural system, vertical loads are perceived and transmitted to the base by longitudinal walls on which the floors rest, working primarily according to a beam scheme. To absorb horizontal loads acting perpendicular to the longitudinal walls, it is necessary to provide vertical stiffening diaphragms. Such stiffening diaphragms in buildings with longitudinal load-bearing walls can serve as transverse walls of staircases, end walls, intersections, etc. It is recommended that floor slabs adjacent to vertical stiffening diaphragms be supported on them. It is recommended to design such buildings with a height of no more than 17 floors.

When designing buildings with transverse-wall and longitudinal-wall structural systems, it is necessary to take into account that parallel load-bearing walls, connected to each other only by floor disks, cannot redistribute vertical loads among themselves. To ensure the stability of walls during emergency impacts (fire, gas explosion), it is recommended to include walls in a perpendicular direction. For external load-bearing walls made of non-concrete materials (for example, from laminated panels with sheet sheathing), it is recommended to position the longitudinal stiffening diaphragms so that they at least connect the transverse walls in pairs. In isolated load-bearing walls, it is recommended to provide vertical connections in horizontal connections and joints.

2.5. In frame structural systems, the main vertical load-bearing structures are frame columns, to which the load from the floors is transferred directly (bezelless frame) or through crossbars (beam frame). Strength, stability and spatial rigidity of frame buildings is ensured working together floors and vertical structures. Depending on the type of vertical structures used to ensure strength, stability and rigidity, there are braced, frame and frame-braced frame systems (Fig. 4).

Rice. 4. Frame structural systems

A, b— bonded with vertical stiffening diaphragms; V - the same, with a distribution grillage in the plane of the vertical rigidity diaphragm; G- frame; d— frame-bracing with vertical rigidity diaphragms; e — the same, with hard inserts

1 — vertical stiffness diaphragm; 2 — frame with hinged joints; 3 — distribution grillage; 4 — frame frame; 5 — hard inserts

With a braced frame system, a transom-free frame or a transom frame with non-rigid crossbar assemblies with columns is used. With non-rigid nodes, the frame practically does not participate in the perception of horizontal loads (except for the columns adjacent to the vertical stiffening diaphragms), which makes it possible to simplify the design solutions of the frame nodes, use the same type of crossbars along the entire height of the building, and design the columns as elements working primarily in compression. Horizontal loads from the floors are perceived and transmitted to the base by vertical stiffening diaphragms in the form of walls or through braced elements, the belts of which are columns (see Fig. 4). To reduce the required number of vertical stiffening diaphragms, it is recommended to design them with a non-rectangular shape in plan (angular, channel, etc.). For the same purpose, columns located in the plane of vertical stiffening diaphragms can be combined by distribution grillages located at the top of the building, as well as at intermediate levels along the height of the building.

In a frame frame system, vertical and horizontal loads are absorbed and transferred to the base by a frame with rigid units of crossbars and columns. Frame frame systems are recommended for low-rise buildings.

In a frame-braced frame system, vertical and horizontal loads are perceived and transmitted to the base jointly by vertical stiffening diaphragms and a frame frame with rigid units of crossbars with columns. Instead of through vertical stiffening diaphragms, rigid inserts can be used to fill individual cells between the crossbars and columns. Frame-braced frame systems are recommended to be used if it is necessary to reduce the number of stiffening diaphragms required to absorb horizontal loads.

In frame buildings of braced and frame-braced structural systems, along with stiffening diaphragms, spatial elements of a closed plan form, called trunks, can be used. Frame buildings with rigid trunks are called frame-trunk buildings.

Frame buildings, the vertical load-bearing structures of which are the frame and load-bearing walls (for example, external, intersectional, staircase walls), are called frame-wall buildings. It is recommended to design buildings of a frame-wall structural system with frameless frame or with a crossbar frame having non-rigid connections between the crossbars and the columns.

2.6. In shaft structural systems, the vertical load-bearing structures are shafts, formed primarily by the walls of staircase and elevator shafts, on which the floors rest directly or through distribution grillages. Based on the method of supporting the interfloor floors, a distinction is made between trunk systems with cantilever, stacked and suspended floor support (Fig. 5).

