What are sewer pipes? Sewage pipes for external sewerage. Classification of pipes and connections for sewerage

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Types of sewer pipes: from cast iron to ceramics

The topic of this article is types of sewer pipes. I am going to talk about their classification according to the materials used, diameter, shape and purpose. Not all of the described types of sewage systems are used to create household wastewater systems: some are designed for very specific conditions and are very rare, which will make getting to know them even more interesting.

By purpose

According to this parameter there are:

Internal(domestic) sewerage. It is characterized by the absence of serious mechanical loads, moderate aggressiveness and low temperature. As the name suggests, it is laid inside residential and administrative buildings;

Nobody bothers you to use pipes for internal sewerage in industrial conditions in the absence of specific requirements for it. If the temperature of the drains does not exceed 60-70 degrees and they do not contain concentrated alkalis and acids, an ordinary gray plastic pipe is most often used during installation.

Silent pipes for indoor installation. Most often they are white; they are characterized by slightly increased wall thickness and a multilayer structure with a middle layer of increased density (a mineral filler is introduced into the polymer). Such a complex structure is needed in order to more effectively dampen acoustic vibrations and prevent noise from spreading along the riser;

Silent sewer pipes are only part of a range of noise reduction measures. Creating a sewer system with improved acoustic characteristics requires the use of a minimum fastening step and the use of special fasteners with soft gaskets between the pipe and the clamp.

External sewerage Since it is laid in the ground and subjected to deformation loads, the pipes are characterized by increased ring rigidity. Plastic outdoor drainage is usually orange;

Storm water sewerage It has an increased diameter because rainwater carries a large number of garbage. Pipes are characterized by maximum ring stiffness: storm drains are often laid under the roadway;

Industrial sewerage designed for transporting hot and aggressive waste. As you might guess, chemical and heat resistance are considered in this area;
Pressure sewerage Here we will find increased wall thickness and resistance of sealed connections to internal hydraulic pressure.

By shape

Most sewer pipes are smooth bell-shaped. A socket is used to connect to an adjacent pipe or fitting. It is sealed with an O-ring, caulking, sealing mastics, cement mortar or low-temperature welding, depending on the sewer material.

Smooth socketless pipes are designed to be connected with couplings. The only difference with bell ones is that the bells have been moved from the pipe to the fitting.

Corrugated sewer pipe represents a compromise between maximum annular stiffness and material savings. Thanks to corrugation, maximum strength is achieved in relation to deforming loads at minimum thickness walls

Sewerage of this type usually has a two-layer structure:

The outer corrugated shell provides the necessary rigidity;
The smooth inner layer ensures no blockages and minimal hydraulic resistance.

By diameter

A couple of interesting facts related to the selection of sewer diameter:

The minimum diameter of the sewer pipe for a sink is 32 mm. This is exactly the cross-section that the elbows of plastic siphons have. Another thing is that the comb (indoor sewerage) in the area in front of the sink is always made with a diameter of 50 mm - simply because smaller diameters are not available from manufacturers;

The minimum diameter of the elbow under the sink is 32 mm.

The diameter can only increase as the waste flows. Any decrease in the cross section will become the site of constants.

By material

Now - about the materials from which the sewage system is made.

PVC

The advantages of a socketed PVC sewer pipe are well known:

Long (at least 50 years) service life;

The photo shows a PVC pipe after long-term use.

Resistance to solutions of alkalis, acids and biologically aggressive environments;
Very reasonable price. A two-meter bell-shaped gray pipe measuring 110 mm costs approximately 250 rubles; thicker walled red sewer pipe for external sewerage — 300;
Light weight, simplifying delivery and transportation to upper floors;
Extremely simple installation using sockets with rubber O-rings.

Straight horizontal sections sag over time under their own weight, forming counterslopes. Each counterslope is a potential site of permanent blockages;

The problem is completely solved by fastening pipes in increments of no more than 8 - 10 diameters. For example, a sewer pipe with a diameter of 110 mm is hung in increments of 0.9 - 1.1 meters.

PVC is afraid of bends, impacts and defrosting. At negative temperatures ah he becomes more fragile;
The heat resistance of PVC is limited to a temperature of 60 degrees (with the possibility of short-term heating to 80C). If you often pour boiling water down the drain, straight sections may become deformed;
Thin-walled PVC pipes serve as an excellent resonator and provide residents of the lower floors with unnecessary information about the toilet habits of their upstairs neighbors.

