The area, located on ancient Russian, covered with a thick layer of sediment, is distinguished by large oil reserves - Romashkinskoye (Tataria) and Mukhanovskoye (Samara region), deposits - Astrakhan, sulfur - Astrakhan and Samara, table salt - Lake Elton (Volgograd region) and Lake Baskunchak (Astrakhan region), cement raw materials - Volsk (Saratov region). The Volga region is rich in fisheries, agroclimatic, soil and hydropower resources. Only Kalmykia, located in the south of the Volga region, is located in the dry continental region () and experiences a shortage of water resources. At the same time, almost the entire territory of the region is subject to periodic droughts and hot winds.
The population of the Volga region is 15 million people. Average density The population is more than 30 people per 1 km 2. However, the population of the region is distributed unevenly. The northern regions are the most densely populated (in Tataria the average density exceeds 55 people per 1 km2), and in the south the density decreases significantly (for example, in Kalmykia the population density is 4 people per 1 km2). Natural population decline is observed everywhere, with the only exception being Kalmykia. In general, the area is dominated by women and has an aging population. The population of the region is characterized by the complexity of national and. Russians, Tatars, Germans, and Kazakhs live in the Volga region. This is the only region of Russia in which representatives of all three live - Christianity (Russians, Germans), Islam (Tatars, Kazakhs) and Buddhism (Kalmyks). The region has a high population: 73% of the population of the Volga region lives in cities. There are three millionaire cities in the region: Samara and Volgograd. Other largest cities of the Volga region are: Saratov, Astrakhan, Penza, Ulyanovsk, Tolyatti, Naberezhnye Chelny.
The most important sectors of industrial specialization in the Volga region are mining, electric power, aluminum metallurgy, chemical and manufacturing.
The extractive industry of the Volga region is distinguished by the development of the oil (Tataria and Samara region), gas (Saratov and Astrakhan regions) and mining and chemical industries (Astrakhan and Samara regions).
Electric power is one of the most important sectors of the region's economy, and the Volga region stands out for the development of all types, especially hydropower. The largest hydroelectric power stations in the region are Volgogradskaya and Volzhskaya, thermal power plant - Zainskaya, two nuclear power plants are operating - Balakovskaya and Dimitrovgradskaya.
Ferrous metallurgy of the Volga region is represented only by pigment metallurgy (Volgograd) and pipe production ().
Aluminum metallurgy (Volgograd) is important.
Mechanical engineering is the main branch of industrial specialization of the region, where the automotive industry stands out (about 80% passenger cars, 99% of trolleybuses, a significant part of trucks and all-terrain vehicles in Russia - Togliatti, Ulyanovsk, Naberezhnye Chelny, Elabuga, Volzhsky, Engels), shipbuilding (Astrakhan, Volgograd, Zelenodolsk), aircraft manufacturing (Samara, Kazan, Ulyanovsk, Saratov), industry (Penza ), machine tool manufacturing (Samara, Saratov), tractor manufacturing (Volgograd), agricultural engineering (Syzran, Kotelnikovo, Frolovo).
It is distinguished by the production of polymers (Samara, Tolyatti, Saratov, Balakovo, Volgograd, Volzhsky, Kazan, Nizhnekamsk), oil refining (Samara, Saratov, Volgograd, Novokuibyshevsk) and gas (Saratov), as well as the production of fertilizers (Tolyatti and Balakovo).
Among the branches of light industry, the textile (Kamyshin) and fur industries (Kazan) received the greatest development.
The food industry in the Volga region has a diversified composition: cereals (Volgograd and Samara), meat (Kazan, Samara, Volgograd), butter (Saratov), confectionery (Samara), fruits and vegetables and fish (Astrakhan).
The defense industry is distinguished by the development of aviation, rocket-space and radio-electronic technology (Kazan, Ulyanovsk, Samara, Saratov), the production of armored vehicles (Volgograd) and nuclear weapons (Zarechny).
Specialization in the Volga region changes from north to south. Almost everything is occupied by a grain region, specializing in dairy and beef cattle breeding, sheep breeding, pig farming and poultry farming, the production of wheat, rye, millet, sugar beets, sunflowers, potatoes, and mustard. Sectors of specialization are: sheep breeding and beef cattle breeding, production of rice, fruit and melon crops.
All types of transport are developed in the Volga region, but river transport plays a special place in the region, transporting about 1/3 of all cargo. The Volga, called the “main street of Russia” and connected by canals with others, forms a single deep-water system of the European part of Russia. Large river ports are Kazan, Samara, Saratov, Volgograd, and Astrakhan, located in is also a seaport. Most of the land roads cross the region in a latitudinal direction, connecting Russia with Kazakhstan, the Center with and Siberia.
From the Volga region they export: oil and oil products, natural gas, salt, electricity, aluminum, cars and trucks, airplanes and helicopters, machine tools, instruments, watches, tractors, rubber, tires, fur products, grain, cereals, melons, canned vegetables and fruits, meat products, fish, wool. From other regions of Russia and from abroad, the following are imported into the region: alumina, ferrous and non-ferrous metals, furs, fabrics, and consumer goods.
The main directions for the development of the economy of the Volga economic region should be: solutions related to pollution of air and water basins, depletion of land and fish resources, construction of new irrigation systems, introduction of the latest energy-intensive, but water- and material-saving industries, introduction of waste-free technologies, development transport and precision, solving problems of conversion and revival, comprehensive development APK.
The Volga economic region occupies the territory located along the Volga coast. The advantage of its location is associated with access to the Caspian Sea. Thanks to the Volga and the Volga-Baltic route, a water route emerges here, allowing access to the Baltic Sea. The presence of the Volga-Don Canal creates the opportunity to access the Azov and Black Seas. The region passes through latitudinal railway lines, which make it possible to deliver people and goods to the regions of the Center, Ukraine, as well as to the Urals and Siberia.
Considering that the Volga region occupies a favorable geographical position, this has a positive effect on the development of its economic complex. The key role here is given to such sectors of market specialization as oil and coal, as well as gas and chemical industry. The Volga region has great importance in providing the country with products such as synthetic rubber, synthetic resins, plastics and fibers.
