Our country, Russia, strictly speaking, is not a state of only Russians or Russian-speaking citizens. This is a country in which numerous nationalities and peoples live and communicate in their national languages. Each of these languages is a separate task not just for preservation, but also for improvement and development. The same applies to national cultures.
But how then can we ensure interethnic communication between these folk groups, if each of them predominantly uses its own national language? It is precisely this kind of contact in a huge multinational state that the Russian language must cope with, of course, in addition to the tasks of communication between Russian people themselves.
Common usage of the Russian language
Russian has always been the official and state language of the country, when it was an empire, when it was a Union, and now when it is simply Russia.
This language
- used in diplomatic, legal, cultural communication,
- on it we convey to the world all our achievements,
- We conduct our office work on it (in most regions of the country).
- National media broadcasts are conducted in this language.
Of course, difficulties arise periodically regarding the interaction of Russian and national languages. They are determined by the desire for isolation not only territorially, but also language level. It is obvious that such phenomena narrow development and close the prospects for improving both interethnic contact itself and the maturation of national cultures themselves.
It seems that it would be right to simultaneously develop and study national languages and the Russian language, while preserving national traditions and Russian culture.
Interpenetration of languages
The relationship between Russian and national languages is interesting - the mutual influence and influence of Russian and national languages is noted. This phenomenon is classified as interpenetration and is called interference. As an example, one can observe the emergence of phonetic systems of the Russian language of other national languages. This is usually obvious when a person who is not a native speaker speaks Russian (i.e. speaks with different levels accent.)
This trend of using Russian as international means contact also leads to the appearance different types bilingualism, when a person’s speech consists of national Russian vocabulary and phonetics. And such prospects, in turn, determine qualitatively new and intensive, complex and multifaceted connections and relationships between Russian and other languages of our country.
What do you think is the attitude towards the Russian language among people of different nationalities in our country?
The relations that existed between the central government and the local population in the Soviet Union were often perceived as expansion. The same applied to the Russian language. Now, when in many ways everything has not yet been established, but is only being formed, a negative attitude towards the center leaves its mark on the attitude towards the Russian language. In a favorable economic situation, people will understand that it is more convenient to communicate with a state like Russia, and in a state like Russia, to speak the same language. Without a doubt, Russian has always been and will remain such a language.
What linguistic formulas are preserved when non-Russians communicate in Russian?
These are, of course, linguistic formulas of national language etiquette (greetings, addresses, etc.), also interjections and expressive words native language, which convey the speaker’s feelings or attitude towards the event that excited him.
Did you like it? Don't hide your joy from the world - share itState state-financed organization vocational education Republic of Mordovia “Ruzaevsky Railway Industrial College named after A.P. Baykuzova"
PERFORMANCE
at the All-Russian practical conference
"Russian language in the dialogue of cultures"
on the topic: “Russian language in interethnic communication”
teacher of Russian language and literature
Bikbaeva Linara Kasimovna
All people on our planet can speak. They speak different languages, but in any language the main task remains to help understand each other when communicating. Without language, the development of society, science, technology, and art is impossible. Language is the main means of communication. It serves to express thoughts. You must always express your thoughts clearly, accurately and figuratively, which is something you need to learn. L.N. Tolstoy said: “To handle the language somehow means to think somehow: inaccurately, approximately, incorrectly.”
The Russian language is the language of the Russian nation. By studying the language, we study the culture and history of the country. For the first time in modern form The Russian language appeared in the 19th century, in the era of A.S.Pushkin , since he is the founder of the modern Russian language, which we speak and which is understandable to everyone.
Russian is the official language Russian Federation. It serves all areas human activity on the territory of Russia: all documentation is processed there, teaching is conducted in all educational institutions.
Russian language is the language of interethnic communication of the peoples of the USSR
The Soviet Union was a multinational state. More than 130 languages were spoken in our country. All national languages had equal rights.
“Among the equal national languages, the Russian language acted as the language of interethnic communication between the peoples of the USSR.
All nations and nationalities of the USSR voluntarily adopted the Russian language as a means of interethnic communication. Knowledge of the Russian language, along with the native one, served to bring all nations and nationalities together into a single Soviet family - the Soviet people.
As a means of interethnic communication, the Russian language helped solve the problems of political, economic and cultural development of our multinational country.