PVC pipes for external sewerage are often made in three layers, with a foamed inner layer. This improves the thermal insulation of the pipeline when it is laid in the ground at a shallow depth.

Polypropylene

The range of sizes, the joining method, and the rules for installing polypropylene pipes are the same as for PVC. The differences can easily be counted on the fingers of one hand of an experienced milling machine operator:

With the same wall thickness, polypropylene pipes have greater rigidity;
They tolerate high temperatures better: the softening of the polymer begins at approximately 120 C.

As a rule, white (silent) sewerage is made of polypropylene.

Polyethylene

The oldest polyethylene sewer pipes I came across were in houses built in the 70s. As a rule, one-piece combs were made from polyethylene for a specific kitchen and bathroom layout.

The main problem of the material was... the headlessness of the builders: during installation, the deformation of the pipe, its sagging during long-term use and periodic heating were not taken into account. As a result, the sagging comb became disconnected from the cast iron socket, and the connection began to leak.

In the 90s, the socket-shaped polyethylene pipes I already mentioned above, produced in accordance with GOST 22689.2-89, appeared on the market. The standard provides only 4 standard sizes: 40, 50, 90 and 110 mm. It is not difficult to guess that the material was used only for internal sewerage.

Compared to PVC and polypropylene, which have practically replaced it, polyethylene has the only drawback - low temperature resistance. It begins to deform even when heated to 60 C. But the list of advantages is very impressive:

Pipes made from this polymer not afraid of defrosting, since it remains elastic at subzero temperatures. The ice plug will only slightly stretch the pipeline, and after thawing it will return to its original size;

For comparison, a polyvinyl chloride sewer filled with water cracks when it freezes.

Polyethylene sewer can be installed with bend. In the case of PVC or polypropylene, this will most likely lead to the destruction of the pipe;
Elasticity and relatively thick walls (up to 5.6 mm with a diameter of 110 millimeters) make polyethylene sewer riser almost silent.

Despite the same with PVC nominal diameter, polyethylene pipes measuring 110 mm do not fit into the socket of the PVC fitting. To connect, the socket must be slightly stretched with preheating or a cuff adapter must be used.

Currently, the main area of use of polyethylene in sewerage is the production of corrugated pipes. Their large size (from 160 mm) implies use outside buildings, including when installing sewer collectors. On the way to the corresponding section of the sewer network, the hottest wastewater has time to cool down to a temperature that is safe for the polymer.

Gray cast iron

This material had no alternatives for the installation of sewer systems until the 70s and 80s of the last century. Now it is still in demand, but only in specific conditions:

At open installation risers with strict noise level requirements;
When laid in the ground at a shallow depth under large deforming loads (for example, under a dirt road).

The main problems of gray cast iron, which allowed polymers to seriously displace it in the market:

Limited service life. After only 30 - 40 years, corrosion often leads to the destruction of sockets, especially those experiencing significant operational loads (simply put, when the riser rests on the socket and not on the clamp);

Fragility. A relatively weak blow can lead to destruction of the bell;
Considerable weight, making transportation difficult;
High price. A two-meter pipe measuring 100 mm will cost the buyer 1300 - 1500 rubles;
Labor-intensive installation. About him - a little more detail.

Flare connection on cast iron sewer sealed coinage heel - organic fiber impregnated with bitumen or resin.

Instead, when installing a cast iron sewer system with your own hands, it is much more convenient to use a graphite seal. It is more durable and does not require mandatory sealing.

The heel is placed in the socket around the smooth pipe in several turns and compacted special tool, which is called minting. The socket is then sealed cement-sand mortar prepared in a 1:1 ratio, or pure cement.

Sealing one socket near a wall or under the ceiling sometimes takes an experienced mechanic 15-20 minutes. It is clear that the expenditure of effort and time is incomparable with plastic sewer, which just needs to be docked and secured with a clamp.

ductile iron

High-strength nodular cast iron differs from gray cast iron only by the addition of a small amount of magnesium to the melt, the presence of which leads to a change in the shape of the carbon particles. As a result, however, physical properties cast iron changes quite radically: it acquires the ductility and toughness of steel, while maintaining the corrosion resistance characteristic of cast iron.

Sewer pipes Ductile iron are used in sewerage areas with significant deforming loads. A typical way to connect them is with sockets with O-ring seals. The outside of the ductile iron is additionally protected from corrosion by a zinc coating, and from the inside by a cement-sand layer.