The Volga economic region in its structure is represented by such entities as Ulyanovsk, Saratov, Samara, Volgograd, Astrakhan, and Penza regions. It also includes two republics - Tatarstan and Kalmykia - Khalmg Tangch.
Volga economic region: characteristics
A special feature of this area is its fairly diverse natural resource potential. In the north, the Volga region is represented by forests, but if you move in the southeast direction, you can find yourself in the semi-desert subzone. The main area of the region is occupied by steppes. Most of its territory falls on the Volga valley, which in the southern part gives way to the Caspian lowland. Important role here the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain is allocated, which was formed from river sediments and has good conditions for agriculture.
The territorial structure of the region's economy, as well as the characteristics of settlement, are largely related to the presence of the Volga, which acts as a key transport artery and settlement axis. The overwhelming number of large cities located in the region are river ports.
Population of the Volga economic region
Having an average population density of 31.5 people. per 1 km2, the Volga region has a number of areas characterized by the highest level of population. We are talking about regions located in the Volga valley - Samara, Ulyanovsk regions and Tatarstan. The opposite situation is observed in the Republic of Kalmykia, where the population density does not exceed 4 people. per 1 km2.
A peculiarity of the population of this area is the rather diverse national composition. Within it, the largest share falls on Russians, in addition to whom there are quite a lot of representatives of Tatars and Kalmyks. Along with them, among the inhabitants there are Bashkirs, Chuvashs and Kazakhs. Of particular relevance in recent times is the problem of reviving the autonomy of the Volga Germans, who against their will had to leave the Volga region and go to the eastern regions.
Territorial organization of the economy
If we consider the territorial structure of the Volga region, it includes three subdistricts, which are distinguished by their special economic development and specialization:
- Middle Volga region,
- Privolzhsky subdistrict,
- Lower Volga region.
The Middle Volga region includes Tatarstan and the Samara region. This region is a leader in the Volga region in terms of development of such areas as the oil, oil refining and mechanical engineering industries. Within this territory there are many largest cities, among which are the millionaire cities - Samara and Kazan.
The composition of the Volga subdistrict is represented by such regions as Penza and Ulyanovsk regions. The highest levels of development here have been achieved in such areas as mechanical engineering, light industry, food industry and agriculture. Among the cities, it is especially worth highlighting Ulyanovsk and Penza.
Among the most developed areas of the Lower Volga region, it is especially worth highlighting mechanical engineering, chemical and food industries. However, the region is different and high level agricultural development. This primarily concerns grain farming, beef cattle breeding and sheep breeding. Good results are also achieved in the production of rice, vegetable and melon crops, as well as fishing. Most of the enterprises are concentrated in Volgograd, which had to be restored after the end of the Great Patriotic War.
"Test: Volga region The Volga region includes the following subjects: 2 republics and 6 regions 12 regions 1 region 2 territories and 7 republics 2 ..."
Test: Volga region
The Volga region includes the following entities:
2 republics and 6 regions
12 regions
1 region 2 territories and 7 republics
2 republics and three regions
Determine the subject of the Russian Federation that is not part of the Volga region:
Republic of Bashkortostan
Samara Region
Penza region
Republic of Tatarstan
Identify the cities of the Volga region whose population exceeded 1 million people:
Astrakhan, Kazan, Elista
Volgograd, Kazan, Samara
Samara, Astrakhan, Elista
Penza, Ulyanovsk, Saratov
Which statement about the climate of the Volga region is not true:
Droughts and hot winds often occur in the south of the Volga region
In the Volga region, max.
8. Volga economic region
t(s) +44 degrees
The moisture coefficient of the Volga region varies from excessive in the north (Republic of Tatarstan) to insufficient in the south (Astrakhan region and the Republic of Kalmykia)
The Volga economic region is strongly elongated from north to south, therefore it is located in two climatic zones - temperate and subtropical
Lives in the Volga region:
22 million people
17 million people
55 million people
19 million people
Which statement about the population of the Volga region is true:
In the Volga region there are high rates of natural and mechanical population growth
The Volga region is home to adherents of all three world religions. Most of the population of the Republic of Kalmykia are Buddhists, the Republic of Tatarstan are Muslims, and in 6 regions they are Christians
The highest population density of the Volga region is observed in the south of the region - the territory Astrakhan region and the Republic of Kalmykia
The Volga region has excellent conditions for the development of agriculture, so the level of urbanization is low - 56%
The leading branch of specialization of the Volga region is:
Mechanical engineering
Agriculture
Chemical industry
The main problem of the Volga region is:
The problem of labor shortage
Volga pollution problem
The problem of interethnic conflicts
The problem of natural resource depletion
Which statements about the specialization of the Volga region are true:
The Volga region is called the automobile workshop of Russia, where 80% of passenger cars and 20% of trucks are produced.
The Volga region is distinguished by the highly developed fuel industry, where more than 50% of Russian oil is produced.
The most powerful nuclear power plant in Russia, the Balakovo Nuclear Power Plant, is located in the Volga region.
The Volga region has a high concentration of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises.
Numerous hydroelectric power stations have been built on the Volga, including the most powerful in Russia – the Volzhskaya Hydroelectric Power Station.
The Volga region has a high concentration of automobile manufacturing enterprises. Establish correspondence: plant - center
Naberezhnye Chelny
Tolyatti
Ulyanovsk
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Economic and geographical characteristics of the Volga economic region of Russia.
The Volga economic region includes: the Republic of Kalmykia - the capital of Khalmg Tangch (Elista), the Republic of Tatarstan - the capital of Kazan, Astrakhan, Volgograd, Penza, Samara, Saratov, Ulyanovsk regions. The total area of the district occupies 536.4 thousand km2.