The Russian language helped the peoples of the USSR to join advanced social ideas and the riches of Russian and world scientific thought and culture.
The Russian language played the role of an intermediary between all the languages of the peoples of the USSR, served the mutual enrichment of national cultures, since works were translated into Russian fiction of all nationalities.
Many national writers and poets of our country: Kyrgyz Chingiz Aitmatov, Abkhaz Georgy Gulia, Azerbaijani Chingiz Huseynov, Uzbek Raim Farhadi, Kazakh Olzhas Suleimenov, Chukchi Yuri Rytkheu and others - wrote their works in Russian.
Interacting with the languages of the peoples of the USSR, the Russian language itself was at the same time enriched, improved, and developed. The vocabulary was especially enriched, reflecting the changes taking place in political life, science and culture.
Russian language was the most widespread among other languages in our country.
The little Chukchi was going to Artek. He asked his father: “How will I talk to a Georgian there? After all, I don’t know a word of Georgian.” “Don’t worry,” the father answered, you know a language that a Georgian can understand.”
The little Georgian was also going to Artek. He also asked his father:
“How will I talk to a Latvian there? After all, I don’t know a word of Latvian.” And his father answered him: “Don’t worry, you know the language that the Bashkir understands.”
Russian language as a means of international communication
peoples of the CIS
Our Motherland is still a multinational state. The Russian language, which was the main language of interethnic communication in the USSR, unfortunately, was not able to preserve its dialects in all the republics that gained independence, and in the 1990s, after the victorious procession of the “university parade,” Russian began to be actively squeezed out in some republics. As a symbol of Soviet totalitarianism, although in the 90s there was still a large Russian-speaking population there.
How does the Russian language feel today in the post-Soviet space?
I was born in the city of Baku. In Azerbaijan in Soviet time Not knowing the Russian language was considered bad manners. Baku residents even had a special reprimand: the obligatory “Yes!” at the end of any sentence.
Today in Azerbaijan there are about 150 thousand Russians, 378 Russian schools. All Russian TV channels are broadcast, local TV and radio broadcast programs in Russian. And yet the Russian language is slowly being pushed out of everyday life. In 2003, the translation from the Cyrillic alphabet to the “Azerbaijani Latin alphabet” began. Today priority is given to the English language.
In Kazakhstan, according to the Constitution of the republic, the Russian language is the language of interethnic communication. It is spoken by more than 10% of the population, and there are four million Russians in Kazakhstan. The President of Kazakhstan addresses his people in two languages - first in Kazakh and then in Russian. In half of the schools, education is conducted in a mixed language, in a quarter - only in Russian, 18% of television and radio programs are broadcast only in Kazakh, 34% only in Russian.
The Russian language was given to the newly independent states not as Russian, but as Soviet; the language of the USSR and the language of the Soviet people. In this function, the Russian language manifests itself in two main qualities.
Firstly, the “Soviet language” took on the role of the language of interethnic communication within the new independent states. Secondly, it acts as an age-related (generational) means of communication. Thus, the need for the Russian language will naturally decrease as the “Soviet” generations decrease.
Today, the Russian language still plays the role of a language of interethnic communication. The Russian language in a number of CIS countries continues to be used in business circles, financial and banking systems, in some government agencies. The majority of the population of these countries (about 70%) is still quite fluent in it.
However, the situation may change dramatically in a generation because the process is underway(recently it has slowed down somewhat, but has not stopped) the destruction of the Russian-speaking space, the consequences of which are beginning to be felt today.
The place of the Russian language among the languages of the world
“And we will save you, Russian speech, great Russian word…” - these are the words of the poetess Anna Akhmatova, which have not lost their relevance for several decades. Prosperity national culture directly depends on the attitude of the people to their history. The Russian language has come a long way in development. Today, thinking about the international significance of the Russian language, just look at the statistical data. More than 250 million speakers from all over the world - a more than impressive figure.
Currently, it is becoming problematic to find a single means of communication for 250 countries. Every citizen treats the cultural heritage of his state with honor and prefers to speak exclusively in his own language. For the world community, this complexity was eradicated with the approval of the so-called world languages, which include Russian. Today it is a means of communication on television, airlines, and trade. Of course, the great importance of the Russian language is due to the fact that it is spoken by millions of people from different parts of the world. Every intelligent person would consider it an honor to quote the great thoughts of Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov, Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, Leo Nikolaevich Tolstoy and other leading writers of Russia.