The only manufacturer of ductile iron sewer pipes in Russia is the Lipetsk plant Svobodny Sokol.

Asbestos cement

Asbestos-cement pipes GOST 1839-80 are used for external laying of free-flow sewerage. I have met them exclusively in storm drains and as outlets to wells.

This material is not very popular. Here are a few facts about him that the reader may find interesting:

The standard provides only five standard sizes - 100, 150, 200, 300 and 400 mm (outer diameter);
Wall thickness varies from 9 to 17 mm;
Pipes are produced in lengths of 2950 or 3950 mm;
They are produced with bells and smooth. In the latter case, couplings are used for connection;
Despite the fact that asbestos-cement sewerage is free-flowing, pipes and couplings are tested with an internal pressure of 4 kgf/cm2.

Concrete, reinforced concrete

Their area of application is storm drains and collectors. Pipes are non-pressure, with a diameter of up to 2400 mm. Connections can be:

Bell-shaped, with ring rubber seals;
Rebated, sealed with sealant.

Due to their considerable mass, loading equipment is forced to be used for laying pipes. It, along with levers and clamps, is used for joining socket joints.

Ceramics

In Russia ceramic drainage produced in accordance with GOST 286 - 82. The instructions contained in the text of the standard directly indicate the possibility of using ceramics for domestic and storm drains; however high price material forces it to be used only where there are no cheaper alternatives - during transportation high-temperature and particularly aggressive industrial wastewater.

What is useful to know about ceramics?

GOST provides for diameters of 150 - 600 mm;
Sewage elements must withstand internal pressure of at least 1.5 kgf/cm2;
When fired, both the outer and inner surfaces of the pipes are covered with a glaze with increased resistance to acids and alkalis;
Along with rubber sealing rings, the sockets are sealed with hemp strands impregnated with bitumen or resin (still with the same heel). For sealing a compacted socket it is used already familiarizing us cement-sand mixture, asbestos cement or asphalt mastic.

Practice

Theory is good; however, for most readers it is much more useful practical advice. What features do different pipes- we figured it out; but which ones are better when installing domestic sewerage?

For myself, I formulated the answer like this:

In an apartment or private house you can safely use gray pipes from PVC. Their noise level is compensated by laying them in the basement or through Technical buildings. Where this is not possible, collapsible boxes are constructed from gypsum plasterboard or wall panels;

For external installation, you can safely use an orange pipe made of the same PVC. In areas with increased loads, it is placed in a closed reinforced concrete tray. This solution guarantees the integrity of the sewer system during

Conclusion

I hope that I was able to answer all the questions that the dear reader has accumulated. As always, more information can be found in the video in this article. I would appreciate your comments and additions to this material. Good luck, comrades!

August 1, 2016

If you want to express gratitude, add a clarification or objection, or ask the author something - add a comment or say thank you!

Trouble-free operation sewer system depends on the correct choice of components and correct installation networks. Often home craftsmen arrange engineering systems independently and are faced with the primary question: which sewerage pipes in the house are better technically and financially.

We will help you sort out this difficult issue. The article we propose describes all types of pipes used, lists their positive and negative sides. The material is systematized to make it easier to compare product characteristics, service life, cost and application practice.

House sewer system - network engineering communications, designed for drainage of wastewater from private and multi-storey buildings. The movement of waste occurs spontaneously according to gravitational laws. The entire communication complex includes internal and external pipeline networks.

Internal sewerage consists of plumbing fixtures, filter units for preliminary cleaning of drains, pipelines, risers, collectors and branch lines located within the house.

Sewage pipes have different colors, indicating the purpose of the product. Gray or White color– installation of an intra-house main, red or orange color – arrangement of external sewerage

Terms of Use, technical specifications, prices of pipes for external and indoor installation differ from each other. Sewer network the house does not experience intense loads and is used in gentle conditions - the pipeline is laid inside the building and covered with decorative panels.

Basic requirements for the intra-house drainage main:

Strength. Despite the “lighter” operating conditions, the pipes must withstand mechanical loads and pressure from waste fluid flows.
Bio- and heat resistance. The manufacturing material must be chemically inert to aggressive components (cleaning agents, etc.) contained in the discharged masses. Equally important is resistance to high temperatures.
Smoothness. No gaps internal covering pipes ensure unhindered movement of waste. Even minor roughness over time causes a reduction in the flow area and clogging of the sewer.
Ease of installation. Light weight and easy to connect individual elements facilitate the assembly of the waste line.

