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METHODS OF POLLINATION. Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the stamens to the stigma. There are types of pollination: Cross pollination by insects Cross pollination by wind Self pollination Artificial pollination
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CROSS POLLINATION WITH THE HELP OF INSECTS The transfer of pollen from the stamens of one flower to the stigma of another is called cross pollination. There was a time when clover did not grow in Australia. They brought the seeds and sowed them. The clover grew and bloomed well, but did not produce fruits or seeds. They began to look for the reason why clover does not produce fruits and seeds, although it blooms profusely.
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CROSS POLLINATION WITH THE HELP OF INSECTS. It turned out that clover does not bear fruit because it does not bloom, and there is no pollination because there are no bees and bumblebees in Australia that pollinate clover flowers. Bumblebees were brought to Australia. Bumblebees visited the clover and pollinated it. The clover began to bear fruit. Conclusion The fruit of plants is formed only after pollination occurs, i.e. transfer of pollen from one flower to the stigma of another. Insects, flying from flower to flower, carry pollen on their bodies and involuntarily pollinate it.
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CROSS POLLINATION WITH THE HELP OF WIND. Plants in which pollination occurs with the help of wind are called wind-pollinated. Wind-pollinated grasses include many grasses - sedge, wheatgrass, timothy, as well as many trees and shrubs - alder, birch, aspen, hazel.
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SIGNS OF WIND-POLLINED AND INSECT-POLLINED PLANTS Signs of Wind-pollinated plants Insect-pollinated plants Evergreen Inconspicuous or absent Bright Arrangement of stamens Open, dust particles on long threads Inside the flower Pollen Very much, dry, small Not very much, sticky, large Smell No Many have Nectar No The same
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SELF-POLLINATION During self-pollination, dust particles land on the stigma of the same flower. Most often, self-pollination occurs in cultivated plants - wheat, peas, beans, etc. But it is not uncommon in wild plants. Very often, self-pollination occurs before flowering, while still in buds. And there are flowers that do not open at all; Self-pollination is a must here.
CONCLUSION Pollination plays important role in plant life. Without it, the fertilization process would not have occurred - the main condition for the formation of the fetus, because It is the fertilized egg that is the beginning of the life of every flowering plant grown from a seed.
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Slide captions:
POLLINATION
Pollination - transfer of pollen from the stamen to the stigma
Types of pollination natural artificial cross-self-pollination
CROSS-POLLINATION is the transfer of pollen from the anther of one flower to the stigma of another. It is accomplished in many plants with the help of wind, water and animals.
Adaptations for pollination by insects: Presence of nectar Large, sticky, rough pollen Large, bright flowers Small bright flowers are collected in inflorescences. Smell: Pleasant aroma Unpleasant smell of rotting meat (if pollinators are flies)
Corn Birch Alder Willow Rye
The flowers are small, inconspicuous, have no nectaries, most are odorless, produce a lot of pollen, the pollen is light and dry, stamens on long, hanging threads, grow in large clusters, bloom before the leaves bloom
In self-pollination, pollen from the anthers is transferred to the stigma of the same flower.
Adaptations for self-pollination Often occurs in a closed bud. The stamens should be longer than the pistil.
ARTIFICIAL POLLINATION
Artificial pollination is the transfer by humans of pollen from the anthers of one plant to the stigma of another flower or variety to increase productivity or develop new varieties.
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Flowering and pollination of plants Flowering is the readiness of a flower to receive pollen. Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains on the stigma. Fertilization is the fusion of a sperm with an egg. As a result, a zygote is formed from which the embryo develops.
About the smells of flowers Flowers attract insects not only by color, but also by smell. Some have aromatic scents: lilac, cloves, lily of the valley. Others are specific smells: valerian, linden, nightshade. Of particular interest are the scents of orchids. They smell of honey, fresh hay, vanilla, cinnamon, cloves. Depending on the smell, each type of orchid has its own pollinating insects. Some flowers emit odors reminiscent of rotten meat or fish.