Rice. 5. Barrel structural systems (with one supporting barrel)

A, b— console; V, G - shelves; d, f - hanging

1 — load-bearing trunk; 2 — cantilever ceiling; 3 — floor-high console; 4 — cantilever bridge; 5 — grillage; 6 - suspension

Large-panel buildings

For short-span slabs, it is recommended to use a cross-wall structural system. It is recommended to determine the dimensions of structural cells based on the condition that the floor slabs rest on the walls along the contour or on three sides (two long and one short).

For mid-span floors, cross-wall, transverse-wall or longitudinal-wall structural systems can be used.

With a cross-wall structural system, it is recommended to design the external walls as load-bearing, and design the dimensions of the structural cells so that each of them is covered by one or two floor slabs.

With a cross-wall structural system, the external longitudinal walls are designed as non-load-bearing. In buildings of such a system, it is recommended to design the load-bearing transverse walls through the entire width of the building, and to place the internal longitudinal walls so that they unite the transverse walls at least in pairs.

With a longitudinal-wall structural system, all external walls are designed as load-bearing. The pitch of the transverse walls, which are transverse stiffening diaphragms, must be justified by calculation and taken no more than 24 m.

2.8. In large-panel buildings, in order to absorb forces acting in the plane of horizontal stiffening diaphragms, prefabricated reinforced concrete floor and roof slabs are recommended to be connected to each other by at least two connections along each face. The distance between the links is recommended to be no more than 3.0 m. The required cross-section of the links is determined by calculation. It is recommended to take the cross-section of the connections in such a way (Fig. 6) that they ensure the perception of tensile forces of at least the following values:

for ties located in floors along the length of a building extended in plan - 15 kN (1.5 tf) per 1 m of building width;

for ties located in floors perpendicular to the length of a building extended in plan, as well as ties for compact buildings - 10 kN (1 tf) per 1 m of building length.

Rice. 6. Layout of connections in a large-panel building

1 — between panels of external and internal walls; 2 — the same, longitudinal external load-bearing walls; 3 — longitudinal internal walls; 4 — the same, transverse and longitudinal internal walls; 5 — the same, external walls and floor slabs; 6 — between floor slabs along the length of the building; 7 - the same, across the length of the building

It is recommended to provide keyed connections on the vertical edges of prefabricated slabs that resist mutual displacement of the slabs across and along the joint. Shear forces at the joints of interfloor slabs resting on load-bearing walls can be absorbed without installing keys and ties, if the design solution of the junction of the floor slabs with the walls ensures their joint operation due to friction forces.

In vertical joints of load-bearing wall panels, it is recommended to provide keyed connections and metal horizontal connections. Concrete and reinforced concrete panels of external walls are recommended to be connected at least at two levels (at the top and bottom of the floor) with connections to internal structures designed to withstand pullout forces within the height of one floor of at least 10 kN (1 tf) per 1 m of the length of the external wall along facade.

For self-jamming joints of external and internal walls, for example, of the “dovetail” type, connections can be provided only in one level of floors and the value of the minimum force on the connection can be halved.

Wall panels located in the same plane can be connected with ties only at the top. It is recommended to designate the cross-section of the connection to accommodate a tensile force of at least 50 kN (5 tf). If there are connections between wall panels located above each other, as well as shear connections between wall panels and floor slabs, horizontal connections in vertical joints may not be provided unless they are required by calculation.

in walls for which, according to calculations, through vertical reinforcement is required to absorb tensile forces that arise when the wall bends in its own plane;

to ensure the building’s resistance to progressive destruction, if other measures fail to localize destruction from emergency special loads (see clause 2.1). In this case, vertical connections wall panels in horizontal joints (interfloor connections) it is recommended to assign them based on the condition of their perception of tensile forces from the weight of the wall panel and the floor slabs supported on it, including the load from the floor and partitions. As a rule, it is recommended to use parts for lifting panels as such connections;

in load-bearing panel walls that are not directly adjacent to concrete walls in a perpendicular direction.

