Instructions
A general clinical blood test is the determination of hemoglobin concentration, color index, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), counting the number of erythrocytes, leukocytes and leukocyte formula.
Hemoglobin is a protein consisting of heme and globin protein. Functions of hemoglobin: transport of oxygen from the lungs to tissues, excretion carbon dioxide from the body. The concentration of hemoglobin in the blood depends on age and gender. For middle-aged women this value is 120-140 g/l, for middle-aged women – 140-160 g/l.
Increased concentration hemoglobin levels may indicate dehydration, excessive physical activity or agitation, or smoking. A reduced hemoglobin concentration may indicate anemia of various etiologies: with blood loss, with impaired blood formation, with increased blood destruction.
An erythrocyte is a nuclear-free blood element containing hemoglobin. The function of the red blood cell is to transport hemoglobin. The number of red blood cells in the blood depends on age and gender. For middle-aged women, this value is 3.5 – 5.0*1012/l, for middle-aged women – 4.0 – 5.5*1012/l.
An increased level of red blood cells in the blood may indicate increased physical activity, obesity, emotional stress, alcoholism, smoking, lung diseases, and heart defects. A low level of red blood cells in the blood indicates the presence of anemia. In iron deficiency anemia against the background of chronic losses, a normal red blood cell count or a slight decrease is noted. In acute blood loss and B12 deficiency anemia, the number of red blood cells is greatly reduced.
The color index is the relative content of hemoglobin in a red blood cell. Color index norm: 0.85-1.05. A color index of less than 0.8 suggests the presence of iron deficiency anemia. A color index of more than 1.1 may indicate the presence of megaloblastic anemia, anemia due to liver cirrhosis, taking contraceptives, or anticonvulsants.
The main function of leukocytes is to protect the body from foreign agents, due to their participation in immunity and the presence of phagocytic activity. The number of leukocytes in the blood depends on age. For a middle-aged person, this figure is 4.0 – 8.8*109/l.
An increase in the number of blood leukocytes may indicate a bacterial, viral, fungal infection, an inflammatory state of the body, malignant tumors, or leukemia. A low white blood cell count may indicate bone marrow damage chemicals, medications, acute leukemia, sepsis, result.
The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) depends on age and gender. For middle-aged women, the ESR should be less than 12 mm/h; for middle-aged men, the ESR should be less than 8 mm/h. An increase in ESR is a sign of the presence of infectious or inflammatory processes in the body. In the acute period of the disease, ESR increases, during the recovery period it slows down.
The normal level of basophils in the blood of a middle-aged person is 0-0.5%. Its increase may indicate allergic reaction on food, medications, chronic ulcerative colitis, estrogen treatment.
General analysis urine and other urine tests are a simple and painless laboratory technique for studying the body. Clinical results reveal many diseases and pathologies.
It is worth understanding what a general urine test shows, because it is always listed first on the list of required tests. In medical practice, urine is actually the most informative biological fluid for the purposes of research of many internal organs and urinary tract. This means that you need to understand what a urine test shows regarding various research methods, what it can determine, and why it is prescribed.
A general urine test allows one to evaluate the physicochemical parameters of biological material and microscopic examination of sediment. Urine formation occurs in the kidneys with accumulation in bladder, and is excreted from the body through the genitourinary organ – the urethra. The process of urine formation, as well as excretion, occurs with the involvement of several body systems. That is why clinical analysis is always listed first in the list of studies that reveals general state the activity of many internal organs, and most importantly, the urinary system and kidneys.
Depending on what a general urine test shows, the attending physician will formulate a further examination. Thus, a clinical examination of urine reveals many pathologies associated not only with the urinary tract:
- Diagnosis of kidney-related diseases: nephrosclerosis, nephritis, urolithiasis, amyloidosis, tumors.
- The study reveals ailments associated with the prostate gland and bladder.
- Define pyelonephritis.