Ornithophily - the transfer of pollen by birds, is less common. Birds do not perceive smell, so brightly and variegated flowers, especially red ones, are most attractive to them. Ornithophilia is mainly distributed in tropical and equatorial regions.
Birds - pollinators, as a rule, are their smallest representatives. In temperate latitudes, the smallest bird is a tiny kinglet or wren, and in the tropics - hummingbirds (in the forests of the New World) or very similar sunbirds (in the jungles of Africa, Asia and Australia). Wren The length of these babies is only 5.5 cm, and their weight is about 2 grams. Hummingbirds have the perfect tool for collecting nectar, and with it small insects: a thin, sometimes curved beak with a long, thin tongue.
The bats They launch a narrow tongue into the flower, reaching it for nectar and pollen. Among animals, the pollinator is, for example, the proboscis-headed cuscus, which lives in Australia. Its muzzle is elongated, its continuation is a long thin tongue. Zoophilia - pollination by mammals. Bats pollinate large greenish-yellow or brown flowers with strong perianths and pedicels, which often have bad smell. Bats pollinate baobabs, myrtles, agaves, and bananas. Flightless animals also take part in pollination: lemurs in Madagascar, rodents in South America.
Anemophily - pollination by wind. The flowers of wind-pollinated plants have an inconspicuous perianth made of films or scales; in some species the flowers are bare. The stamens hang outward from the flower, their anthers swing freely in the wind. Fine dry light pollen is formed in large quantities. They bloom before the leaves appear. They grow in groups.
Conclusion: Flowering of plants, pollination of the flower with pollen and fertilization of the egg with sperm - prerequisites formation of fruits and seeds. When self-pollinating, the daughter organism receives the characteristics of one parent. When cross-pollinated, the characteristics of both parents increase their viability. Artificial pollination is carried out to increase yields or develop new varieties of plants.
Pollination of plants by honey bees 1. Types and methods of pollination of plants 2. Adaptation of plants to entomophily 3. Insects as pollinators 4. Organization of bee pollination 5. Training of bees 6. Features of pollination of agricultural plants 7. The influence of pesticides on honey bees
Types of plant pollination Self-pollination Transitional form ( mixed type) Cross pollination Entomophily Anemophily Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the stamens to the stigma; fertilization is the process of fusion of a male reproductive cell with a female reproductive cell.
Entomophilous plants Sunflower (Helianthus) Apple tree (Malus) Honeysuckle (Lonicera) Strawberry (Fragaria) Carrot (Daukus carota) Onion (Allium) Cucumber and other cucurbits (Cucurbitaceae) Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) Alfalfa (Megicago) White clover (Trifolium repens) Red clover (T. pratense) Pink clover (T. hibridium) Shabdar clover (T. resupinatum) Sainfoin (Onobrychis) Goat's rue (Galega)
Anemophilous plants Wormwood (Artemisia sp.) Cocklebur (Xanthium sp.) Pine (Pinaceae) Hazel (Corylus sp.) Oak (Quercus sp.) Beet (Beta sp.) Birch (Betula sp.) Rye Brome (Bromus L.) Bluegrass (Poa L.) Sea buckthorn (Hippophae L.) Aspen (Populus tremula L.) Poplar (Populus sp.)