2.9. It is recommended to design connections of prefabricated elements in the form of: welded reinforcement outlets or embedded parts; reinforcing loop outlets embedded with concrete, connected without welding; bolted connections. The connections should be positioned so that they do not interfere with the quality of monolithic joints.

Steel connections and embedded parts must be protected from fire and corrosion. Fire protection must ensure the strength of connections for a time equal to the required fire resistance limit of the structure that is connected by the designed connections.

2.10. Horizontal joints of panel walls must ensure the transfer of forces from eccentric compression from the plane of the wall, as well as from bending and shear in the plane of the wall. Depending on the nature of the support of the floors, the following types of horizontal joints are distinguished: platform, monolithic, contact and combined. In a platform joint, the compressive vertical load is transmitted through the support sections of the floor slabs and two horizontal mortar joints. In a monolithic joint, the compressive load is transmitted through a layer of monolithic concrete (mortar) placed in the cavity between the ends of the floor slabs. In a contact joint, the compressive load is transferred directly through the mortar joint or elastic gasket between the mating surfaces of the precast wall elements.

Horizontal joints in which compressive loads are transmitted through sections of two or more types are called combined.

Platform junction(Fig. 7) is recommended as the main solution for panel walls when supporting floor slabs on both sides, as well as when supporting slabs on one side to a depth of at least 0.75 of the wall thickness. It is recommended to determine the thickness of horizontal mortar joints based on calculation of the accuracy of manufacturing and installation of prefabricated structures. If accuracy calculations are not performed, then it is recommended to set the thickness of mortar joints to 20 mm; The size of the gap between the ends of the floor slabs is taken to be at least 20 mm.

rice. 7 Platform joints of precast walls

A— external three-layer panels with flexible connections between layers; b¾ internal walls with double-sided support of floor slabs; V¾ the same, with one-sided support of floor slabs

It is recommended to grout the joint after installing the upper floor panel on mounting clamps or concrete protrusions from the body of the wall panels. Bottom part The wall panel must be installed below the embedment level by at least 20 mm.

contact joint(Fig. 9) is recommended for use when supporting floor slabs on cantilever widenings of walls or using cantilever protrusions (“fingers”) of slabs. At contact joints, floor slabs can be supported on walls without mortar (dry). In this case, to ensure sound insulation, the cavity between the ends of the slabs and the walls must be filled with mortar and reinforcement connections must be provided that transform prefabricated floor into the horizontal stiffness diaphragm.

Rice. 9. Contact joints of prefabricated walls with floor slabs supported on

A— V- "fingers"; G— e- wall consoles

In combined platform-monolithic junction (see Fig. 8, V) the vertical load is transmitted through the supporting sections of the floor slabs and the concrete of the grouting of the joint cavity between the ends of the floor slabs. With a platform-monolithic joint, prefabricated floor slabs can be designed as continuous. To ensure continuous continuity, floor slabs must be connected to each other on supports by welded or loop connections, the cross-section of which is determined by calculation.

To ensure high-quality filling of the cavity between the ends of the floor slabs with concrete at a platform-monolithic joint, the thickness of the gap at the top of the slab is recommended to be at least 40 mm, and at the bottom of the slabs - 20 mm. When the gap thickness is less than 40 mm, it is recommended to design the joint as a platform joint.

The cavity for embedding the joint along the length of the wall can be continuous (see Fig. 8, c, d) or intermittent (see Fig. 8, d). The intermittent pattern is used when floor slabs are point-supported on the walls (using support “fingers”). For a platform-monolithic joint, horizontal mortar joints must be installed above and below the floor slab.

The design of a monolithic joint must ensure its reliable filling with concrete mixture, including at subzero air temperatures. The strength of concrete for embedding a joint is determined by calculation.

In combined contact-platform At the joint, the vertical load is transmitted through two support platforms: contact (at the point of direct support of the wall panel through the mortar joint) and platform (through the support sections of the floor slabs). The contact-platform joint is recommended to be used primarily when one-sided support of floor slabs on walls (Fig. 10). It is recommended that the thickness of mortar joints be determined similarly to the joints in a platform joint.