The Volga economic region is located along the Volga - from its confluence with the river. Kamoy to the shore of the Caspian Sea (length from north to south is 1500 km) and occupies slightly more than 3.2% of the territory where 11.5% of the Russian population lives. The area is located within the average and lower parts The Volga-Kama river basin, in the relief of which the high right bank of the Volga (Volga Upland, in the south turning into the Ergeni ridge) and the flat left bank stand out. The territory of the Lower Volga region is occupied by the Caspian Lowland, which drops below ocean level in the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain and the Volga delta to a level of 27 m at the edge of the Caspian Sea.
The economic and geographical position of the Volga region is extremely favorable. In the west, the region borders on the highly developed Volga-Vyatka, Central Black Earth and North Caucasus economic regions, in the east - on the Urals and Kazakhstan. A dense network of railway and road transport routes contributes to the establishment of wide inter-district production networks in the Volga region, which is more open to the west and east (towards the main direction of the country's economic relations). Therefore, the overwhelming majority of cargo transportation goes through this territory.
The Volga-Kama river route gives access to the Caspian, Azov, Black, Baltic, and White seas. The presence of rich oil and gas deposits and the use of pipelines passing through this area confirm the advantageous economic and geographical position of the area.
The Volga region is crossed by latitudinal railways, providing connections with the regions of the Center, Ukraine, the Urals and Siberia. The main industries of the Volga region's market specialization are the oil and oil refining industries, gas and chemical industries. Electric power industry is developed in the region. At the same time, the Volga region is the main region for catching valuable sturgeon fish, one of the most important regions for growing grain crops, sunflowers, mustard, melons and vegetables, and a major supplier of wool and meat.
The Volga region is located on the East European Plain. Its natural conditions are very diverse and generally favorable for the national economy. Convenient geographical location, fairly high population, rich minerals and water resources contribute to high growth rates industrial production and agriculture. Fertile soils in most of the region. The abundance of heat and sun allows almost all crops to be grown here temperate zone such as winter and spring wheat, sunflower, beets, melons and rice.
Povolzhsky economic region
Fertile conditions contributed to the development of pasture farming here. The unique natural conditions in the Volga region also influenced the location of the productive forces of the region. Until now, the Right Bank region is better developed and economically more developed compared to the Volga region. The right bank was populated earlier and more densely, larger cities arose here, and a transport network was formed.
The composition of the vegetation of the Volga region is determined by the position of its territory in the forest-steppe, steppe, and semi-desert zones. In the past, the northern part of the forest-steppe zone was covered by dense broad-leaved forests with a predominance of oak and linden. In the southern forest-steppe, forest areas alternated with spaces of meadow steppes. The semi-desert zone is characterized by steppe vegetation with a predominance of wormwood.
The water resources of the Volga region are very large, but extremely unevenly distributed across its territory. Most of the water resources are confined to the Volga and Kama. After regulation of their flow, the rivers turned into a chain of lake-type reservoirs. IN natural form The Volga has survived only in the area from the dam of the Volgograd hydroelectric complex to the Caspian Sea, but its water content here has decreased significantly.
The regulation of the Volga and Kama flows significantly changed the use of these rivers. In an average year in terms of water availability, hydroelectric facilities provide the production of over 30 billion kWh of electrical energy.
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The company "OIL OF THE VOLGA REGION" was registered on August 19, 2002, the registrar is the Inspectorate of the Ministry of Taxes of Russia for the KIROVSKY district of Saratov. Full name: LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY "OIL OF THE VOLGA REGION". The company is located at: 410005, SARATOV, st. VOLSKAYA, 91, floor 8. The main activity is: "Extraction of crude oil and petroleum (associated) gas." The legal entity is also registered in such OKVED categories as: “Retail trade in motor fuel”, “Extraction of crude oil and petroleum (associated) gas; extraction of fractions from petroleum (associated) gas”, “Production of industrial gases”. The main industry of the company: "Search and exploration of oil and gas fields using geophysical methods." The position of the head of the company is General Director.
Volga region
Organizational and legal form (OPF) - limited liability companies. Type of ownership - joint private and foreign ownership.
Upper Volga landscape
Volga region- in a broad sense - the entire territory adjacent to the Volga, although it is more correct to define this territory as Volga region(see Volga Federal District). The Volga region is often understood as a more or less definite strip along the Volga's own course, without large tributaries (for example, residents of the Upper and Middle Kama region never considered themselves Volga residents). More often, the term is used in a narrow sense - the territory adjacent to the middle and lower reaches of the Volga (from the confluence of the Oka to the mouth) and economically gravitating towards it, which corresponds to the view outlined above. The territories located along the Volga above the confluence of the Oka (in particular, the cities of Tver, Yaroslavl, Rybinsk, Kostroma) are not usually classified as the Volga region; for them there is a more specific term Upper Volga. Within the Volga region (Privolzhye) there are a relatively elevated right bank with the Volga Upland and a left bank - Zavolzhye. In natural terms, the Volga region (Volga region) is sometimes also referred to as the areas located in the upper reaches of the Volga.
The Volga region was once part of the Volga Bulgaria, the Polovtsian Steppe, the Golden Horde, the Kazan and Astrakhan Khanates, as well as Rus'. Then (after the conquests of Ivan IV) it was successively entirely part of the Russian Kingdom, the Russian Empire and the USSR (RSFSR). Currently, it is completely part of the territory of the Russian Federation.
Regions
In the TSB, when economically zoning the European part of the USSR, the Volga economic region was distinguished, including the Ulyanovsk, Penza, Kuibyshev, Saratov, Volgograd and Astrakhan regions, the Tatar, Bashkir and Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics; at the same time, the first 3 named regions and the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic are classified as the Middle Volga region, the remaining regions and the Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic are classified as the Lower Volga region. Taking into account the modern administrative-territorial division:
- Middle Volga region- Tatarstan, Chuvashia, Penza, Ulyanovsk and Samara regions;
- Lower Volga region- Saratov, Volgograd regions, Republic of Kalmykia and Astrakhan region.
There is also a division of the Volga River basin into three parts (not equivalent to the division of the Volga region into parts): Upper Volga, Middle Volga, Lower Volga.
