Concept of state
Central Institute political system is the state. The main content of politics is concentrated in its activities. The term “state” itself is usually used in two meanings. IN in a broad sense the state is understood as a community of people, represented and organized by the highest authority and living in a certain territory. It is identical to the country and the politically organized people. In this meaning they speak, for example, of the Russian, American, German state, meaning the entire society it provides.
Until about the 17th century, the state was usually interpreted broadly and was not separated from society. Many specific terms were used to designate the state: “polity”, “principality”, “kingdom”, “government” and others. Machiavelli was one of the first to depart from the traditions of the broad significance of the state. A clear distinction between state and society was justified in the contractual theories of the state by Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau and other representatives of liberalism. modern science a state in a narrow sense is understood as an organization, a system of institutions that has supreme power in a certain territory. It exists along with other political organizations: parties, trade unions, etc.
The following features are common to the state:
1. Branch public authority from society, its discrepancy with the organization of the entire population, the emergence of a layer of professional managers.
2. The territory delineating the borders of the state. The laws and powers of the state apply to people living in a certain territory. It itself is not based on consanguinity or religion, but on the basis of the territorial and, usually, ethnic community of people.
3. Sovereignty, i.e. supreme power in a certain territory. In any modern society there are many authorities: family, industrial, party, etc.
4. Monopoly on the legal use of force and physical coercion. The ability to deprive citizens of the highest values, which are life and freedom, determines the special effectiveness of the state, there are special means(weapons, prisons, etc.), as well as authorities - army, police, security services, court, prosecutor's office.
5. The right to collect taxes and fees from the population.
6. Mandatory membership in the state.
7. Claim for representation and protection common interests and the common good. No other organization, except perhaps totalitarian parties-states, claims to represent and protect all citizens and does not have the necessary means for this.
Definition common features state has not only scientific, but also practical political significance, especially for international law. The state is a subject of international relations.
The central institution of the political system is the state. It concentrates the highest powers of power and has the ability to manage and purposefully regulate social relations. The term “state” itself is usually used in two meanings. In a broad sense, a state is understood as a community of people living in a certain territory, represented and organized by a supreme authority. It is identical to the country and the politically organized people. In this meaning they speak, for example, about the Russian, French, Italian state, meaning the entire society it represents.
Around the 11th century. the state was usually interpreted broadly and was not separated from society. A clear distinction between state and society was justified in the theories of the state by B. Spinoza, Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau and other thinkers. In them, these concepts are separated not only substantively and historically, since it is argued that individuals who initially existed in a free and unorganized state, as a result of economic and other interactions, first formed a society, and then, to protect their security and natural rights, by contract they created a special body - state. In modern science, the state in the narrow sense is understood as an organization, a system of institutions that have supreme power in a certain territory.
The state arose when the reproduction of man himself and the material foundations of his life outgrew the framework of a self-contained community. The origin of the state is not a one-time act, but a long process of disintegration of primitive self-government.
There are various theories of the origin, development and essence of the state. These are: a) theocratic, which interprets the state as a creation of God; b) patriarchal, which removes the state from the family, clan, tribe and interprets its power as tutelary, paternal; c) contractual, which interprets the state as the result of a social contract between citizens and rulers; d) violence, conquest, which explains the emergence of the state by the conquest of some groups and tribes by others; d) idealistic,
For example, for Hegel, the state is a spiritual idea that manifests itself in the form of human will and freedom; f) socio-economic - the emergence during the development of production of private property, classes and exploitation (Marxism).
The state is a product of the internal evolution of society, which objectively needs organizational design. In different eras, in different conditions it acts as an organization for managing society, as a mechanism of power. The state does not have an eternal nature; it did not exist in primitive society. Thus, the state is a historically established organization political power and management social processes in society, the main institution of the political system.
The state is a political institution that organizes the common life of the population in a certain territory and ensures proper social order, maintaining appropriate norms and rules of human society.
In general, the state was formed as an institution of organization life together. It is for these purposes that it forms and supports the norms and rules of social life, controls their implementation by the authorities and subjects. In this sense, the state is a unique value, without whose power-organizing role it is impossible to preserve human coexistence in modern world.
As a specific institution of political power, the state has a number of characteristics that make it possible to distinguish it from others political institutions and organizations.
1. The presence of special public power, which, embodied in state bodies, acts as state power. It is carried out by a special layer of people who perform the functions of management and coercion, constituting the state apparatus, which is endowed with state powers, i.e. the ability to issue binding acts and resort to government influence when necessary.
2. Territorial organization population. State power is exercised within a certain territory and extends to all people living on it.