An additional requirement is the compatibility of the internal pipeline with the sanitary facilities of the premises and elements of the external sewer network.

The rules for organizing intra-house sewerage are set out in SP 30.13330.2012 and SNiP 2.04.01. Standards allow the use of pipes made from materials that maintain stable hydraulic resistance for 25 years

The comfort of residents of an apartment or private house is impossible without a high-quality sewer system. Imported furniture and chic design in the rooms they have no weight if the drains leak. Therefore, before laying a water supply system, proper installation of PVC sewer pipes or cast iron structures is required. Let's consider the features of working with a plastic pipeline, since outlet communications are increasingly made of PVC. We'll tell you about the algorithm of work, share the secrets and tricks of professionals.

Selection of materials for sewerage

In 99% of cases, when installing sewer systems, plastic pipes (polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene) are used. The advantages of communications made of synthetic materials are lightness, ease of assembly, resistance to hydrothermal loads and corrosion, and durability.

PVC products are most often used when laying sewers

Note: For sewer structures, you can use plastic parts that are much thinner than for water pipes, since the pressure is lower.

Diameter is the key factor to consider. This value depends on the type of plumbing equipment. Minimum diameters:

bidets and sinks – from 32-40 mm;
showers and baths – from 50 mm;
if more than one device is supposed to be connected to the pipe - from 70-85 mm;
main risers – from 100 mm.

Before you begin installing sewer pipes with your own hands, draw up detailed diagram future system communications with calculations of consumables. Calculate the number and footage of parts and fittings.

Treat joints and fastening points with fittings with sealants for strength.

Using a common drain for several plumbing fixtures will save money and space in the room, and the result will be more aesthetically pleasing. Select the desired pipe diameter based on the recommendations above - sink, bathtub, washing machine can be connected to one pipe going to a common riser. The toilet must be connected directly to the riser - separately.

Preparatory work

It is possible to dismantle sewer pipes and lay new communications in a private house within a day to several days, in an apartment - from 1-2 to several hours. An illiterate approach and lack of a plan will drag out the event for weeks. Therefore, prepare thoroughly before starting work.

Determine the type, location and quantity of plumbing fixtures, pipes and fittings.
Make a diagram.
Calculate the stock of additional parts needed for the operation of the system (meterage of the structure, consumption of mixtures and fittings, count with a reserve).
If in the future it is planned to install additional plumbing with sewer drain, it is rational to leave a branch with a plug for it. Otherwise, you will have to change the system and dismantle the sewer pipes again.
Buy consumables.
According to the diagram, calculate the length of the sections, cut the pipes, taking into account the dimensions of the purchased fittings.

When marking a PVC product, make marks around the entire circumference

How to cut and strip PVC pipes

To cut plastic parts, just as when installing cast iron sewer pipes, use a hacksaw.

Cutting algorithm:

Mark the location of the cut in a circle - this will ensure a smooth edge, which will ensure the tightness of the joints.
Cut strictly at a 90° angle.
Then trim the ends sandpaper or a knife.

Keep in mind that the drainage system is installed on a slope, since the sewerage works based on the force of gravity. Fix the slope with brackets on the walls. You need to buy them in advance along with other materials.

Installation of sewerage from PVC sections

To avoid leaks and inconsistencies, when assembling the sewer system, it is recommended to move in the direction from the riser to the plumbing fixtures.

Attach the PVC communication to the wall every 100 cm, this will prevent subsidence and breakage

Instructions for installing sewerage from plastic pipes:

Mark the axes of pipelines, places of fastening to walls and other surfaces.
Assemble fasteners from pipes, pipes and fittings using sealed rubber bands. Insert the parts into each other until they stop. Make sure that the surfaces to be bonded are clean. Dirt will break the seal of the connection. And this leads to leaks and the appearance of an unpleasant odor due to moisture condensation (at joints, from sinks, bathtubs and the sewer itself).
Connect the structural parts, check the horizontal and vertical to ensure that the fastenings are level and secure.
Fasten the products with clamps, lay horizontal structures to siphons and plumbing outlets.

Advice: to increase the tightness, craftsmen advise lubricating the ends of the segments with non-acidic sealants, soap solution, auto sealants or glycerin-based lubricants.