Rice. 10. Contact-platform joints of prefabricated walls

A - external; b, c— internal

It is recommended to assign design grades of mortar for horizontal joints based on force impacts, but not lower than: grade 50 - for installation conditions at positive temperatures, grade 100 - for installation conditions at negative temperatures. It is recommended to assign a concrete class in terms of compressive strength for embedding a horizontal joint no lower than the corresponding concrete class for wall panels.

2.11. It is recommended to absorb shear forces in horizontal joints of panel walls during construction in non-seismic areas due to the resistance of friction forces.

It is recommended to handle shear forces in vertical joints of panel walls in one of the following ways:

concrete or reinforced concrete dowels formed by sealing the joint cavity with concrete (Fig. 11, A, b);

keyless connections in the form of concrete-filled reinforcement outlets from panels (Fig. 11, V);

embedded parts welded together, anchored in the body of the panels (Fig. 11, G).

Rice. 11. Schemes for the perception of shear forces in the vertical joint of panel walls

A, b- dowels; V— embedded reinforcement ties; G— welding of embedded parts

1 — welded reinforcement connection; 2 — the same, loop; 3 — overlay welded to embedded parts

A combined method of absorbing shear forces is possible, for example, with concrete dowels and floor slabs.

It is recommended to design the keys in a trapezoidal shape (Fig. 12). It is recommended that the depth of the key be at least 20 mm, and the angle of inclination of the bearing area to the direction perpendicular to the shear plane is no more than 30°. The minimum size in terms of the joint plane through which the joint is grouted is recommended to be at least 80 mm. It is necessary to provide for compaction of concrete at the joint with an in-depth vibrator.

Rice. 12. Types of vertical joints of panel walls

A- flat; b— profiled keyless; V— profiled keyed; 1 — soundproofing gasket; 2 — solution; 3 — concrete grouting joint

In keyless connections, shear forces are absorbed by welded or loop connections embedded in concrete in the cavity of the vertical joint. Keyless connections require increased (compared to keyed connections) consumption of reinforcing steel.

Welded joints of panels on embedded parts can be used at wall joints in areas with harsh and cold climates in order to reduce or eliminate monolithic work on the construction site. At the junctions of external walls with internal walls, welded joints of panels on embedded parts should be located outside the area where moisture condensation is possible due to temperature differences across the thickness of the wall.

Volume-block and panel-block buildings

2.12. It is recommended to design volumetric buildings from load-bearing volumetric blocks supported on each other (see clause 1.4). Load-bearing blocks can have linear or point support. With linear support, the load from the structures above is transmitted along the entire perimeter of the volumetric block, to three or two opposite sides. With point support, the load is transmitted predominantly through the corners of the volumetric block.

When choosing a method for supporting volumetric blocks, it is recommended to take into account that the linear support scheme allows for more complete use of the load-bearing capacity of the block walls and is therefore preferable for multi-story buildings.

2.13. It is recommended to ensure the strength, spatial rigidity and stability of volumetric block buildings by the resistance of individual pillars of volumetric blocks (flexible structural system) or by the joint work of pillars of volumetric blocks connected to each other (rigid structural system).

With a flexible structural system, each column of volumetric blocks must fully absorb the loads falling on it, therefore, for strength reasons, volumetric blocks of adjacent columns do not need to be connected to each other at vertical joints (at the same time, to ensure sound insulation along the contour of the openings between the blocks, it is necessary to install sealing gaskets) .

To limit deformations of joints under uneven deformations of the base and other influences, it is recommended to connect volumetric blocks to each other at the level of their top with metal connections and to prevent mutual shifts of blocks along vertical joints at the level of the basement-foundation part of the building.

With a rigid structural system, the pillars of volumetric blocks must have design connections at the floor level and keyed monolithic connections in vertical joints. In buildings of a rigid structural system, all columns of volumetric blocks work together, which ensures a more uniform distribution of forces between them from external loads and influences. It is recommended to use a rigid structural system for buildings with a height of more than ten floors, as well as for any number of storeys when uneven deformations of the base are possible. With a rigid structural system, a coaxial arrangement of volumetric blocks in the building plan is recommended.