Nature
The relief is flat, dominated by lowlands and hilly plains. The climate is temperate continental. Summer is warm, with an average monthly air temperature in July of +22° - +25°C; winter is quite cold, the average monthly air temperature in January and February is −10° - −15°С. The average annual precipitation in the north is 500-600 mm, in the south 200-300 mm. Natural zones: mixed forest (Tatarstan), forest-steppe (Tatarstan (partially)), Samara, Penza, Ulyanovsk, Saratov regions), steppe (Saratov (partial)).
Volga Federal District
Includes regions of the Middle Volga region, a number of regions of Central Russia (Mordovia, Penza region), Cis-Urals ( Kirov region, Perm region, Bashkortostan, Udmurtia), Southern Urals (Orenburg region). Center-Nizhny Novgorod. The territory of the district is 6.08% of the territory of the Russian Federation. Population as of January 1, 2008 - 30,241,583 (21.4% of the Russian Federation); The core is the townspeople. For example, in Samara region>80%, Russian Federation (about 73%).
Volgo-Vyatka economic region
Association of Volga Region Cities
On October 27, 1998, the first General Meeting of the leaders of the seven largest cities of the Volga region - Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod, Penza, Samara, Saratov, Ulyanovsk, Cheboksary was held in the city of Samara, at which an agreement was signed on the establishment of the Association of Cities of the Volga Region. This event gave a start to life for a qualitatively new structure of interaction between municipalities - the Association of Volga Region Cities (AGP). In February 2000, Yoshkar-Ola joined the Association, on November 1, 2002, Astrakhan and Saransk joined its ranks, in 2005 - the hero city of Volgograd, in 2009 - Kirov. In 2015, the Association included: Izhevsk, Perm, Ufa, Orenburg, Togliatti, Arzamas, Balakovo, Dimitrovgrad, Novokuibyshevsk, Novocheboksarsk, Sarapul, Sterlitamak and Syzran.
Currently, the AGP includes 25 cities. More than thirteen million people live in the cities of the Association.
This term has other meanings, see Volga region (meanings).
Volga region- in a broad sense - the entire territory adjacent to the Volga, although it is more correct to define this territory as Volga region(cm.
Volga Federal District). The Volga region is often understood as a more or less definite strip along the Volga’s own course, without large tributaries (for example, the residents of the Kama region never considered themselves Volga residents). More often, the term is used in a narrow sense - the territory adjacent to the middle and lower reaches of the Volga and economically gravitating towards it, which corresponds to the view outlined above. Within the Volga region (Volga region) there are a relatively elevated right bank with the Volga Upland and a left bank - Trans-Volga region. In natural terms, the Volga region (Volga region) is sometimes also referred to as the areas located in the upper reaches of the Volga.
The Volga region was once part of the Volga Bulgaria, the Polovtsian Steppe, the Golden Horde and Rus'.
Regions
In the TSB, when economically zoning the European part of the USSR, the Volga economic region is distinguished, including the Ulyanovsk, Penza, Kuibyshev, Saratov, Volgograd and Astrakhan regions, the Tatar, Bashkir and Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics; at the same time, the first 3 named regions and the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic are usually referred to as the Middle Volga region, the remaining regions and the Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic - to the Lower Volga region. Taking into account the modern administrative-territorial division:
Volga ethno-burying name: Volzhans.
There is also a division of the Volga River basin into three parts (not equivalent to the division of the Volga region into parts): Upper Volga, Middle Volga, Lower Volga.
Nature
The relief is flat, dominated by lowlands and hilly plains. The climate is temperate continental. Summer is warm, with an average monthly air temperature in July of +22° - +25°C; winter is quite cold, the average monthly air temperature in January and February is −10° - −15°С. The average annual precipitation in the north is 500-600 mm, in the south 200-300 mm. Natural zones: mixed forest (Tatarstan), forest-steppe (Tatarstan (partially), Samara, Penza, Ulyanovsk, Saratov regions), steppe (Saratov (partially)
Volga Federal District
Includes regions of the Middle Volga region, a number of regions of Central Russia (Mordovia, Penza region), the Urals (Perm region, Bashkortostan), Southern Urals (Orenburg region). Center-Nizhny Novgorod. The territory of the district is 6.08% of the territory of the Russian Federation. Population as of January 1, 2008 - 30,241,583 (21.4% of the Russian Federation); The core is the townspeople. For example, in the Samara region >80%, in the Russian Federation (about 73%).
Volgo-Vyatka economic region
Located on the middle Volga. The territory of the region extends from southwest to northeast for 1000 km and is located in various natural zones: the northern part is in the forest taiga and the southern part is in the forest-steppe. The region is located in Central Russia, in the basins of the navigable rivers Volga, Oka, Vyatka, borders and is in close economic connection with the Central, Volga, Ural and Northern regions. Population - 7.5 million people. (2010).
Povolzhsky economic region
Located on the lower Volga. The area of the Volga region is 537.4 thousand km², population is 17 million people, population density is 25 people/km². The share of the population living in cities is 74%. The Volga economic region includes 94 cities, 3 million-plus cities (Samara, Kazan, Volgograd), 12 federal subjects. It borders in the north with the Volga-Vyatka region, in the south with the Caspian Sea, in the east with the Ural region and Kazakhstan, in the west with the Central Chernozem region and the North Caucasus. The economic axis is the Volga River. The center of the Volga economic region is located in Samara.
Association of Volga Region Cities
On October 27, 1998, the first General Meeting of the leaders of the seven largest cities of the Volga region - Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod, Penza, Samara, Saratov, Ulyanovsk, Cheboksary was held in the city of Samara, at which an agreement was signed on the establishment of the Association of Cities of the Volga Region. This event gave a start to life for a qualitatively new structure of interaction between municipalities - the Association of Volga Region Cities (AGP). In February 2000, Yoshkar-Ola joined the Association, on November 1, 2002, Astrakhan and Saransk joined its ranks, in 2005 - the hero city of Volgograd, in 2009 - Kirov. Currently, the AGP includes 25 cities, the largest of them:
In 2015, the Association included: Izhevsk, Perm, Ufa, Orenburg, Togliatti, Arzamas, Balakovo, Dimitrovgrad, Novokuibyshevsk, Novocheboksarsk, Sarapul, Sterlitamak and Syzran. More than thirteen million people live in the cities of the Association.