- A clinical urine test is prescribed, which shows and identifies the primary signs of developing diseases.
- You should undergo testing after suffering from an infectious streptococcal disease: scarlet fever, tonsillitis.
Groups of research indicators
Modern medicine uses urine as a valuable biological material in various techniques, allowing screening and diagnosing many different pathologies of the body. However, the most extensive and common testing is clinical (general) urine analysis due to the following stages of indicators:
- Physical properties of biological material.
- Identifies and examines low molecular weight organic compounds.
- Microscopy examines urinary sediment.
Before collecting biomaterial, you should know about some preparation rules. After all, what a urine test shows is deciphered and diagnosed by a physician. As preparatory activities implied:
- stop drinking alcohol, fatty and spicy foods, and urine-coloring foods (beets, blueberries, etc.);
- prepare a sterile container for collecting urine (sterile glass container or Plastic container from the pharmacy);
- morning average urine is collected after preliminary hygiene of the genital organs;
- Delivery of biomaterial to the laboratory should take place within 2 hours maximum.
When visiting a doctor with complaints about health, the patient is first prescribed blood and urine tests. Based on their results and manifestations of the disease, the doctor makes a preliminary diagnosis. If the signs are similar to the manifestation of oncological processes, the patient will be prescribed a biochemical blood test, which will reveal or deny cancer. In addition, a number of additional procedures will be required: ultrasound diagnostics of the affected organ, magnetic resonance imaging, computer diagnostics, colonoscopy, biopsy, etc. Blood biochemistry can also be taken as a screening (preventive) study to monitor your own health.
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Oncology or malignant formation occurs both in healthy tissues of the human body and in damaged ones. The reasons why healthy cells begin to mutate, degenerate and begin to “kill” their own kind are still completely unknown. There are a number of factors that provoke such changes in the body. These include smoking, alcohol abuse, poor diet, harmful conditions production, environmental conditions, chronic diseases. People with at least one risk factor are more likely to develop cancer. But even patients who are absolutely healthy and attentive to their lifestyle often encounter this problem. Therefore, no one is safe from malignant tumors.
The number of cancer victims has increased especially in last years. The only way to defeat and stop the disease is its early diagnosis. Only in the first, initial stages of cancer, can it be treated, and quite successfully. To protect yourself, you need to undergo an annual preventive examination, general and biochemical blood and urine tests.
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They will be able to show whether malignant formations are present in the patient’s body, tell which organs are affected and at what stage the disease is.
Blood tests for oncology are divided into two types: general or clinical and biochemical. You can get a referral to have them tested from your local therapist or from a specialist, to whom the patient will contact with specific complaints about their well-being. If interpretation of research results shows deviations from healthy standards, the doctor will issue directions for additional examinations. In addition to a specialist treating the affected organ, you will need to consult an oncologist.
It must be remembered that the results of the studies obtained do not yet constitute a reason for making a serious diagnosis. They must be supported by ultrasound or MRI images, reports from many doctors, and symptoms of the existing disease. If the transcript shows a deviation from healthy indicators, but other examinations have not revealed anything, and there are no signs of illness, such an analysis is considered to be false positive.
The very first blood test for oncology is clinical.
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It can be taken at a city clinic or a private laboratory. The duration of the procedure is minimal – a few hours. Decoding its data will not tell whether the patient has cancer, but will indicate the presence of inflammatory processes in the body or a lack of red blood cells. First of all, you need to pay attention to the level of leukocytes and ESR, which increase during destructive processes in the body or the appearance of foreign bodies, which include cancer cells.
Also, with oncology, the level of hemoglobin in the blood may drop. If protein is present in urine tests, this also indicates an inflammatory process, most often in the genitourinary system. To understand whether these inflammations are symptoms of malignant tumors, additional procedures need to be performed.