2.14. It is recommended to design the nodes of volumetric blocks (Fig. 13) in such a way as to maximize the support area of ​​the elements, but at the same time eliminate or, if possible, reduce the influence of geometric eccentricities arising from the misalignment of the geometric centers of the horizontal sections of the walls and the application of vertical loads in the seams. The thickness of mortar joints is recommended to be 20 mm.

Rice. 13. Horizontal joints of volumetric block buildings

A— blocks of the “lying glass” type; b ¾ cap type block; 1 ¾ sealing gasket; 2 — insulating element; 3 — solution; 4 — block wall of the “cap” type; 5 ¾ external wall panel; 6 ¾ block wall of the “lying glass” type; 7 — reinforcing mesh; 8 - joint seal

Tensile-compressive forces in vertical joints of blocks can be perceived using embedded parts connected by welding or through concrete monolithic seams.

It is recommended that shear forces between adjacent block pillars be absorbed by concrete or reinforced concrete connections.

To transfer shear forces in the upper floors, it is recommended to use: keyed joints formed by the corresponding profiles of the upper and lower supporting surfaces of the blocks and extruding the solution of horizontal joints when installing the blocks;

blocks with ribs upward, arranged along the contour of the ceiling panel, included when installed inside the contour ribs of the floor panel of the upper floor, with the gap partially filled with cement mortar;

constant compression of horizontal seams and the use of friction by tensioning the reinforcement (strands) in the wells between the blocks;

special rigid elements (for example, rolled profiles) inserted into the spaces between the blocks.

To install vertical shear connections, it is recommended to arrange vertical reinforced keyed connections, for the installation of which reinforcement outlets should be provided on the vertical faces of the blocks, which are connected to each other by welding using special combs and other devices. When creating keyed joints, it is necessary to provide cavities with a cross-section of at least 25 cm and a width of 12-14 cm, sufficient for controlled and reliable placement of concrete.

2.15. A panel-block building is a combination of load-bearing volumetric blocks and planar structures (wall panels, floor slabs, etc.). It is recommended to determine the dimensions of volumetric blocks based on the conditions for using installation cranes used in large-panel housing construction. In volumetric blocks it is recommended to primarily place rooms saturated with engineering and built-in equipment (kitchens, sanitary facilities with walk-through gateways, staircases, elevator shafts, elevator machine rooms, etc.).

When designing panel-block buildings, it is recommended to provide for inter-series unification of volumetric blocks and make maximum use of large-panel housing construction products.

2.16. For panel-block buildings, it is recommended to design a wall structural system with prefabricated floor slabs supported on wall panels and (or) load-bearing volumetric blocks. Supporting the floor slab on the volumetric block is recommended in the following ways (Fig. 14): on the cantilever ledge at the top of the volumetric block; directly onto the volumetric block.

Rice. 14. Horizontal joints of panel-block buildings with supported floor slabs

A- with the help of supporting “fingers” of floor slabs; b, V - on the cantilever ledge at the top of the volumetric block

1 - volumetric block floor slab; 2 — floor slab with supporting “fingers”; 3 — volumetric block ceiling slab; 4 — floor slab with undercut support; 5 - ceiling slab of a volumetric block with a console for supporting the floor slab; 6 - shortened floor slab

When choosing a method for supporting a floor slab on a volumetric block, it is recommended to take into account that supporting the slabs on cantilever projections (Fig. 14, V) provides a clear scheme for the transfer of vertical loads from the upper volumetric blocks, but requires the use of shortened floor slabs, and the presence of a cantilever protrusion at the top of the block worsens the interior of the room and determines the installation of cutouts in the partitions adjacent to the volumetric block. Supporting the slabs directly on the volumetric block (Fig. 14, G) makes it possible to avoid the construction of cantilever projections, but the design of the interface unit for volumetric blocks becomes more complicated.

2.17. It is recommended to ensure the strength, spatial rigidity and stability of panel-block buildings by the joint work of the pillars of volumetric blocks, load-bearing wall panels and floor slabs, which must be connected to each other by design metal connections. It is recommended to assign the minimum cross-section of bonds according to the instructions in clause 2.8. When supporting floor slabs only on volumetric blocks, it can be assumed that each of the columns of volumetric blocks perceives only the loads falling on it.