ADAPTATION OF PLANTS TO ENTOMOPHILY Anthers are a good source of nutrition (rose hips, roses, peonies) They secrete nectar for nutrition The aroma attracts and forms a food reflex in insects Corollas of flowers are white, blue or yellow color– those colors that insects distinguish
Obstacles to self-pollination of plants Physiological sterility within a variety (in Rosaceae) Different ripening of pollen and stigmas (apple trees, sunflowers, geraniums) Heterostyly or heterocolumnarity (buckwheat, speedwell, primrose) Spatial isolation of male and female flowers (heterogeneous flowers, dioecy)
Solitary bees are ideal pollinators: their body is covered in hairs, they work on plants of the same species, they collect a lot of nectar for breeding and therefore visit many flowers, they have hard hairs that irritate the stigma of the pistil, which facilitates the germination of pollen; pollination problems are not solved due to their small numbers
ORGANIZATION OF BEE POLLINATION 1. Use strong families Life expectancy of bees, days Proportion of hive (nesting) bees in the family, % Proportion of flying (foraging) bees in the family, % ,426.6 3066.733,
ORGANIZATION OF BEE POLLINATION 2. Monitoring the work of bees 4-6 thousand bees per 1 hectare of alfalfa crops; 5 thousand bees per 1 ha of sunflowers, carrots, pumpkins (zucchini, pumpkin, watermelon, cucumber); 10 thousand bees per 1 hectare of mustard, rapeseed, cabbage, rutabaga, onion; 15 thousand bees per 1 hectare of fruit and berry crops, buckwheat, sweet clover; thousand bees per 1 hectare of sainfoin crops.
ORGANIZATION OF BEE POLLINATION 3. Transportation of families to the pollinated crop If the pollination of an area is within 3 km from the point: within days, the apiary is taken to a honey collection 10 km or more away, and then brought to the pollinated area; days before flowering, bee families are brought to the area, the old bees fly off , and the young ones will become flightable by the time pollination begins
ORGANIZATION OF BEE POLLINATION 4. Placement on the pollinated area On the leeward side The most distant flower should be located from the hive at a distance of no more than m. With counter pollination, the distance between the hives should be no more than 2700 m.
ORGANIZATION OF BEE POLLINATION 5. Bait crops Near crops that are difficult for bees to visit (red clover, vetch, alfalfa), honey plants are sown - these are the so-called bait crops (buckwheat, phacelia, pink clover, wild honey plants - linden). buckwheat phacelia
ORGANIZATION OF BEE POLLINATION 6. TRAINING BEES 1-1.5 hours before leaving the nest, the bees are fed sugar syrup(1:1), infused with the flowers of a pollinated plant (100 g of syrup per family) Every day while difficult to visit flowers bloom and the first 3 days of flowering are good honey plants
INFLUENCE OF PESTICIDES ON HONEY BEES Factors determining the toxicity of pesticides to bees: Physicochemical characteristics preparations The method of penetration of the pesticide into the body of bees The time of contact of insects with pesticides The phenomenon of synergy between the pesticides used The influence of the breed and physiological state of the colony Abiotic factors
Signs of bee poisoning by insecticides Sudden mass death of insects Increased hostility of bees Increased noise in the hives Dorsal position of individuals on the flight board or the bottom of the hive Intense movement of abdominal segments, vibration of antennae All signs appear minutes after contact with the insecticide
Agrotechnical correct use pesticides, prevent the presence of flowering entomophilous vegetation in a non-entomophilous crop. When placing honey plants in an agrocenosis, prevent the timing of their flowering from coinciding with the timing of treatment of non-entomophilous crops of this agrocenosis within a radius of 7 km from the apiary. Avoid using pesticides that require bees to be isolated for more than 3 days. Cultivation of apiary crops.
The beekeeper is obliged to notify the land user of the presence of an apiary on his territory or near it (both permanently and during migration). Remove the hives from the greenhouses at the time of treatment and for the entire period of restriction of the flight of bees. Take the apiary outside the border protection zone or isolate the bees in the nest
Isolation of bees in the nest The nests are expanded to a full set of frames or stores are installed. For double-hull or multi-body hives install additional cases with half the number of frames. A frame with metal mesh(2.5 x 2.5 mm or 3 x 3 mm), which is covered with canvas and a pillow is placed on top. On the day of treatment, before the start of the bees’ summer, the entrances are tightly closed, and the insulation is removed from the mesh. In hot, windless weather, slats 1–2 cm thick are placed under the covers. Water is given to the hive in honeycombs, feeders or drinkers. Prevent access to sunlight inside the nest. In the evening after the end of the bees' summer, the entrances are opened.