Deciphering biochemical analysis can be more informative and effective in diagnosing cancer. When performing it, specific markers of malignant formations are taken into account - tumor markers. These are certain protein compounds produced only by cancer cells. It is easy to determine which organ is affected by a cancerous tumor - each organ has its own types of proteins and antigens, dissimilar from each other.
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Thanks to this difference, the doctor becomes clear in which organ system to look for the disease: it could be damage to the intestines, breast, genitourinary system, liver, kidneys, stomach, etc. The analysis shows not only the presence of antigens, but also their increase in dynamics at re-execution research.
By conducting a general blood test for oncology in a patient for prevention, it is possible to determine the presence of the disease at least six months earlier than it enters the terminal, incurable stage.
What to look for when decoding a general analysis
When receiving clinical analysis data, the doctor pays attention to changes in indicators such as white and red blood cells and hemoglobin. Their deviation from the norm is a sign of the development of an inflammatory process, which can also be a symptom of a cancerous tumor. During oncological processes, sharp changes in the indicators of the last parameter are observed. If healthy person hemoglobin can range from 110 to 140 g/l, deviating from these norms by ten units, which is explained by age-related norms; in case of cancerous tumors it can drop to 60–80 g/l.
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As hemoglobin levels fall, an increase in leukocytes, the cells responsible for fighting viruses and infections, is also observed. Considering these two parameters together, we can say with confidence about the existing health problems, expressed in the destruction of healthy organ cells.
In addition to leukocytes, changes in erythrocyte sedimentation rate are also present. The ESR parameter increases because the leukocytes, having fulfilled their purpose, “stick” to the red blood cells and, according to the laws of gravity, pull them down. A deviation from the norm should be considered an excess of 8–15 mm/h in the fairer sex by several units, and an increase of 6–12 mm/h in the stronger half of humanity. If all three indicators are abnormal, and protein is found in the urine, the presence of cancer can be assumed. Next, the patient will need to undergo a biochemical analysis for the presence of antigens and protein compounds of cancer tumors.
Sometimes the doctor may direct the patient not to retake urine and blood tests, especially if the person does not show any symptoms of the disease. It is possible that due to human factors, a study may produce false results.
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Repeated donation of blood from a finger and urine will help refute previously obtained results or track their changes over time.
Testing serum for the presence of antigens
Biochemistry taken on an empty stomach shows the presence of antigens in the patient’s blood. Thanks to these substances, the doctor will be able to determine not only the presence of a malignant tumor, but also the location of the tumor, its size, stage, and also predict further complications and damage to nearby organs.
By tracking such readings over time, it is possible to determine how quickly the tumor grows and develops, which organs still suffer from cancer, and whether there is an effect from the treatment therapy.
The most common types of antigens are PSA, CA 125, CA 15-3, CA 19-9, CEA.
PSA is prostate specific antigen. This tumor marker is a manifestation of ailments in men. PSA is secreted in small quantities by the prostate gland, and its parameters change with age. But an excessive increase in prostate tumor markers becomes a symptom of the development of a prostate tumor in a man.
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The next type of antigen is the tumor marker CA 125. This is a parameter associated with the health of the female reproductive system. Most often CA 125 exceeds acceptable standards with malignant processes in the ovaries. A high CA 125 level also indicates endometrial cancer of the uterine cavity. In addition to diseases of the genital organs, CA 125 can also increase in cancer of other organs, but in such cases it is not a leading tumor marker. Even if CA 125 is exceeded, it is too early to say that the woman has cancer. A number of additional studies and procedures will be required to confirm the preliminary findings.
The CA 19–9 tumor marker will help identify colon and pancreatic cancers. Also, to diagnose intestinal diseases, you should pay attention to the CA 242 marker, which more specifically indicates the location of the formation. The carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) will also indicate in which part of the intestine pathological changes are present. However, one should not rely only on CEA, since it can increase not only with neoplasms of the pancreas, mammary glands, intestines and genitourinary organs, but also with cirrhosis of the liver.