3. State sovereignty, i.e. independence state power from any other authority within the country and outside. Sovereignty gives the state the right to independently and freely decide its affairs, distinguishes it, along with other characteristics, from other organizations of society (for example, from parties, movements, etc.).
4. The state is the only organization that is engaged in lawmaking, i.e. issues laws and other legal acts binding on the entire population. The state cannot exist without law, since the latter legally formalizes state power and thereby makes it legitimate.
5. A state organization necessarily involves collecting taxes from the population.
The state represents the entire society as a whole; it and on its behalf make all government decisions without exception that concern all members of society and are binding on everyone. It is the bearer of power, the jurisdiction of which extends to all members of society and the entire territory of the country. The coercive nature of the state's power, its monopoly on the use of violence, fundamentally distinguishes it from other political institutions and makes it the basis of the political system.
It is impossible to imagine a state without power, domination and subordination. It differs from other forms of human organization in that it has military force and the judicial apparatus. Although violence is not the only means of the state, it is a specific means for it. However, the forms, means, and conditions for his use of violence or threats of violence are strictly defined and regulated by law. That is why they talk about legitimacy or legalized violence on the part of the state.
In modern society, enormous power is concentrated in the hands of the state. Firstly, it has a monopoly on the adoption of generally binding rules of conduct and the ability to ensure their application through the use of the repressive apparatus (army and police). Secondly, its strength is due to its intervention in the economic life of society. Thirdly, in a certain way it is also the guardian of society, since it performs the functions social protection. Fourthly, senior government officials independently make decisions on everything more or less important issues development of society.
Mechanism modern state It is distinguished by a high degree of complexity and the variety of its constituent parts, blocks, and subsystems. The structure of the state mechanism includes government bodies, government agencies and enterprises, government officials, organizational and financial means, as well as coercive force. All this is necessary to ensure the functioning of the state apparatus.
The social purpose of the state, the nature and content of its activities are expressed in functions that are associated with the main areas of activity.
The classification of functions is based on the spheres of activity of the state, i.e. those areas public relations, which it affects. Depending on this, the functions of the state can be divided into internal and external.
Internal functions are the main directions of state activity within a given country, characterizing domestic policy states. These include protective and regulatory functions.
The implementation of protective functions presupposes the activities of the state to ensure and protect all social relations established and regulated by law.
Regulatory functions characterize the role of the state in the organization social production, development of the country's economy, in creating necessary conditions for personality formation. Regulatory functions include economic, social functions, as well as taxation and tax collection, environmental, cultural, etc.
External functions are manifested in the foreign policy activities of the state, in its relations with other countries.
The external and internal functions of the state are closely interconnected and interdependent.
Depending on the duration of action, the functions of the state are classified into permanent (carried out at all stages of the development of the state) and temporary (they cease to operate with the solution of a certain task, usually of an emergency nature); depending on the meaning - into basic and non-basic.
The most important and initial characteristic of a democratic state
This is democracy. This means that the real source of state power and its original social subject is the people and only the people.
A democratic state is a state in which strict observance and guaranteed implementation of personal, political and other rights and freedoms of man and citizen are ensured, broad participation of every member and all social strata of society in the management of state and public affairs in order to achieve public harmony, socio-political stability and the common good. The political regime of a democratic state will be discussed specifically in one of the chapters of the textbook.
A rule-of-law state is a state that, in all its organization, functioning and activities, is based on subordination to the law, on strict compliance with its norms that enshrine universal human rights and freedoms. It is based on the desire to protect a person from state terror, violence against conscience, petty tutelage on the part of authorities, to guarantee individual freedom and fundamental individual rights. It is a state limited in its actions by the law that protects the freedom, security and dignity of the individual and subordinates power to the will of the sovereign people. The relationship between the individual and the government will be determined by the constitution, which asserts the priority of human rights, which cannot be violated by the laws of the state and its actions. In order for the people to control the state, there is a separation of powers: legislative, executive and judicial. An independent court is called upon to protect the primacy of law, which is universal and applies equally to all citizens, state and public institutions. Concept rule of law in its fundamental outlines it developed in the 11th - 19th centuries. in the works of Locke, Montesquieu, Kant, Jefferson and other theorists. Various theories of the rule of law are based on the concept of civil society.
Adequate social basis A legal state is a civil society, which is a society of developed social relations, a high general and political-legal culture, the socio-political activity of its members, separated and independent from the state and building its relations with it on the basis of recognition of the priority of society and the need for the state to serve it. Recognition of priority by civil society is a source of legitimacy of state power and the legal system, which, in turn, serves as the most important guarantee of respect for law and order in society. The doctrine of the rule of law, at the same time, proceeds from the inadmissibility of opposing them to each other, from the recognition of the need to achieve their harmonious
Interactions on a legal basis.