Learning Russian helps mutual exchange experience between peoples, introducing them to cultural achievements in our country and to world culture.
IN different countries ah, they study Russian, which has become a language of international importance, along with English, Spanish, and Chinese.
Documents of the United Nations are published in Russian; international agreements and treaties on important vital issues of cooperation between the peoples of the globe are written in it. Interest in the Russian language is associated with the desire of people from different countries to become more familiar with the culture of Russia, its science and technology, and the way of life of Russian people. Thus, the Russian language has global significance.
The global significance of the Russian language is manifested not only in the wide spread of its study in modern world, but also in the influence, primarily of its lexical composition, on other languages. The Russian word satellite, already included in the dictionaries of many languages, became known and understood by everyone. Following the word satellite, other words and expressions related to space exploration began to be used in the languages of other countries: lunik, smooth landing, lunar rover, astronaut, cosmodrome. The Russian language also introduced the word orbit into international wide use (from Latin orbis - circle, wheel, wheel trace) in the expressions put into orbit, put into orbit. New words associated with the space age have become so firmly established in the everyday life of a number of countries that they have begun to be used both as proper names and as common nouns. Along with “cosmic” words, Russian words also entered other languages, reflecting different aspects of the life of the new, socialist state. Even a new term has entered linguistic science - Sovietisms, i.e. words borrowed from the Russian language in Soviet era. And how many new words entered other languages during the years of perestroika!
Each language is a whole world. Language is not only a subject for study, but the living soul of a people, its joy, pain, memory, treasure. It should evoke in each of us ardent love, gratitude, and reverent attitude. The language of everyone, even the smallest people, is a whole world full of charm and magic...
There is no language that does not deserve respect. Not only large but also small nations live on earth. Each of them has its own language, which is dear to children, like the voice of a mother, like the bread of their native land.
I love the Russian language, but I also love my native Tatar. I want my language to live and develop. Once upon a time, the writer K. Kuliev said very precise words:
“Respect and love for the Russian language, which I have spoken for many years and which I admire as I continue to study it, does not at all prevent me from loving speech - the language of my mother.”
And how relevant are the words of the Uzbek poet Sabir Abdullah:
If you want to beat fate,
If you are looking for joy in a flower garden,
If you need solid support -
Learn Russian language!
He is your mentor, great, mighty,
He is a translator, he is a guide.
If you storm the keys of knowledge -
Learn Russian language…
Gorky's vigilance,
The vastness of Tolstoy,
Pushkin's lyrics are a pure spring
They shine with the mirror image of the Russian word.
Learn Russian language!
Traditionally, the language of interethnic communication is the language through which the language barrier is overcome between representatives of different ethnic groups within one multinational state. The emergence of any language beyond the boundaries of its ethnic group and its acquisition of interethnic status is a complex and multifaceted process, including the interaction of a whole complex of linguistic and social factors. When considering the process of formation of a language of interethnic communication, priority is usually given to social factors, since the functions of language also depend on the characteristics of the development of society. However, only social factors, no matter how favorable they may be, are not capable of promoting one or another language as an interethnic language if it lacks the necessary linguistic means. Rus. the language, which is one of the widely spoken languages of the world (see Russian language in international communication), satisfies the linguistic needs of not only Russians, but also people of other ethnic origins living both in Russia and abroad. It is one of the most developed world languages. It has a rich vocabulary and terminology in all branches of science and technology, expressive brevity and clarity of lexical and grammatical means, developed system functional styles, the ability to reflect all the diversity of the surrounding world. Rus. language can be used in all spheres of social life, a wide variety of information is transmitted through a second language, and the subtlest shades of thought are expressed; in Russian language created received global recognition artistic, scientific and technical literature.