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To confirm or refute diseases of the intestines or pancreas, all tumor markers should be considered in combination, as well as additional examinations.
To diagnose cancerous tumors in the mammary glands, women use not only tumor markers, but also immunohistochemical studies (IHC). It uses reagents containing special colored antibodies that come into contact with leukocytes. They unite, which provokes chemical reaction, which is recorded by IHC. Not only the patient’s blood will be required, but also cells from the tumor found in the breast. With its help, you can choose a more accurate and effective treatment strategy, which will help you optimally cope with the disease.
When health problems begin: the inflammatory process does not go away or the traditional course of treatment for some disease does not bring results, the doctor gives a referral for tests. The simplest test, a blood test taken from a finger, can tell enough about the patient’s condition.
Other blood cells may be in short supply. Anemia is noted.
If the analysis reveals the presence of granulocytes or granular leukocytes in increased numbers, then we can talk about developing chronic leukemia.
Anemia and a decrease in the number of other types of cells may also occur.
Biochemical analysis helps determine whether the pathological process has caused tumor formations in other organs. With blood cancer, a pathological disorder can occur with any type of blood cell, this is clarified through research.
Increased level of tumor marker B-2-MG may indicate the presence of multiple myeloma, lymphoma, or lymphocytic leukemia.
Patient preparation
To ensure that blood indicators on cancer are not influenced by unaccounted factors, it is recommended to perform preparatory steps before submitting the material for analysis.
- You should stop taking systemic medications two weeks before the procedure.
- In order not to worsen the result due to the body’s reaction to alcohol, fried and fatty foods, you should not consume this a couple of days before the test.
- Smoking involves negative processes in the body, so it is necessary to stop smoking at least an hour before the procedure.
- It is recommended to spend half an hour before the procedure at rest, excluding mental and physical stress.
- If the day before the patient underwent other types of examination using devices or instruments, then it is better to take a pause so as not to get a distorted result.
Rules for general analysis:
- A small meal is possible in four to five hours, but it is better to take a break from eating for eight hours. You can drink water.
Biochemical analysis:
- To get the correct, undistorted result, you must fast for 8 ÷ 12 hours before the procedure. Since the collection of material for analysis is usually carried out in the morning, the break in food occurs during night sleep. You can drink water.
Video about diagnosing cancer using blood tests:
We hope that most FITFAN readers are careful about their health. You exercise actively, eat right and take various supplements wisely. Most likely, you no longer remember what a medical card looks like or whether it exists at all!))
And yet, sometimes you can catch some kind of bacillus or just feel a general malaise. In this case, you should definitely see a therapist who will prescribe the necessary procedures.
But even if you feel excellent, you can sometimes (once a year) take an extended blood test in any paid laboratory. After all, nothing speaks volumes about your health like numbers!
We are not going to go into numbers and talk about normal values, as these values may vary depending on how the results are displayed. Wherever you take the tests, the limits will be indicated on the printout normal values. You will see which values exceed the norm.
Also keep in mind that each of the tests is closely related to the others and only a qualified doctor can accurately determine the problem (hello Dr. House!).
For example, abnormal levels of calcium in the blood may be a sign of lymphoma, bone tumors with the appearance of metastases, vitamin D poisoning, Addison's disease, acromegaly.
Thus, self-diagnosis may lead to misdiagnosis.
General blood analysis
The simplest and fastest analysis, the results of which can be obtained within a few hours after blood collection.Hemoglobin is a complex protein whose main function is the transfer of oxygen from the lungs to the cells of the body and the removal of carbon dioxide.