When the system is assembled, connect all the plumbing fixtures one by one, including siphons from the bathtub and sinks.

Rules for laying sewerage indoors

Try to reduce the number of joints and turns; seamless communication is more reliable and durable. Every fastening point is a potential threat of future leaks; turns increase the risk of blockages.

For a high-quality result, follow the rules for installing sewer pipes:

When working with plumbing fixtures, take into account the characteristics of the material; each mixing unit has its own technology.
When calculating the diameter of products, take into account the slope angle and the number of connected devices. In the area of connection to the riser, use a diameter of 100-150 mm.
Direct the sockets of the riser and horizontal sections towards the flow Wastewater.
If, before laying new communications, sewer pipes in an apartment or house were dismantled, use plastic parts of the same diameter as the old ones.
For horizontal wiring It is allowed to use a diameter of 100 mm, as in the case of a toilet riser; for other single fasteners, 50 mm is sufficient.
The slope of the system should be 4-7 cm per 1 m.
To prevent the sewer from sagging, attach sections to the walls every 100 cm.
Be sure to include in the drawing fan ventilation. This will help regulate the pressure in the drain compartments and eliminate unpleasant odors.

Preventing blockages in PVC pipes

Despite the fact that in the event of a breakdown, removing PVC pipes is easier than dismantling cast iron sewer pipes, this is a troublesome undertaking and costs money. To avoid having to tear down or replace installed communications in the event of a blockage, provide “cleanouts” with plugs. Another preventive measure is additional vertical outlets for air check valves(a diameter of 50 mm is sufficient).

To clear possible blockages, leave the inspection with a plug - this will simplify access to the clogged area

Inspections with removable covers when installing pipes for external sewerage are installed every 15 m. For internal systems– at the junction of horizontal sections with a riser. This step will make it easier to clear the drain if it becomes clogged.

How to test your sewer

Upon completion of work, conduct leak tests of the sewer system.

Verification options:

turn on all existing plumbing fixtures at the same time;
Fill a bucket of water, pour it in one gulp into the sink, then into the bathtub.

During the inspection, examine all joints and connections. If no problems are found, the test is successful. If there are leaks, secure and re-treat. problem areas sealants or construction glue. After the insulating substances have dried, perform the tests again.

During tests, pay attention to joints and fastenings to fittings

Video: installation of plastic sewer pipes

We don’t see them, but we actively use them every day. It's about about internal sewer pipes that connect all objects with a vertical intra-house riser. The durability and reliability of the entire drainage system depends on the quality of the pipes, correctly selected material, diameter and angle of inclination. To decide which sewer pipes to choose for internal sewerage in an apartment or private house, it is better to first draw up a design for the system’s layout, evaluate the geometry of the room, the installation height of plumbing fixtures and other features.

No. 1. Material of internal sewer pipes

Internal sewerage can be done using the following pipes:

cast iron. Previously they were installed everywhere, but today they are practically not used;
polyvinyl chloride (PVC);
polypropylene. Looking ahead, we note that this is the most optimal option;
polyethylene. Infrequently used;
steel and copper. Expensive pipes that are not used, but are sometimes still used due to their appearance.

Despite the fact that polypropylene and PVC pipes are most widespread, when choosing, do not rush to immediately discard the other options, since in some cases cast iron and even copper pipes may be useful.

No. 2. Cast iron pipes for internal sewerage

Several decades ago there was no particular alternative to cast iron pipes, so they are widely found in homes old building. Today, cast iron is being replaced by plastic, but is still used. Such pipes are made from gray cast iron by centrifugal casting. To protect the material from corrosion and make the internal surface smooth, the pipes outside and inside are coated with a bitumen compound. Diameter cast iron pipes varies between 5-15 cm, wall thickness is 10-12 mm.

Advantages of cast iron pipes:

Surely, cast iron pipes would have remained among the leaders if not for significant disadvantages:

the walls become overgrown with sediment over time. This is due to the roughness of the material, which even bitumen coating cannot be completely eliminated. The process of overgrowing leads to a narrowing of the pipe lumen and a decrease in its throughput. Anyone who has seen what a pipe looks like after for long years exploitation, will never forget this terrible sight;
heavy weight of pipes, which complicates transportation;
complex installation, which is explained not only by the large weight, but also by the peculiarities of connecting pipe sections. In order for the sewer system to be airtight, it is necessary to correctly connect the elements. Usually they use the method of caulking or caulking using a heel;
susceptibility to corrosion processes;
high price.