Notes
Lower Volga region
The Lower Volga region is the northern part of the Southern federal district, covering the territory of the Republic of Kalmykia, Astrakhan and Volgograd regions.
The region has access to the Caspian Sea. The main industries of specialization are the oil production and oil refining industries, and the gas industry. In addition, the Volga region is the main region for catching valuable sturgeon fish, one of the most important regions for growing grain crops, sunflowers, mustard, melons and vegetables, and a major supplier of wool, meat, and fish.
Natural resource potential
Natural resource potential is diverse. A significant area is occupied by the Volga Valley, which passes into the Caspian Lowland in the south. A special place is occupied by the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain, composed of river sediments, favorable for agriculture.
The creation of a large industry in the Volga basin that pollutes its waters, the intensive development of river transport, agriculture that uses large volumes of mineral fertilizers, a significant part of which is washed into the Volga, the construction of hydroelectric power stations has a negative impact on the river and creates an environmental disaster zone in the area. The region's water resources are significant, but unevenly distributed. In this regard, there is a shortage of water resources in the interior regions, especially in Kalmykia.
The region has oil and gas resources in the Volgograd region - Zhirnovskoye, Korobkovskoye, the largest gas condensate field is located in the Astrakhan region, on the basis of which a gas industrial complex is being formed.
In the Caspian lowland in lakes Baskunchak and Elton there are resources of table salt; These lakes are also rich in bromine, iodine, and magnesium salts.
Population and labor resources
The population of the Volga region is distinguished by its diverse national composition. Significant specific gravity In the structure of the population in the Republic of Kalmykia, Kalmyks occupy 45.4%. In the Astrakhan and Volgograd regions, with a predominance of the Russian population, Kazakhs, Tatars, and Ukrainians live. The population of the Volga region is characterized by its high concentration in regional centers and the capital of the republic. The population of Volgograd is 987.2 thousand people. The lowest population density is characteristic of Kalmykia, and here the smallest proportion of people living in cities.
Location and development of the main sectors of the economy
Oil and gas production is carried out in the region. The largest is the Astrakhan gas condensate field, where natural gas is produced and processed.
Oil refineries and petrochemical plants are located in the Volgograd and Astrakhan regions. The largest enterprise is the Volgograd Oil Refinery. Significant development prospects petrochemical industry has the Astrakhan region based on the use of hydrocarbon fractions of the Astrakhan field.
The region's electric power industry is represented by the Volgograd hydroelectric power station and thermal power plants.
The region has a developed engineering complex: shipbuilding centers - Astrakhan, Volgograd; agricultural engineering is represented by a large tractor plant in Volgograd; chemical and petroleum engineering developed in the Astrakhan region.
Ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy is developed in Volgograd; the largest enterprises are OJSC Volzhsky Pipe Plant and OJSC Volgograd Aluminum Plant.
The enormous resources of the salt lakes have led to the development of the salt industry, which supplies 25% of the country's need for food-grade salt and other valuable chemical products.
The fishing industry is developed in the Lower Volga region, the main enterprise of the industry is the fishing concern "Kaspryba", which includes a caviar and balyk association, a number of large fish factories, a naval base, a fishing fleet (Kasprybkholodflot), which conducts expeditionary fishing in the Caspian Sea. The concern also includes a fish hatchery for the production of juvenile sturgeon and a net knitting factory.
In agricultural production, areas of specialization are the cultivation of vegetable and melon crops, sunflowers, and sheep breeding.
Transport and economic relations
The Volga region exports crude oil and oil products, gas, tractors, fish, grain, vegetable and melon crops, etc. Imports timber, mineral fertilizers, machinery and equipment, and light industry products. The Volga region has a developed transport network that provides high-capacity cargo flows.
The region has developed river, railway and pipeline transport.
Intradistrict differences
Lower Volga region includes Astrakhan, Volgograd, regions and Kalmykia. The Lower Volga region is a subregion of developed industry - mechanical engineering, chemical, food. At the same time, it is an important agricultural region with developed grain farming, beef cattle and sheep farming, as well as the production of rice, vegetable and melon crops and fishing.
The main centers of the Lower Volga region are Volgograd (developed mechanical engineering, chemical industry), Astrakhan (shipbuilding, fishing industry, container production, various food industries), Elista (building materials industry, mechanical engineering and metalworking).
The most industrially developed is the Volgograd region, where mechanical engineering, ferrous metallurgy, chemical and petrochemical, food and light industries have the largest share in the diversified complex.
Main problems and development prospects
Degradation of natural forage lands, especially in Kalmykia with its system of distant-pasture livestock farming, is one of the main environmental problems region. Environmental damage is caused by industrial emissions and transport to the water and fish resources of the region. The solution to the problem is carried out using the target federal program"Caspian", the main task of which is to clean up the Volga-Caspian water basin and an increase in the number of valuable fish species.
One of the main tasks is to equalize the levels of social economic development the most backward regions of the Volga region and, first of all, Kalmykia, which was granted a number of benefits in taxation and financing. The prospects for the development of this republic are associated with the expansion of oil and gas production, in particular on the shelf of the Caspian Sea.
On the territory of the Astrakhan region, since 2002, the federal target program “South of Russia” has been implemented, which includes 33 projects in areas covering the most important areas economic activity areas: transport, agro-industrial, tourist-recreational and sanatorium-resort complexes; infrastructure, social development.
Geological exploration and production of hydrocarbons in the Astrakhan and Volgograd regions, as well as the Republic of Kalmykia, is carried out by LUKOIL-Volgogradneftegaz LLC. Prospects for economic development include prospecting and exploration and development of oil fields in a number of promising areas of the sea shelf.
5.4. Volga Federal District
Administrative-territorial composition:
Republics - Bashkortostan, Mari El, Mordovia, Tatarstan, Udmurtia, Chuvashia.