Reasons for the increase:
smoking
diseases accompanied by an increase in the number of red blood cells
congenital heart defects, pulmonary heart failure
blood thickening (dehydration)
Reasons for the downgrade:
increased loss of hemoglobin during bleeding - hemorrhagic anemia
lack of iron necessary for the synthesis of hemoglobin, or vitamins involved in the formation of red blood cells (mainly B12, folic acid) - iron deficiency or B12 deficiency anemia
increased destruction (hemolysis) of red blood cells – hemolytic anemia
impaired formation of blood cells in specific hematological diseases - hypoplastic anemia, sickle cell anemia, thalassemia
Red blood cells- the most numerous elements of blood. Main function– transfer of hemoglobin. In addition, red blood cells perform an enzymatic and nutritional function - the red blood cell membrane is capable of transporting amino acids and lipids from the gastrointestinal tract to organs and tissues. There are also antibodies on the surface of red blood cells that allow them to perform antitoxic functions. The average lifespan of red blood cells is 120 days.
Reasons for the increase:
congenital heart defects
dehydration
polycythemia, i.e. increased number of red blood cells per unit volume of blood
insufficiency of adrenal cortex function
Reasons for the downgrade:
decreased bone marrow function
iron deficiency
hemolytic anemia (increased destruction of red blood cells)
vitamin B12 deficiency
bleeding
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). In acute inflammatory and infectious processes, changes in the erythrocyte sedimentation rate are noticeable 24 hours after an increase in temperature and an increase in the number of leukocytes.
Reasons for acceleration:
inflammatory diseases of various etiologies
paraproteinemia (multiple myeloma, Waldenström's disease)
acute and chronic infections (pneumonia, osteomyelitis, tuberculosis, syphilis)
tumor diseases (carcinoma, sarcoma, acute leukemia, lymphogranulomatosis, lymphoma)
autoimmune diseases (collagenosis)
myocardial infarction
kidney diseases (chronic nephritis, nephrotic syndrome)
hypoproteinemia
anemia, condition after blood loss
intoxication
injuries, bone fractures
condition after shock, surgical interventions
hyperfibrinogenemia
in women during pregnancy, menstruation, and the postpartum period
elderly age
reception medicines(estrogens, glucocorticoids)
Reasons for the slowdown:
erythremia and reactive erythrocytosis
epilepsy
pronounced symptoms of circulatory failure
starvation, decrease muscle mass
taking corticosteroids, salicylates, calcium and mercury preparations
vegetarian diet
muscular dystrophy
pregnancy (especially 1st and 2nd semester)
Platelets. Small anucleate cells with a diameter of 2 - 4 microns. In blood vessels, platelets can be located near the walls and in the bloodstream. They participate in the formation of blood clots during the blood clotting process to stop bleeding. The lifespan of platelets is 7-10 days.
Impaired platelet concentration can be the result of many serious diseases!
Leukocytes. Blood cells that ensure the recognition and neutralization of foreign components, the elimination of altered and decaying cells of the body's own, effectors of immune and inflammatory reactions, the basis of the body's antimicrobial defense. There are 5 main types of leukocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, which perform different functions.
Reasons for the increase:
inflammatory processes
acute bacterial and viral infections
intoxication, including endogenous (diabetic acidosis, eclampsia, uremia, gout)
burns and injuries, shock
acute bleeding
surgical interventions
infarction of internal organs (myocardium, lungs, kidneys, spleen)
rheumatic attack
malignant tumors
Reasons for the downgrade:
viral infections (selectively), some chronic infections
systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and other collagenoses
taking sulfonamides, chloramphenicol, analgesics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, thyreostatics, cytostatics
exposure to ionizing radiation
some types of leukemia (alukemic phase of acute leukemia, hairy cell leukemia)
splenomegaly
bone marrow hypo- and aplasia
megaloblastic anemia
anaphylactic shock
wasting and cachexia
Felty's syndrome
Gaucher disease
paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
Blood chemistry
AST– aspartate aminotransferase. A cellular enzyme involved in amino acid metabolism. AST is found in the tissues of the heart, liver, kidneys, nervous tissue, skeletal muscles and other organs. Due to the high content of these organs in the tissues, the AST blood test is a necessary method for diagnosing diseases of the myocardium, liver and various muscle disorders.Reasons for the increase:
myocardial infarction
viral, toxic, alcoholic hepatitis
angina pectoris
acute pancreatitis
liver cancer
acute rheumatic carditis
ALT– alanine aminotransferase. An intracellular enzyme that breaks down amino acids and keto acids. It is a diagnostic marker for a number of diseases.