2.18. It is recommended that the edge of the volumetric block, on the sides of which the floor slab rests, be placed in the same plane with the edges of the wall panels.

When designing a special panel-block series (without the need for interchangeability of panel walls and volumetric blocks), it is possible to link elements according to Fig. 14, A, V, which allows you to do without shortening the floor slabs.

Sealing interpanel seams - quality work according to the rules!

Residents of panel houses, suffering from damp, freezing walls in winter, honestly, don’t think about how moisture penetrates inside the building? When mold and mildew form on the walls, a person’s natural reaction is to fight the mold and mildew, and not the root cause that led to the formation of the fungus.

As practice shows, no means will help remove fungus from the walls of the apartment until high-quality sealing of interpanel seams is carried out in accordance with all rules and regulations.

Only sealing seams and joints in panel houses will return warmth to apartments and get rid of damp walls, mold and mildew on them.

Industrial climbers of our company carry out fast and high-quality sealing of panel seams and joints according to new technology « warm seam", guaranteeing not only quality and reliability, but also durability of sealing. The “warm seam” technology is a high-quality and rather labor-intensive work according to all the rules, which is carried out in three stages.

At the first stage, specialists thoroughly clean all interpanel seams and joints of the slabs from old destroyed sealant, paint residues, cement chips and dirt accumulated in the cracks and cracks of the slabs. Only dry and clean seams guarantee high quality sealing.

That is why industrial climbers attach such importance to the stage of preparing seams for sealing. Only after all the seams and joints have been prepared in the most thorough manner does the sealing of the seams begin.

It should be noted that in the process of sealing using the “warm seam” technology, our specialists use only environmentally friendly and high-quality materials. Such materials include Macroflex sealant, Vilaterm polyurethane foam insulation and Oxyplast sun protection mastic.

A significant advantage of these materials is not only their quality and reliability, but also their low prices. The next stage of repair work is compaction and then insulation of interpanel seams and joints. At the final stage, all seams are treated with water-repellent and sun-protective mastics, protecting them from the adverse effects of the external environment. Sealing seams in panel houses using the “warm seam” technology is a guarantee that the apartments will be warm and dry, and phenomena such as mold and mildew on damp walls can be forgotten forever.

The services of industrial climbers for sealing interpanel, balcony and window seams, as well as for insulation and repair of balconies and loggias can be ordered by either a team of residents of a panel house or any individual apartment owner. After the order is accepted, industrial climbers will come to the site to study the degree of destruction of the interpanel seams.

Based on this information, the scope of work is determined, the consumption of materials is determined, and an estimate is drawn up. Note that today it is only 30 linear meters.

For corner apartments, this minimum is increased to 45 linear meters. Order fulfillment times, as a rule, do not exceed 1-2 working days. Orders for external repair work in high-rise buildings are also accepted from organizations.

Question from a client

Hello.

Please tell me what kind of cracks (or just loose joints) along the gutters are these?

Cracks from 1st to 5th floors.

The house is brick.

How dangerous are they and how much will your repair work cost?

Good afternoon, Irina!

The cost of the work is 480 rubles per linear meter (approximately what you sent in the photographs, you have 3 seams of 17 meters each, approximately 25 tr.) But most likely for each such seam there is a second seam on the other side of the house (if they are already sealed during operation)

So I understand that you sent a photo of the courtyard part of the house and the front part of the house was renovated at one time....

Sincerely, Vadim Snyatkov

thank you very much for the information.

I'll tell the neighbors.

Manual for SNiP II-22-81 Expansion joints in walls and ceilings of stone buildings:

Home / Technologies / Regulatory documentation / Manual for SNiP II-22-81 Expansion joints in the walls of buildings

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/ TR 116-01 Technical recommendations on the technology of sealing joints of external wall panels
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/ Table 53-21. Repair and restoration of sealing of joints of external wall panels and jointing of wall panels and floor panels
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Sealing expansion joints in external walls

Expansion joints Manual for SNiP II-22-81. A guide to the design of masonry and reinforced masonry structures

Date of text update: 10/01/2008

Status - active

Available now for viewing: 100% text. Full version document.