Maximum completeness of public functions, relative monolithic Russian. language (obligatory compliance with the norms of the literary language for all its speakers), writing containing both original works and translations of everything valuable that was created by world culture and science (in the 80s of the 20th century, about a third was published in Russian artistic, scientific and technical literature from the total amount of printed matter in the world) - all this ensured high degree communicative and informational value Rus. language. Its role in the transformation of Russian. Ethno-linguistic factors also played a role in the language as a means of interethnic communication. From the beginning of its formation it grew. Statehood, the Russians were the largest nation, the language of which was widespread to one degree or another throughout the entire state. According to the data of the 1st All-Russia. population census 1897, out of 128.9 million inhabitants of Russia. empires in Russian the language was spoken by two-thirds, or approx. 86 million people According to the 1989 All-Union Population Census, in the USSR, out of 285.7 million people, approx. 145 million - Russians, Rus. 232.4 million people spoke the language. Linguistic, ethnolinguistic and social factors, taken separately, are not sufficient to promote a particular language as a means of interethnic communication. They only indicate the readiness and ability of the language to perform this function, as well as the presence of favorable conditions for the spread of the language throughout the state. Only the combination of all factors - linguistic, ethnolinguistic and social - leads to the formation of a language of interethnic communication.
In any multinational state, there is an objective need to choose one of the most developed and widespread languages to overcome language barrier between citizens, to maintain the normal functioning of the state and all its institutions, to create favorable conditions for the joint activities of representatives of all nations and nationalities, for the development of the economy, culture, science and art. A common language of interethnic communication provides every citizen of the country, regardless of nationality, with the opportunity for constant and varied contact with representatives of other ethnic groups. Promotion, formation and functioning of Russian. languages as a means of interethnic communication took place in different historical conditions and at different stages of the development of society. Use of Russian language as a non-native language to overcome the language barrier between representatives of different sthocods goes back more than one century, therefore in the history of Russian. language as a means of interethnic communication, we can conditionally distinguish three periods, each of which is characterized by its own specific features: the first period - until the beginning. 20th century in Russia and Russia empires; second period - until the end. 80s in USSR; third period - from the beginning 90s in the Russian Federation and neighboring countries. 11beginning of the spread of Russian. language among representatives of other ethnic groups coincides, judging by the data of comparative historical linguistics and chronicle information, with the development of new territories by the ancestors of Russians; This process developed more intensively in the 16th-19th centuries. during the period of formation and expansion. state, when the Russians entered into various economic, cultural and political contacts with the local population of a different ethnicity. In Russia Russian Empire the language was the state language. tongue.
Reliable statistical data on knowledge of Russian. non-Russian language population of the country as a whole and the breadth of its use in interethnic communication in Russia con. 19 - beginning 20th century no. However, the ratio of the volume of functional load Russian. language as a state language language and other national languages in various fields, data on the study of Russian. language in Russian-native (according to the then accepted terminology) schools and other educational institutions in certain regions of the state, written evidence from contemporaries and certain other materials confirm the use of Russian. language as a means of interethnic communication, although the level of proficiency in most cases was low. The second period is characterized by features that are caused by a change in national language policy in the USSR to different stages his existence. After 1917, compulsory state registration was abolished in the country. language. In 1919, the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR “On the elimination of illiteracy among the population of the RSFSR” was adopted, in accordance with the Crimea, “the entire population... between the ages of 8 and 50, who cannot read and write, is obliged to learn to read and write in their native or Russian language optional".
Originally Russian. language was not a compulsory subject in schools with the national language of instruction: its spread as a language of interethnic communication was objectively facilitated by cultural, educational, economic and socio-political transformations in the country. However, those that existed in the 20-30s. rate of spread of Russian language among non-Russians. The population of the country did not satisfy the needs of the centralized state for a common language of interethnic communication for all citizens. In 1938, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks adopted a resolution “On compulsory study Russian language in schools of national republics and regions." The resolution does not contain direct references to the privileged position of Russians. language, but with its practical implementation in the regions, restrictions gradually began on the spheres of functioning of certain native languages of citizens of the USSR. Since 1970, materials from the All-Union Population Censuses have contained data on the number of non-Russians. nationalities fluent in Russian. language as a second (non-native) language. Between 1970 and 1989 this number increased from 41.9 to 68.8 million people; in 1989 in the USSR as a whole the number of non-Russians. nationalities fluent in Russian. language, amounted to 87.5 million people.