Reasons for the increase:
damage to liver cells (hepatocytes): viral hepatitis, poisoning, use of drugs leading to the development of toxic hepatitis, alcoholic hepatitis
obstructive jaundice
liver cancer (carcinoma)
cirrhosis of the liver
fatty liver disease
acute pancreatitis
myocardial infarction
muscular dystrophy
myocarditis
myositis
heart failure (in some cases)
some blood diseases
shock, hypoxia
extensive trauma, severe burns
Reasons for the downgrade:
severe liver damage
vitamin B6 deficiency
Intense training can cause levels of both enzymes to increase due to muscle damage. So don't be alarmed if your numbers deviate a little from the norm. Also, some painkillers can also increase AST and ALT.
Alkaline phosphatase. This enzyme is formed in bone tissue, liver, large and small intestines, placenta, and lung tissue. A biochemical blood test for alkaline phosphatase is carried out to diagnose diseases of the skeletal system, liver, biliary tract and kidneys.
Reasons for the increase:
bone disease, including bone tumors, sarcoma, cancer metastases to bone
multiple myeloma
hyperparathyroidism
lymphogranulomatosis with bone lesions
Infectious mononucleosis
rickets
liver diseases (cirrhosis, cancer, infectious hepatitis, tuberculosis)
pulmonary infarction, renal infarction
biliary tract tumors
Reasons for the downgrade:
hypothyroidism
bone growth disorders
lack of zinc, magnesium, vitamin B12 or C (scurvy) in food
anemia (anemia)
Bilirubin(general and direct). Bilirubin is part of bile. Bilirubin analysis shows how the human liver functions. The determination of bilirubin is part of a set of diagnostic procedures for many diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Bilirubin is found in blood serum following forms: direct bilirubin and indirect bilirubin. Together, these forms form total blood bilirubin, the determination of which is important in laboratory diagnostics.
Reasons for the increase in total:
lack of vitamin B 12
acute and chronic liver diseases
liver cancer
hepatitis
primary cirrhosis of the liver
toxic, alcoholic, drug liver poisoning
cholelithiasis.
Reasons for increasing direct:
acute viral or toxic hepatitis
infectious liver damage caused by cytomegalovirus, secondary and tertiary syphilis
cholecystitis
jaundice in pregnant women
hypothyroidism in newborns
Albumen. The main blood protein produced in the human liver. The determination of albumin is used to diagnose liver and kidney diseases, rheumatic diseases, and oncological diseases.
Reasons for the increase:
dehydration
Reasons for the downgrade:
chronic liver diseases (hepatitis, cirrhosis, liver tumors)
intestinal diseases
sepsis, infectious diseases, suppurative processes
rheumatism
burn
injury
fever
malignant tumors
heart failure
drug overdose
taking estrogens, oral contraceptives, steroid hormones
long fasting
Urea. In the process of urea synthesis, ammonia, a very toxic substance for humans, is neutralized. Urea is excreted from the body by the kidneys. Accordingly, if urea is poorly excreted from the blood, this means a violation of the excretory function of the kidneys.
Reasons for the increase:
kidney diseases (glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, renal tuberculosis)
heart failure
obstruction of urine flow (bladder tumor, bladder stones)
leukemia, malignant tumors
heavy bleeding
intestinal obstruction
shock, fever
burns
urinary tract obstruction
acute myocardial infarction
Uric acid. Removes excess nitrogen from the human body. The kidneys are responsible for removing uric acid from the human blood. When kidney function is impaired, uric acid metabolism is disrupted. As a result, sodium salts accumulate in the blood and the level of uric acid increases, causing various damage to organs and tissues.