The document was approved by: TsNIISK im. V.A. Kucherenko from 1985-08-15

The document was developed by: TsNIISK im. V.A. Kucherenko 109389, Moscow, 2nd Institutskaya st., 6

NIISF Gosstroy USSR 127238, Moscow, Lokomotivny proezd, 21

Bashkirgrazhdanproekt

EXPANSION JOINTS

7.220. Expansion joints in the walls and ceilings of stone buildings are installed in order to eliminate or reduce the negative effects of temperature and shrinkage deformations, foundation settlement, seismic influences, etc.

7.221. Temperature-shrinkage joints are installed in places of possible concentration of temperature and shrinkage deformations, which can cause ruptures, cracks, as well as distortions and shifts of the masonry in structures that are unacceptable under operating conditions and durability.

7.222. The distances between temperature-shrinkage seams should be determined by calculation in accordance with the instructions of the appendix. eleven.

The maximum distances between temperature-shrinkage joints in unreinforced external walls are taken in accordance with the instructions in paragraph , without taking into account the effects of temperature and shrinkage.

The distances specified in paragraph can be increased by reinforcing the masonry walls according to calculations.

Note. Cutting buildings with expansion joints in accordance with the requirements of the item reduces, but does not completely eliminate, thermal forces in the walls and ceilings. Therefore, in all cases, it is necessary to carry out a calculation check for the effect of temperature and shrinkage of individual units and interfaces of structures in which the concentration of temperature deformations and stresses is possible. The check is carried out in accordance with the instructions in app. eleven.

7.223. Expansion joints in the walls of buildings with extended (20 m or more) steel or reinforced concrete inclusions or reinforcement (beams, lintels, floor slabs, reinforcing belts etc.), are arranged at the ends of reinforced sections and inclusions, where the concentration of temperature deformations and the formation of cracks and through breaks usually occur. Examples of expansion joints in these cases are shown in Fig. 60.

7.224. Expansion joints in the walls may not be installed provided that the masonry is reinforced in places where the reinforcement breaks or at the ends of the connection according to the calculation in accordance with the instructions of the appendix. eleven.

In buildings with longitudinal load-bearing walls and prefabricated floors, which have frequent (every 1-2 m) cutting with transverse seams (see Figure 60, b), expansion joints with opening widths of no more than 2.5 m and the absence of extended reinforced inclusions may not be arranged, regardless of the length and number of floors of the building and the climatic conditions of the development area.

In this case, the opening of cracks in the walls and at the ends of reinforced lintels should not exceed the permissible values ​​​​according to table. 1 adj. eleven.

7.225. The design of expansion joints in walls, ceilings and coverings of masonry buildings must meet the following requirements:

a) expansion joints in external and internal walls, floors and coverings (roofs) of buildings are recommended to be arranged in one plane over the entire height of the building, excluding foundations, the cutting of which is optional; the issue of cutting only external or only internal walls with seams is decided separately with sufficient justification;

b) expansion joints in the walls must coincide with the joints in reinforced concrete or steel structures (ceilings, frames, strapping beams, etc.) that have a structural connection with the walls (filling, anchors, etc.), and must also coincide with other types of seams (sedimentary, seismic, installation, etc.);

c) expansion joints must have sufficient horizontal mobility (up to 10-20 mm) both during compression and expansion of the seam, and the design of the seam must ensure convenient installation, control and repair of sealing devices and insulation;

Crap. 60. Examples of installing expansion joints in the walls of stone buildings with reinforced inclusions (ceilings, beams, reinforced belts)

a - when reinforced inclusions are located in the middle part of the building; b - the same, in the extreme part; c - with reinforced concrete covering (roof) with a seam; g - with foundation beams with a seam; d - examples of embedding reinforced inclusions in masonry walls; 1 - overlap; 2 - reinforced concrete beam; 3 - metal beam; 4 - fittings; 5 - expansion joint in reinforced elements (slabs, beams); 6 - the same, in stone walls (dotted line); 7 - prefabricated floors with transverse seams

d) the width of the expansion joint is determined by calculation, but must be at least 20 mm;

e) expansion joints of external walls must be water- and airtight and frost-proof, for which they must have insulation and reliable sealing in the form of elastic and durable seals made of easily compressible and non-crumpling materials (for buildings with dry and normal operating conditions), metal or plastic expansion joints made of corrosion-resistant materials (for buildings with damp and wet conditions).