From ser. 80s, when Russian. the language continued to perform the function of a language of interethnic communication, attitude towards Russian. language in this capacity began to change, which was a natural result of the costs of the national language policy pursued in the USSR from the end. 30s, as well as a consequence of certain socio-political processes in the country. Rus. Some politicians began to call the language “the imperial language”, “the language of totalitarianism”, “the language of the occupiers”; in the resolutions of certain conferences on national-linguistic problems (for example, in Ukraine, 1989) national-Russian. bilingualism has been described as "politically harmful" and "scientifically untenable". During this period, the officially prescribed narrowing of the spheres of functioning of the Russian Federation began in the former union and autonomous republics. language as a means of interethnic communication, a significant reduction in the number of hours devoted to studying Russian. language in national schools, and even the exclusion of the subject “Russian”. language" from school and university programs. However, carried out in the beginning. 90s sociolinguistic research in Russia republics and a number of CIS countries indicate recognition by most of society of the fact that in modern times. stage to solve the problem of interethnic communication without Russian. language is difficult.
A feature of the third period is the functioning of Russian. language as a means of interethnic communication not only in the Russian Federation. but also in a group of sovereign states. In the Russian Federation, according to the 1989 census, out of 147 million people, approx. 120 million people are Russian, more than 50% are non-Russian. The country's population is fluent in Russian. language as a second one. In accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation (1993) | and the “Law on the Languages of the Peoples of the RSFSR” (1991)] Rus. language is the state language language of the Russian Federation throughout its territory. The Constitution stipulates that the functioning of the Russian language as a state and international language should not hinder the development of other languages of the peoples of Russia. Areas of application Russian language as a state and international language are subject to legal regulation; At the same time, no legal norms for the use of Russian are established. language in interpersonal informal relationships, as well as in the activities of public and religious associations and organizations. Rus. language as a state language The language of the Russian Federation performs numerous and varied functions in society, which determines the social need for its study by the entire population of Russia. All R. 90s 20th century rus. the language retains its position as a language of interethnic communication in the CIS countries due to a number of objective circumstances, as well as due to the historically established traditions of its use by the population of these countries. The 1989 census materials indicate that 63.8 million people are non-Russian. the population of the former union republics of the USSR (except the RSFSR) speak Russian. language as a mother tongue or as a second language. Linguistic aspects of studying Russian. languages as a means of interethnic communication are characterized by certain specifics. Expanding the ethnic base of Russian users. language as a non-native language, the functioning of Russian. language in a foreign language environment leads to the appearance of phonetic, grammatical, lexical and semantic features in it. According to some scientists (N. M. Shansky, T. A. Bobrova), the totality of such features, which are not the same in different regions existence of Russian language as a means of interethnic communication, contributes to the formation of national (in other terminology - regional) variants of Russian. language.
Other scientists (V.V. Ivanov, N.G. Mikhailovskaya) believe that meeting the needs of interethnic communication is one of the functions of Russian. lit. language, violation of the norms of which by foreign-language users is due to interference (see). There is also a point of view (T. Yu. Poznyakova), according to which the language of interethnic communication is functional variety rus. language, distinctive feature which is a specialization of grammatical and lexical means adapted to the conditions of interethnic communication in Russian. lit. language: increasing the number of analytical structures for expression grammatical meanings, frequency and stability of the use of syntactic models for expressing the category of gender, etc. In the language of interethnic communication, there is a selection and consolidation of morphological forms and syntactic structures, lexical units, assessed primarily as communicatively significant and sufficient. Studying Russian language in conditions various types national-Russian bilingualism confirms the presence of a number of common specific features in the language of interethnic communication, regardless of the region of its existence. At the same time, in Russian In the language of non-Russian linguists, such features have also been noted, which are characterized as purely regional, not represented in other foreign-language regions. On this basis, a conclusion is made about the regional variation of non-original Rus. speech (non-primordial Russian speech is a set of texts, both written and oral, produced by people for whom Russian is not their native language). However, the maximum permissible qualitative and quantitative levels of regional variation remain unknown, allowing one to qualify the language of interethnic communication as Russian. a language, and not some kind of pidgin, is a mixed language that arises as a result of the interaction of languages (a pidgin often represents the grammar of one language and the vocabulary of another). Identification of essential linguistic characteristics of Russian. language as a means of interethnic communication is associated with the study of its different levels, the study of the results and forms of interlingual contacts, consideration of the processes of interaction between the language of interethnic communication and national languages in the conditions of specific types of bi- and multilingualism, the areal characteristics of Russian. speech of non-Russians in relation to Russians. lit. language. The results of such studies are important for practical actions to optimize the Russian learning process. language as a non-native language to the extent that provides communicative competence users.