Reasons for the increase:
leukemia, lymphoma
anemia caused by vitamin B12 deficiency
some acute infections (pneumonia, scarlet fever, tuberculosis)
diseases of the liver and biliary tract
diabetes
chronic eczema
psoriasis
hives
kidney diseases
toxicosis in pregnant women
acidosis
secondary “alcoholic’s gout” (acute alcohol poisoning)
Reasons for the downgrade:
Wilson-Konovalov disease
Fanconi syndrome
diet low in nucleic acids
Creatinine. It is formed in the liver and then released into the blood. Creatinine is involved in the energy metabolism of muscle and other tissues. It is excreted from the body through the kidneys in urine, so creatinine is an important indicator of kidney activity.
Creatinine levels may increase due to creatine supplementation, muscle mass, or even a heavy meat diet. So if yours is a little high, don't panic.
Reasons for the increase:
symptom of acute and chronic renal failure, radiation sickness, hyperthyroidism
a large number of meat food in the diet
Reasons for the increase:
rheumatic diseases
diseases of the gastrointestinal tract
cancer
myocardial infarction
neonatal sepsis
tuberculosis
meningitis
postoperative complications
taking estrogens and oral contraceptives
Total cholesterol. You should only worry about your health because of this indicator if it is off the charts or, conversely, very low. This test can be considered practically useless, except in cases where very low hormone levels may be caused by insufficient cholesterol.
LDL- low density lipoproteins. Another important analysis to determine the risk of developing problems with the cardiovascular system. Many people believe that this is cholesterol, but this is not so. As the name suggests, it is a lipoprotein. It delivers cholesterol from the liver to all cells of the body. Often referred to as "bad cholesterol", although it should rather be called "bad lipoprotein".
Reasons for the increase:
primary hereditary hypercholesterolemia (hyperlipoproteinemia types IIA and IIB types)
obesity
obstructive jaundice
xanthomatosis
diabetes
hypothyroidism
cholesterol-rich diet
reception medicines(beta blockers, diuretics, progestins, oral contraceptives, glucocorticoids, androgens)
Reasons for the downgrade:
hyperlipoproteinemia type II
hyperthyroidism
chronic anemia
malabsorption syndrome
cystic fibrosis
acute stress
multiple myeloma
severe fasting
diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol, rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids
taking medications such as cholestyramine, clofibrate, lovastatin, neomycin, interferon, thyroxine, estrogens)
HDL- high density lipoproteins. These are lipoproteins that deliver cholesterol from body tissues and vascular endothelium back to the liver. Low level HDL is bad. Tracking this indicator is just as important as LDL.
Reasons for the increase:
physical labor
under the influence of estrogens, which is a condition for greater longevity of female representatives
drinking alcohol
bowel cancer
acute purulent-inflammatory processes in soft tissues
primary biliary cirrhosis of the liver
under the influence of certain pesticides
Reasons for the downgrade:
atherosclerosis
coronary heart disease (CHD), myocardial infarction
obesity
smoking
cholestasis, chronic liver diseases
diabetes
nephrotic syndrome, chronic renal failure
hyperlipoproteinemia type IV
Tangier disease (alpha lipoprotein deficiency)
diet rich in carbohydrates or polyunsaturated fatty acids
Triglycerides. Another test to identify the risk of coronary heart disease. Triglycerides are fats found in the blood. They act as a storage facility for energy reserves. When their levels rise, triglycerides are stored in the fatty tissue on your sides.
High intake of carbohydrates and fats can increase triglyceride levels in the blood. Excess carbohydrates are converted into fats, thereby increasing their concentration in the blood. There are other reasons why triglyceride levels are disrupted. Normalizing nutrition is the first step to correcting the situation.