Perm region. Kirov, Nizhny Novgorod, Orenburg, Penza, Samara, Saratov, Ulyanovsk regions.
Territory - 1037.0 thousand km 2. Population - 30.2 million people.
Administrative center - Nizhny Novgorod
The Volga Federal District is located on territory belonging to three economic regions. The district unites the Volga-Vyatka economic region, the Middle Volga region and part of the Ural economic region (Fig.
What cities are included in the Volga region?
Rice. 5.5. Administrative-territorial composition
The main integration factor that unites all regions of the Volga region is the Volga River, the largest in Europe. The settlement of the area, its development, and economic development were directly related to the use of this waterway (which was already Soviet time, along with the previous access to the Caspian Sea, received access to the Azov, Black, Baltic and White Seas).
The Volga Federal District stands out in the country for its production of products from the chemical and petrochemical industries, mechanical engineering (including automotive), electric power and other industries.
About 23% of manufacturing industries in the Russian economy are concentrated in the Volga Federal District (Table.
Table 5.7
Share of economic indicators
Volga Federal District in all-Russian
| Economic indicators | Specific gravity, % |
| Gross regional product | 15,8 |
| Fixed assets in economics | 17,1 |
| Mining | 16,6 |
| Manufacturing industries | 22,8 |
| Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water | 19,7 |
| Agricultural products | 25,5 |
| Construction | 15,8 |
| Commissioning total area residential buildings | 20,2 |
| Turnover retail | 17,9 |
| Receipt of tax payments and fees in budget system Russia | 14,7 |
| Investments in fixed capital | 16,2 |
| Export | 11.9 |
| Import | 5,5 |
The specialization of industrial production is determined based on the localization coefficient in Table 5.8.
The Volga Federal District specializes in manufacturing industries, including chemical production; production of rubber and plastic products; production of electrical equipment, electronic and optical equipment; production of vehicles and equipment.
Table 5.8
Industrial production specialization
Volga Federal District
| Types of economic activities | Share of economic activity in industrial production, % | Localization coefficient | |
| countries | districts | ||
| Section C Mining | 21,8 | 17,1 | 0,784 |
| Subsection SA Extraction of fuel and energy minerals | 19,3 | 16,2 | 0,839 |
| Subsection SV Extraction of mineral resources, except fuel and energy | 2,5 | 0,9 | 0,360 |
| Section D Manufacturing | 67,8 | 73,2 | 1,080 |
| Subsection DA Production of food products, including beverages, and tobacco | 10,4 | 7,6 | 0,731 |
| Subsection DB Textile and clothing production | 0,7 | 0,6 | 0,857 |
| Subsection DC Production of leather, leather goods and footwear production | 0,1 | 0,1 | 1,000 |
| Subsection DD Wood processing and production of wood products | 1,1 | 0,7 | 0,636 |
| Subsection DE Pulp and paper production; publishing and printing activities | 2,4 | 1,5 | 0,625 |
| Subsection DG Chemical production | 4,6 | 8,9 | 1,935 |
| Subsection DH Production of rubber and plastic products | 1,7 | 2,7 | 1,588 |
| Subsection DI Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products | 4,1 | 3,3 | 0,805 |
| Subsection DJ Metallurgical production and production of finished metal products | 14,3 | 8,2 | 0,573 |
| Subsection DL Production of electrical equipment, electronic and optical equipment | 4,0 | 4,1 | 1,025 |
| Subsection DM Production of vehicles and equipment | 6,2 | 14,3 | 2,306 |
| Subsection DN Other production | 1,8 | 1,8 | 1,000 |
| Section E Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water | 10,4 | 9,7 | 0,933 |
| Total | — |
According to the characteristics of the location of productive forces, the district is divided into three components: the Volga-Vyatka economic region, the Middle Volga region, and the regions of the Urals.
In 2003, the process of unification of the Komi-Permyak region began Autonomous Okrug and the Perm region into a new federal subject, the Perm Territory.
The Perm Territory received official status in 2005 after the election of legislative and executive authorities and the consolidation of budgets. In periodicals, this process was repeatedly called the beginning of the all-Russian process of unification and consolidation of the subjects of the federation.
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SEE MORE:
Introduction 1
Compound Povolzhsky district 2
EGP district 2
Natural conditions 3
Population 3
Farm 5
Environmental problems of the area and ways to solve them 16
The problem of the big Volga 17
Prospects for the development of district 19
Appendix 21
Literature 22
INTRODUCTION
Russia is the largest region in all of Eurasia and the only federation within the CIS, so a regional analysis of its economic areas makes special sense. Moreover, Russia differs in a number of features even in comparison with neighboring republics.
The country has enormous resources and a capacious domestic market. The development of the territory took place asymmetrically, there is a significant gap between the resource base in the east and the main production base in the European part, a variety of natural and cultural landscapes are presented, and there are great contrasts between the center and the periphery at all levels.
Economic zoning is the allocation of territories that differ in their economic specialization in the territorial division of labor. Economic regions of the Russian Federation were formed under the influence various combinations natural, economic and social conditions.
All economic regions have their own characteristics and their place in the interregional division of labor. However, it is important that these features are closely linked with the tasks of economically justified placement of industrial and agricultural production sectors throughout the country.
COMPOSITION OF THE VOLGA DISTRICT
It is very difficult to accurately delineate the territories belonging to the Volga region. Only territories adjacent directly to the Volga can be called the Volga region. But most often, the Volga region refers to the regions and republics of Russia located in the middle and lower reaches: Astrakhan, Volgograd, Penza, Samara, Saratov Ulyanovsk regions, the republics of Tatarstan and Kalmykia.
ECONOMIC AND GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION
The Volga region stretches for almost 1.5 thousand km along the Volga from the confluence of the left tributary of the Kama to the Caspian Sea. General area is about 536 thousand km².
The EGP of this area is extremely profitable. In the west, the Volga region borders on the highly developed Volga-Vyatka, Central Black Earth and North Caucasus economic regions, in the east - on the Urals and Kazakhstan. A dense network of transport routes (railway and road) contributes to the establishment of broad inter-district production connections in the Volga region. The Volga region is more open to the west and east, i.e. towards the main direction of the country’s economic relations, therefore the overwhelming majority of cargo transportation goes through this territory.