Today, the opinion of skeptics about the Russian language cannot be called the best. Along with English, which is used in most countries of the world, Russian occupies a lower position. However, despite this, in a number of countries it is the second language spoken by citizens, and is also used as a means of adaptation for Russian-speaking tourists. What do the Russian language and verbal communication internationally?
Russian language in international communication
Modern Russian is used in various areas of international and interstate communication. For example, it is actively used as a means of communication between scientists (about 70% of scientific literature is published in English and Russian). It is also a means of transmitting information in world communication systems - radio broadcasts, airlines, etc.
The Russian language as a means of communication occupies fifth position in the world. However, not only this indicator makes it a “world” language. It all depends on the globality of the population that speaks this language, as well as on the number of countries where the language is a means of communication between people in higher circles (diplomacy, administration, etc.). Russian classic literature The 19th century contributed to the development and spread of the language in Europe and Asia. In the 20th century, the growth in the number of people speaking Russian was facilitated by various events taking place in Russia - social, economic and political.
The events of the 20th century played a huge role in the development of the Russian language as a means of interethnic communication, when during the existence of the USSR Russians were the largest nation, and throughout the territory of the countries of the union the population spoke mainly Russian. According to data for 1989, during the All-Union Population Census, it became known that out of 285.7 million people, approximately 145 million were Russian, and about 232 million people spoke the language.
Today, national, ethnic and social factors allow the Russian language to successfully maintain its international and interethnic status. This is greatly facilitated by representatives of various ethnic groups living in Russia and coming to the country to work, as well as persons living outside its borders.
As for modern interethnic politics, the Russian language as a means business communication is located high level. It is one of the most developed languages in the world. Its success is due to its rich vocabulary, brevity and clarity of vocabulary and grammar, as well as the ability to reflect in speech all the characteristics of the surrounding world. Particularly important is the fact that the Russian language can be used in almost all spheres of life in world society. In particular, this includes numerous branches of science and technology. Everything is transmitted in Russian 
shades of thoughts, a wide variety of information, and fiction and scientific literature in Russian have long received worldwide recognition.
Russian language and culture of communication in modern society are at a high level due to the development of grammatical and lexical semantics, the presence of special terminology, the stability of the generally accepted Russian standard literary language, as well as a competent balance of written and spoken language.
The Russian language has retained its uniqueness for many centuries thanks to the creativity of the Russian people, various figures in science, culture, technology and politics. Thanks to the talent of its various speakers, the language of the Russian people has become rich, stylistically balanced and capable of satisfying national and universal linguistic needs. And the maximum completeness of its functions, compliance with literary norms and ease of translation and perception ensured the high communicative and informational value of the Russian language in international communication.
Languages of interethnic communication include languages that perform broader functions than national ones and are used in a multinational multiethnic state as an intermediary language. This role can be played by the language of the most numerous nation in a given state or the language of the metropolis in former colonial countries. So, in Tsarist Russia and in the USSR, the language of interethnic communication was Russian (it largely retains this function to this day throughout the CIS). In some cases, the language of international communication coincides with the official language. So, in India the official English language At the same time it also serves as a language of interethnic communication. Portuguese has official status in Angola and is also the language of international communication.
Typically, the functions of a language of interethnic communication are performed by one of the national languages, and this role is formed historically, due to the objective properties of a given language. In some countries, the actual role of the language of interethnic communication is legally established. Thus, in Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan, the Russian language is legally recognized as a language of interethnic communication.
In the USSR, the Russian language became common language, performing the functions of a language of interethnic communication throughout the country. This was not the result of some political or legal privileges of the Russian language, someone’s sympathy for it or the use of coercive measures, but the result of the objective state of affairs and the action of relevant factors. First of all, the role played by the fact that the Russians Russian state, and then in the USSR they represented more than half of the country's population.
The transformation of the Russian language into a language of interethnic communication is also due to the fact that it is very close in its grammar and vocabulary languages of the Ukrainian and Belarusian peoples, who together with the Russians make up more than three-quarters of the population of the USSR. Naturally, the three Slavic peoples can communicate with each other in Russian relatively easily.
In the transformation of the Russian language into a language of interethnic communication, other objective aspects and factors also played a role: its generally recognized richness and expressiveness, certain internal features of this language, associated, in particular, with its relatively high internal homogeneity, with the similarity of its folk-colloquial and literary-written forms, with the great coincidence in its pronunciation of words and their spelling, etc.