Reasons for the increase:
coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, hypertension
atherosclerosis
cerebral thrombosis
chronic renal failure
obesity
viral hepatitis, liver cirrhosis
gout
thalassemia
impaired glucose tolerance
Down syndrome
liver diseases - hepatitis, cirrhosis
hypercalcemia
alcoholism
diabetes
hypothyroidism
acute and chronic pancreatitis.
Reasons for the downgrade:
chronic lung diseases
cerebral infarction
hyperthyroidism
damage to parenchyma (kidney tissue)
myasthenia gravis
injuries, burns
malnutrition
taking vitamin C
Hormones
TSH- thyroid-stimulating hormone. By acting on specific receptors in the thyroid gland, it stimulates the production and activation of thyroxine. In addition, thyrotropin causes some long-lasting effects that take several days to appear. This is, for example, an increase in protein synthesis, nucleic acids, phospholipids, increase in the number and size of thyroid cells. Thyrotropin is characterized by daily fluctuations in secretion. However, as you already understand, problems with the release of this hormone will lead to problems with the functioning of the thyroid gland.Reasons for the increase:
hypothyroidism
heavy mental illness
adrenal insufficiency
various tumors (pituitary tumor, etc.)
Reasons for the downgrade:
hyperthyroidism
pituitary injury
decreased pituitary function
Free T4 - thyroid hormone. Most of the T4 circulating in the blood is associated with transport proteins; biological effects are exerted by the free part of the hormone, accounting for 3-5% of the concentration of total T4. The concentration of T4 in the blood is higher than the concentration of T3. By increasing the basal metabolic rate, it increases heat production and oxygen consumption by all body tissues, with the exception of brain tissue, spleen and testicles. Which increases the body's need for vitamins. Stimulates the synthesis of vitamin A in the liver. Reduces the concentration of cholesterol and triglycerol in the blood, accelerates protein metabolism. Increases calcium excretion in urine, activates bone turnover. Has a positive effect on the heart.
Free T3. - thyroid hormone. Stimulates the exchange and absorption of oxygen by tissues (more active than T4). Produced by follicular cells of the thyroid gland under the control of (TSH). Functions are similar to T4.
Free testosterone - the biologically active part of blood testosterone - a steroidal androgenic hormone responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics, puberty and normal sexual function in men.
FSH(follicle stimulating hormone). Gonadotropic hormone of the pituitary gland, which stimulates the development of seminiferous tubules and spermatogenesis in men. FSH increases the concentration of testosterone in plasma, thereby ensuring the process of sperm maturation.
LH(luteinizing hormone). In women, it stimulates the synthesis of estrogen; regulates the secretion of progesterone and the formation of the corpus luteum. Reaching a critical level of LH leads to ovulation and stimulates the synthesis of progesterone in the corpus luteum.
In men, by stimulating the formation of sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), it increases the permeability of the seminiferous tubules to testosterone. This increases the concentration of testosterone in the blood plasma, which promotes sperm maturation.
Estradiol. In women, the hormone estradiol ensures the formation of the reproductive system according to the female type, the development of female secondary sexual characteristics during puberty, the formation and regulation of menstrual function, the development of the egg, the growth and development of the uterus during pregnancy; is responsible for the psychophysiological characteristics of sexual behavior.
It also makes sense for men to check this hormone.
Progesterone - a steroid hormone of the corpus luteum of the ovaries and placenta, necessary for all stages of pregnancy. Recommended for women.
Prolactin. Affects the functioning of the kidneys, liver, metabolism in the body, as well as the development and functioning of the female mammary glands. Therefore, an analysis for this hormone is given if there is a suspicion of diseases of the above mentioned organs and systems of the body, as well as during treatment with estrogen and antihistamines. If you suspect infertility - female or male - it is also recommended to get tested for the level of this hormone. If it is elevated, it negatively affects the function of the gonads in both sexes, which leads to problems in conception and infertility.