The Volga-Kama river route gives access to the Caspian, Azov, Black, Baltic, and White seas. The presence of rich oil and gas fields, the use of pipelines passing through this area (and starting in it, for example, the Druzhba oil pipeline) also confirms the profitability of the area's EGP.
NATURAL CONDITIONS AND RESOURCES
The Volga region has favorable natural conditions for living and farming. The region is rich in land (arable land accounts for approximately 1/5 of Russia's) and water resources. However, in the lower Volga region there are droughts, accompanied by dry winds that are destructive to crops.
The area is rich in mineral resources. Oil, gas, sulfur, table salt, and raw materials for the production of building materials are extracted here. Until the discovery of oil fields in Siberia, the Volga region held first place in terms of oil reserves and production in the country. Although the region currently ranks second in the production of this type of raw material after West Siberia, oil reserves in the Volga region are severely depleted. Therefore, its share in Russian oil production is only 11% and is constantly declining. The main oil resources are located in Tatarstan and the Samara region, and gas resources in the Saratov and Volgograd regions. Prospects for the development of the gas industry are associated with the large Astrakhan gas condensate field (6% of world reserves).
POPULATION
Now the Volga region is one of the most populated and developed regions of Russia. Population – 16.9 million people, i.e. the area has significant labor resources. The Volga region population is growing quite quickly, but mainly not due to high natural growth (1.2 people), but due to significant population migration. The average population density is 30 people per 1 km², but it is unevenly distributed. More than half of the population is in the Samara, Saratov regions and Tatarstan. In the Samara region, the population density is the highest - 61 people per 1 km², and in Kalmykia - the minimum (4 people per 1 km²).
Although the Volga region is a multinational region, Russians predominate in the population structure (70%).
The share of Tatars (16%), Chuvash and Mari is also significant.
Middle Volga region
The population of the Republic of Tatarstan is 3.7 million people (about 40% of them are Russian); about 320 thousand people live in Kalmykia (the share of Russians is more than 30%).
Before the revolution, the Volga region was a purely agricultural region. Only 14% of the population lived in cities. Now it is one of the most urbanized regions of Russia. 73% of all residents live in cities and towns. The overwhelming majority of the urban population is concentrated in regional centers, capitals of national republics and large industrial cities. There are 90 cities in the Volga region, among them three millionaire cities - Samara, Kazan, Volgograd. Moreover, almost all large cities (with the exception of Penza) are located on the banks of the Volga. The largest city in the Volga region, Samara, is located in Samarskaya Luka. Together with nearby cities and towns, it forms a large industrial hub.
FARM
The most important condition for the sustainable and integrated development of the Volga region is the significant economic, scientific and technical potential created recently.
In terms of total gross industrial and agricultural output in 1995, the region ranked fourth in Russia (after Central, Ural and West Siberian). It accounted for 13.1% of the total gross output of industry and agriculture in Russia. In the future, the Volga region will retain a leading role in the national economic complex of the Russian Federation and will restore lost positions, taking its former stable position after the Central and Ural regions.
On modern stage economic development, the national economic complex of the Volga region has a complex structure. Despite the fact that industry prevails in it, agriculture is also one of the main sectors of the national economy of the region. In the total gross output, industry accounts for 70-73%, agriculture - 20-22% and other sectors of the national economy - 5-10%.
The material basis for their development is primarily mineral and fuel and energy resources, agricultural raw materials, and fish resources of the Caspian and Volga. At the same time, the raw materials balance of the region includes imported metals and materials from the forestry and woodworking industries.
A characteristic feature of the industrial production of the region is the close connection, cooperation and combination of its individual links, especially in the automotive industry and petrochemicals.
The basis territorial organization The Volga region makes up a number intersectoral complexes– fuel and energy, engineering, chemical and petrochemical, agro-industrial, transport, construction, etc.
The main branches of specialization of the region's industry are mechanical engineering, chemical and petrochemical, fuel industry, electric power, food industry, as well as the building materials industry (glass, cement, etc.). However, the sectoral structure of industry in the republics and regions of the Volga region has significant differences from the average Russian and average regional ones.
Mechanical engineering complex- one of the largest and most complex industries in the Volga region. It accounts for at least 1/3 of the region's total industrial output. The industry as a whole is characterized by low metal consumption. The mechanical engineering industry operates primarily on rolled metal from the neighboring Urals; a very small part of the demand is covered by our own metallurgy. The machine-building complex unites a variety of machine-building productions. Volga region mechanical engineering produces a wide range of machinery and equipment: cars, machine tools, tractors, equipment for various industries and agricultural enterprises.
A special place in the complex is occupied by transport engineering, represented by the production of airplanes and helicopters, trucks and cars, trolleybuses, etc. The aircraft industry is represented in Samara (production of turbojet aircraft) and Saratov (YAK-40 aircraft).
But the automotive industry especially stands out in the Volga region. The Volga region has long been rightfully called the “automotive workshop” of the country. There are all the necessary prerequisites for the development of this industry: the region is located in a zone of concentration of the main consumers of products, is well provided with a transport network, the level of development of the industrial complex allows for the organization of broad cooperation ties.
71% of passenger cars and 17% of trucks in Russia are manufactured in the Volga region. Among the mechanical engineering centers the largest are:
Samara (machine tool building, production of bearings, aircraft manufacturing, production of automotive and tractor equipment, mill-elevator equipment, etc.);
Saratov (machine tool building, production of oil and gas chemical equipment, diesel engines, bearings, etc.);
Volgograd (tractor building, shipbuilding, production of equipment for the petrochemical industry, etc.);
Togliatti (VAZ complex of enterprises - leading in the country's automotive industry).
Important centers of mechanical engineering are Kazan and Penza (precision engineering), Syzran (equipment for the energy and petrochemical industries), Engels (90% of trolleybus production in the Russian Federation).