Cast iron pipes are not used today to build a new sewer system, but they may be needed when reconstruction is already underway. existing systems. On this moment the use of cast iron pipes is also justified when arranging intra-house risers.

When choosing, it doesn’t hurt to carefully examine the products and tap each of them. This way, it is easy to detect cracks and other defects that form when the manufacturing process is disrupted. A defective pipe does not have a long service life. Various types of fittings, plugs and sockets are produced for connecting cast iron pipes.

No. 3. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) sewer pipes

For arranging internal sewerage systems, they are considered almost the most suitable option. During the production process, some other substances are added to polyvinyl chloride, which include stabilizers and polymers. Elements of the required shape are formed from the heated mass.

PVC pipes can be of two types:

pipes made of plasticized PVC (PVC) have good elasticity and low strength;
pipes made from unplasticized PVC (PVC-U) are more rigid and resistant to aggressive influences.

Of course, it is better to use unplasticized PVC, but in practice both types of pipes are used. The diameter of the products ranges from 2 to 20 cm.

Main advantages:

Minuses:

limited temperature Range operation. With constant exposure to negative temperatures, pipes become fragile and lose their tightness, and with constant exposure to temperatures above +60...+70 0 C, the material is capable of deformation and also loses its integrity;
insufficient fire resistance;
The inner walls of PVC pipes are smoother than those of cast iron, but over time they will still develop plaque. In addition, the internal diameter changes over the years. As a result of exposure high temperatures round section transforms into an ellipsoid, and this worsens throughput and contributes to the occurrence of leaks;
some aggressive substances contained in drains can still lead to the gradual destruction of pipes.

To install internal sewerage from PVC pipes, appropriate connecting elements are used. Among them knee, designed to rotate the pipeline at an angle from 20 to 87 degrees, tee for arranging branches, cross to connect four pipes, and reduction for connecting sections of pipes of different diameters.

No. 4. Polypropylene sewer pipes

Also calculate the distance from the riser to each drain point: if it is greater than allowed, then you will have to provide ventilation outlets and connectors.

Don't forget to also purchase siphons. It is desirable that they be made of the same material as the pipes, then there will be a minimum of problems with the connection. After creating a pipe layout project, the places where the pipe changes direction and branches, as well as the places where several branches are connected, are considered. Based on this, you can understand how much reduction connectors(for joining pipes with different diameters), bends(aka knees, an element for creating a bend), tees and crosses will be needed.

No. 8. Slope of internal sewer pipe

The sewer pipeline can be divided into two sections, vertical and horizontal. Vertical is a riser to which all horizontal pipes are connected, but it is a stretch to call them horizontal. Sewer pipes must be laid at a slight slope towards the riser. This is necessary in order to:

wastewater flowed faster into the general sewer system under the influence of gravity;
siltation of pipes did not occur, which occurs when wastewater stagnates in areas without the required slope;
There were no unpleasant odors or breakthroughs as a result of silting.

The larger the diameter of the sewer pipe, the smaller the slope required:

If these values are observed, the optimal speed of wastewater movement is ensured, 0.7-1 m/s.

You should resist the temptation to make the slope greater than required. The larger the angle, the faster the drains will leave the apartment. This seems to be good, but such speed brings with it a lot of problems:

particles of sewage, solid food debris and other debris under the influence high speed flow remains in the pipe;
The pipes become silted and completely clogged. The service life of such a system is several times less than that built according to all the rules.

The slope should not exceed 15 cm per 1 meter. It is formed by means of fasteners on which the pipe will be held, or by creating grooves in the wall.

In conclusion, we note that a burst sewer pipe is one of the most unpleasant accidents that can happen in an apartment. That is why it is not worth saving on the purchase of pipes and their installation.

To select the right pipelines, you must take them into account geometric parameters. One of the most important indicators is the diameter of the sewer PVC pipes, PPE, and cast iron.

There are certain standards according to which the size of a sewer pipe depends on the area of its use. Thus, a pipeline with a diameter of 40–50 mm is installed in kitchen and sink drains, and 75–100 mm in diameter in the sewer leading from the toilet.

Standard parameters depend on the volume of water that must leave the container in a certain time. For example, in an apartment in a multi-storey building there are standard toilets, from which a large volume of water along with waste must come out in a short period of time. Therefore, in most cases, for toilets, the diameter of plastic or cast iron pipes is chosen to be at least 110 mm.