7.226. Sealing of expansion joints in external walls is carried out using metal and plastic expansion joints (Fig. 61, e, b) or using elastic seals (Fig. 61, c, d).

The seams of the internal walls are sealed using sealants. The use of compensators for these purposes must be justified.

Crap. 61. Installation of expansion joints in the external walls of buildings

a, b - with dry and normal operating modes; c, d - with wet and wet modes; 1 - insulation (roofing felt and roofing felt with insulation or poroizol, gernite); 2 - plaster; 3 - jointing; 4 - compensator; 5 - antiseptic wooden slats 60´60 mm; 6 - insulation; 7 - vertical joints filled with cement mortar

Depending on the humidity conditions of the interior, expansion joints can be made of corrosion-resistant sheet metal (galvanized or stainless steel, copper, lead, etc.) or special plastics (polyvinyl chloride, neoprene, butyl, etc.). The ends of the expansion joints must be tightly embedded in the concrete or masonry walls, as shown in Fig. 61.

The use of sealants made of elastic porous materials (poroizol, gernite, etc.), as well as bags of roofing felt or roofing felt with elastic insulation between layers of these materials (see drawing 61, a, b) for sealing seams in external walls is allowed only for buildings with dry and normal humidity conditions with the width of expansion joints not exceeding 30 mm. In this case, an expansion joint is made in the wall. with masonry ledges (tongue and quarter, see drawing 61, a, b).

When using expansion joints, joints are laid without ledges. Seams are sealed using sealants on both sides (outside and inside).

Examples of the installation of expansion joints in reinforced concrete insulated and non-insulated roofs of buildings are shown in Fig. 62.

7.227. When supporting the floors on load-bearing transverse walls, crossbars of frame frames, etc., expansion joints are arranged in the form of two paired walls (Figure 63, d, b), crossbars and columns of frames, or in the form of sliding seams of floor slabs resting on cantilevered outlets , embedded in transverse walls or in special fines (Figure 63, c, d). To ensure sliding, two layers of roofing iron should be laid under the slab supports, as shown in Fig. 63.

Crap. 62. Examples of installing expansion joints in reinforced concrete roofs

a - with a concrete ridge; b - with a ridge made of brickwork; c - without ridge; 1 - wooden antiseptic plugs; 2 - compensator made of roofing iron; 3 - board 50´120 mm; 4 - concrete class B12.5; 5 - roll roofing; 6 - brickwork with mortar grade 100; 7 - bracket (-3´40) after 500 mm; 8 - reinforced concrete slabs

Crap. 63. Expansion joints in buildings with transverse load-bearing walls

a, b - in the form of two paired walls; c - in the form of sliding support of floor slabs in the groove of the transverse wall; d - the same, on a cantilever slab embedded in the wall; 1 - insulation (roofing felt or roofing felt with insulation or poroizol, gernite); 2 - two layers of galvanized iron; 3 - flexible connection - limiter with a diameter of 6-8 mm every 1.5-2 m; 4 - cover plate; 5 - reinforced concrete console

7.228. Expansion joints in buildings with longitudinal load-bearing walls are installed at internal transverse walls or partitions (Figure 64).

Crap. 64. Expansion joints in buildings with longitudinal load-bearing walls

a - at the junction points longitudinal wall with transverse; b - the same, at the transverse partition; 1 - insulation (roofing felt or roofing felt with insulation or poroizol, gernite); 2 - jointing; 3 - flashing; 4 - tarred tow; 5 - partition

7.229. The plaster in places where expansion joints are installed must be expanded (Fig. 64, a, b).

In residential, public and household premises It is recommended to cover expansion joints on the room side with strips (see drawing 64).

Frequently asked questions about seam sealing:
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