According to the 1989 population census in the USSR, 86% of the population spoke Russian fluently.
In the Russian Federation, Russian is the state language, but at the same time it serves as a language of interethnic communication.
According to the 1989 census, 16,406 thousand people from among non-Russian peoples declared that they were fluent in Russian as a second language, i.e., a language of interethnic communication (in 1970 - 14,191 thousand and in 1979 - 13,989 thousand). Thus, of the non-Russian peoples of Russia, 88.0% know the Russian language well, including 27.6% who consider it their native language and 60.4% who speak it fluently. Of the large nations (over 100 thousand people), more than 95% of their representatives know Russian well - Karelians, Jews, Belarusians, Koreans, Germans, Mordovians, Ukrainians, more than 90% - Kalmyks, Moldavians, Georgians, Armenians, Komi, Udmurts, more 85% are Kazakhs, Gypsies, Ossetians, Chuvash, Mari, Tatars, Bashkirs, Adygeis, Uzbeks and, on average, all the peoples of the North. The lowest rates are among Tuvans (60.5%), Avars (65.9%), Dargins (69.5%), and Yakuts (70.9%).
Thus, in Russia in 1989, 143,712 thousand people were fluent in Russian, or 97.7% of the country’s total population. This means that in Russia the Russian language as a language of interethnic communication is quite widespread. However, the use of the Russian language by a person of non-Russian nationality in various spheres of communication does not mean a rejection of his native language; on the contrary, it contributes to a deeper understanding of its characteristics. Knowledge of the Russian language, as research shows, does not lead to the oblivion of the native (national) language among non-Russian peoples and does not interfere with its study and assimilation. There is a growing trend towards bilingualism throughout the world, with more and more people speaking two or more languages. V. Therefore, the statements of those who believe that mastering the Russian language can displace the national language from communication are absolutely groundless.
The state of simultaneous mastery of two or more languages is called bilingualism, or polylingualism.. Bilingualism is a common phenomenon in multinational states, where national minorities, in addition to their native language, usually also use the language of the most numerous and dominant nation. Significant groups of bilingual populations are forming in the young states of Asia and Africa, where, along with local languages, official state languages are becoming increasingly widespread (in India - Hindi, in Pakistan - Urdu, in Indonesia - Bahasa Indonesia, in the Philippines - Pilipino), and in some African countries - foreign English or French languages. Bilingualism is often common along ethnic boundaries. It is also typical for countries with massive immigrant populations.
Recently, bilingualism has been increasingly developing, which is significantly influenced by urbanization and increased contacts various groups population, a general rise in educational and cultural levels. Under these conditions, some part of the people or even an entire people constantly use two languages in everyday life. Thus, Alsatians are almost completely bilingual (German and French). A significant part of the population of multinational states such as Belgium and Switzerland is bilingual or even trilingual.
Test questions and assignments
1. Why is language perceived as the main ethno-distinctive feature and ethnic value?
2. Analyze the role of language as a consolidating ethnic factor.
3. Expand the ethnosocial functions of language.
4. Trace the relationship between ethnicity and language.
5. What is considered a native language and what is its role in life?
person?
6. What are the significance and functions of the national language in the formation and development of nations?
7. What is the legal status and functions of the state language?
8. How are interlingual problems solved in multinational, multiethnic states?
9. What are the role and functions of the language of interethnic communication?
10. Analyze the relationship between the general federal state language and state languages republics in the Russian Federation.
11. What is the ethno-linguistic policy in the Russian Federation?
12. Based on census data, analyze ethnolinguistic processes in the Russian Federation.
Literature
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2. Bromley Y., Podolny R. Humanity is peoples. - M., 1990.
3. Civil service Russian Federation and interethnic relations. - M., 1995.
4. Guboglo M.N. Modern ethnolinguistic processes in the USSR. - M.,
1984.
5. Peoples of the world. Historical and ethnographic reference book. - M., 1988.
6. Peoples of Russia. Encyclopedia. - M., 1994.
7. Tavadov G.T. Ethnology. Dictionary-reference book. - M., 1998.
8. What you need to know about the peoples of Russia. - M., 1999.
9. Yuriev S.S. Legal status national minorities. - M., 2000.