Table on how to choose the internal diameter for a sewer pipe depending on the use of the outlet:

If you have non-standard parameters of water supply systems, then before installing a sewer system you need to determine the relationship between the amount of wastewater and the rate of its discharge. For this, certain geometric parameters are calculated.

In addition to the fact that the correct diameter allows you to calculate the water drainage rate, pipe cleaning is also carried out taking this parameter into account. For example, the technology of sewer cleaning with Kärcher systems is now very popular, but they are used only on pipes with a diameter of 100 mm or more.

Pipe calculation

To individually select a pipe for installation in houses, cottages or in the country, it is necessary to calculate the permeability. To calculate the useful pipe diameter (internal d), you need to know the following parameters:

D – outer (external) diameter, mm;
B – wall thickness, mm;
m – mass linear meter pipes, g (necessary to take into account the number and type of fastenings, if necessary complete replacement pipeline);
S – cross-sectional area, mm 2.

Formulas for calculation:

S = π/4 (D 2 – d 2);

Many manufacturers polyethylene pipes mark most of the required parameters on the communication. But, as a standard, the tap is initially known only outside diameter(D) and wall thickness. Most important parameter is the internal diameter, with its help the pipe is connected to the main and the sewerage is laid, the selection of additional elements, fittings, etc.

Moreover, unlike polypropylene plastic pipes, cast iron sewer lines are initially specified by the manufacturer with a useful internal diameter. Like steel, it is designated DN. May have different meanings, in whole numbers, for example, DN 110 or DN 200. This means that this pipe has a nominal water drainage diameter of 110 or 200 millimeters, respectively.

How to determine pipe sizes

Polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride and others plastic communications foreign-made, most often indicated in inches. It may also be that you need to install fasteners on the pipeline, but its dimensions are also given in inches, while the pipe is indicated in mm.

To do this, you need to translate the known inch dimensions in millimeters. According to the data, 1 inch is 25.4 mm. It turns out that a pipe with a diameter of 2 inches = 50.8 mm, etc. Fractional values are very often used, this is how clamps, fittings, couplings and communications are marked.

Let's look at their meaning in the table:

In inches	In millimeters	In inches	In millimeters
1/8	3,2	1 1/8	28,6
1/4	6,4	1 1/4	31,8
3/8	9,5	1 3/8	34,9
1/2	12,7	1 1/2	38,1
5/8	15,9	1 5/8	41,3
3/4	19	1 3/4	44,4
7/8	22,2	1 7/8	47,6

2 1/8	54	3 1/8	79,4
2 1/4	57,2	3 1/4	82,6
2 3/8	60,3	3 3/8	85,7
2 1/2	63,5	3 1/2	88,9
2 5/8	66,7	3 5/8	92,1
2 3/4	69,8	3 3/4	95,2
2 7/8	73	3 7/8	98,4

But, when measuring a socket manually, for example, with a ruler, the nearest minimum size is always taken. For example, the diameter in millimeters of a sewer pipe for a sink is 34. It turns out that the outer diameter is 1 ¼ inches. Be careful when selecting sizes, otherwise you will have to buy additional spacers or adapters. But the coupling is selected based on the nearest larger indicator, i.e., 34 mm will be considered 1 3/8 inches.

Video: Joining pipes of different diameters in the sewer system.

Steel two-way communications may have different indicators on different sides; you need to double-check the data. This can be done by experimental measurements with a caliper or plug gauge.

Table: Diameters ceramic pipes

SNiP

Before you buy sewer pipes large diameter, you need to familiarize yourself with the requirements of SNiP. There are systems designed for use in large cities; accordingly, they have larger diameters, and communications that are used in urban settlements or villages. Based on the standards specified in sanitary standards and rules:

For installation of sewerage systems in urban networks with a flow of more than 300 cubic meters in 24, pipes with a diameter of 150 mm are used;
To carry out the installation of drainage for production premises– up to 130 mm, but it is necessary to use a sealing collar;
Laying pipes for non-pressure sewers is permitted with communications up to 100 mm.

Various domestic and foreign companies are engaged in the production and installation of sewerage pipes. The price of communications directly depends on the diameter and material of the drain. Before installing already selected pipelines, it is advisable to consult with a specialist in order to prevent possible leaks and emergency situations due to a discrepancy between the requirements and the purchased pipes.