The Volga region is one of the main regions of Russia for the production of aerospace equipment.
LITERATURE
"Geography. Population and economy of Russia,” V.Ya. Rom, V.P. Dronov. Bustard, 1998
“Preparing for the exam in geography”, I.I. Barinova, V.Ya. Rom, V.P. Dronov. Iris, 1998
“Economic geography of Russia”, I.A.
Rodionova. "Moscow Lyceum", 1998
“Economic geography of Russia”, uch. edited by IN AND. Vidyapina. Infra-M, 1999
As you already know, there are three millionaire cities in the Volga region
: Kazan, Samara and Volgograd. Let's take a closer look at their economic and geographical position - won't it tell us why these particular cities became the largest? Kazan is located at the turn of the Volga, which almost here receives its largest left tributary, the Kama.
Founded by the Bulgars in 1177, the city initially served as a border fortress protecting the northwestern borders of the Volga-Kama Bulgaria. After the defeat of Bulgaria by the Mongol-Tatars (in the 13th century), the city became part of the Golden Horde, and after its collapse - the center of the Kazan Khanate (XV -XVI centuries). In 1552, Kazan was stormed by the troops of Ivan the Terrible, and since then it has been one of the largest cities in Russia.
In 1804, one of the first Russian universities; Leo Tolstoy and Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin) studied here: among the professors, N. I. Lobachevsky, the creator of non-Euclidean geometry, received the greatest fame.
In the 1930-1960s. large industrial enterprises are being built in Kazan: aircraft, helicopter and engine manufacturing; fur factory (the largest in Russia), etc. The city becomes one of the largest centers higher education(more than 15 universities). Features of Kazan cultural center- “service” to the entire Tatar population of Russia and the CIS. Publishing literature in the Tatar language, radio and television broadcasting, training teachers of language and literature for Tatar schools - Kazan provides all this to all other regions of Russia where Tatars live.
Samara arose in 1586 as a guard fortress in a place where the Volga makes a large arc, going as far as possible to the east. Therefore, by its very geographical location, the city was destined to become a base for the development of vast spaces of the Trans-Volga region, especially since the Samara River flowing into the Volga (after which the city is named) allows access almost to the Ural River.
The city developed primarily as a center for trade in horses, cattle, leather, lard, wool, and later grain (at the beginning of the 20th century it was the largest flour milling center in Russia). It became a provincial center in 1851. late XIX V. Railways to Siberia pass through the city and Central Asia. Thus, Samara finds itself at the intersection of the main river of Russia and the main railways. In 1941, a Moscow aircraft plant, two bearing plants, and many other enterprises from the western regions of the country were evacuated to Samara (or rather, to Kuibyshev - that’s what the city was called from 1935 to 1990). The USSR government and foreign embassies moved here.
Now Samara is one of the largest industrial centers in Russia with a developed military-industrial complex, production of civil aircraft and engines, machine tools and much more. After the start of oil production in the Volga region, oil refining arose in Samara. The products of the Rossiya confectionery factory are widely known - one of the best in the country.
Tsaritsyn, like Samara, arose as a wooden guard fortress in 1589. Here the Volga is closest to the Don, and a portage has existed in this place for a long time. The Tsaritsyn fortress was supposed to serve to defend the Volga route and “transport” from nomads and robbers.
At the end of the 19th century. The rapid commercial and industrial development of the city begins. In 1862, the very first one was built in the south of Russia Railway Tsaritsyn - Kalach-on-Don (almost along the line of the ancient portage), connecting the Volga and Don basins. Later, roads to Moscow and the North Caucasus were built. Tsaritsyn becomes the center of trade for Baku oil, grain, fish, salt, watermelons, and timber. In 1918, during Civil War, Tsaritsyn turned out to be the most important link in the transport route supplying grain North Caucasus Central Russia (since the path through Rostov was cut), therefore the defense of Tsaritsyn (from Don Cossacks, who spoke on the side of the whites) played a decisive role in the 1918 campaign.
During the Soviet period (1920), Tsaritsyn became a provincial center (in 1925 the city was renamed Stalingrad, and in 1961 - Volgograd). In the 1930s it begins the construction of new large factories, including a tractor plant - one of the largest in the world.
The tractor plant had to be built in the walled zone (where there is the greatest need for tractors), in an area with the best transport accessibility (that is, on one of the highways passing through the steppe zone, for example, on the largest river) and preferably in the place that is closest to the raw material base, that is, to the center of metal production. Such a place on the Volga, as close as possible to Donbass, was Stalingrad. According to N. N. Baransky, yes. almost mathematically precise, we arrive at the only sweet spot plant construction. Stalingrad gained worldwide fame during the Great Patriotic War, when victory in a battle that lasted six months became a turning point in the fate of the entire war. For the Nazi troops it was necessary to capture the city on the Volga and block the most important waterway. Stalingrad became the last point where the Nazis were able to reach in their advance to the east.
The city was almost completely destroyed and had to be rebuilt. After the war, new industrial construction continued in the city: a powerful power plant was put into operation. aluminum smelter, oil refinery, several defense enterprises, the processing metallurgical plant is expanding, the Volga-Don Canal is being built, etc.
Thus, each of the “key” points on the Volga gave rise to the development large city. Each of them has become a millionaire city, each now has various functions: industrial, transport, trade, administrative, scientific, cultural, educational and others. But the history of these cities developed differently, and as a result, each of them developed its own specific combination of these functions; each was characterized by a different degree of their development. Volgograd turned out to be the “most industrial”, the last to receive administrative functions; “cultural- educational" functions turned out to be most developed in Kazan - the oldest of the cities considered and which had long played a "capital" role (the center of the khanate, then the province, then one of the largest republics of Russia).
The Volga region is a densely populated, old-developed region with a mosaic multinational population, an area of powerful diversified industry, developed agriculture and an extensive transport system. The basis of the region's economy is made up of interconnected machine-building industries. fuel and energy, chemical and agro-industrial complexes. There are many large cities in the Volga region, the emergence and development of which is largely due to their favorable economic and geographical location.