Civil society has a complex structure, including economic, family, ethnic, religious and legal relations, morality, as well as political relations not mediated by the state between individuals as primary subjects of power, parties, interest groups, etc.
In civil society, unlike government structures, it is not vertical, but horizontal connections- relations of competition and solidarity between legally free and equal partners.
Summarizing the experience of the emergence and development of various legal states, we can highlight their following common features:
Presence of civil society;
Limiting the scope of state activities to the protection of individual rights and freedoms, public order, creating favorable legal conditions for economic activity;
Worldview individualism, everyone’s responsibility for their own well-being;
Legal equality of all citizens, priority of human rights over state laws;
Universality of law, its extension to all citizens, all organizations and institutions, including government bodies;
Sovereignty of the people, constitutional and legal regulation of state sovereignty. This means that it is the people who are the ultimate source of power, while state sovereignty is representative in nature;
Separation of legislative, executive and judicial authorities states, which does not exclude the unity of their actions based on the procedures provided for by the constitution, as well as a certain supremacy of the legislative power;
Priority in government regulation the method of prohibition over the method of permission. This means that in a rule-of-law state the following principle applies to citizens: “Everything that is not prohibited by law is permitted.” The method of permission is applied here only in relation to the state itself, which is obliged to act within the limits of what is permitted - formally recorded powers;
The rights of other people as the only limiter on individual freedom. The rule of law does not create absolute personal freedom. The freedom of everyone ends where the freedom of others is violated.
The establishment of the rule of law was an important stage in expanding the freedom of the individual and society. Its creators believed that providing everyone with negative liberty (freedom from restrictions) and encouraging competition would benefit everyone, make private property available to everyone, maximize individual responsibility and initiative, and lead ultimately to the welfare of all. However, this did not happen. Proclaimed in rule-of-law states individual freedom, equality and non-interference of the state in the affairs of civil society did not prevent the monopolization of the economy and its periodic crises, harsh exploitation, worsening inequality and class struggle. Deep actual inequality devalued the equality of citizens and turned the use of constitutional rights into a privilege of the propertied classes.
A social state is a state that strives to provide each citizen with decent living conditions, social security, participation in production management, and ideally approximately equal life chances, opportunities for personal self-realization in society.
The activities of such a state are aimed at the common good and the establishment of social justice in society. It smooths out property and other social inequality, helps the weak and disadvantaged, takes care of providing everyone with work or another source of livelihood, maintaining peace in society, and creating a living environment favorable to humans.
The activities of a modern welfare state are multifaceted. This is redistribution national income in favor of less affluent segments of the population, employment and security policy, employee rights in the enterprise, social insurance, support for family and motherhood, care for the unemployed, the elderly, youth, development of accessible to all
Education, healthcare, culture, etc.
If the essence of the state as a political institution is uniform, then the forms of the state are diverse. This diversity is fully manifested in historical development and takes place in the modern era, when the number of states on our planet has exceeded 200.
States are traditionally characterized through forms of government and forms of territorial (state) structure. They embody the organization of supreme power, the structure and order of relationships between the highest government agencies, officials and citizens. The elements of the form of the state are:
Form of government, which usually refers to the organization of the highest authorities in a particular state;
A form of government that reflects the territorial structure of the state, i.e. how the territory of a given state is structured, what parts it consists of and what their legal status is;
A political regime, which is a system of methods, means and means of exercising state power and characterized by the degree of political freedom in society, the state of the legal status of the individual.
Forms of government are divided according to the method of organizing power and its formal source into monarchies and republics.
In a monarchy, supreme power is fully or partially concentrated in the hands of the sole head of state - the monarch (king, czar, shah, etc.). This supreme power is usually hereditary. At the same time, a distinction is made between an absolute monarchy, in which there are no representative institutions of the people and the power of the monarch is not limited in any way (for example. Saudi Arabia, Brunei, etc.). A limited monarchy is when, along with the head of state (monarch), there is another supreme authority (for example, Parliament). Modern form limited monarchy - parliamentary monarchy. The role of the monarch in it is nominal; the leading role in governing the state is played by the government formed by parliament. Most typical example parliamentary monarchy - modern Great Britain, Japan, Spain, Sweden, Norway, etc.
A republic where all the highest authorities are elected or formed for a certain period of time. Depending on who forms the government, to whom it is accountable and controlled, republics are divided into presidential, parliamentary and mixed.
In a parliamentary republic, the head of state is an elected official. The role of the president in forming the government, as well as in running the country, is purely nominal. The government, headed by the Prime Minister, is formed by parliament, to which it is politically responsible. Currently, parliamentary republics exist in countries such as Italy, Germany, Austria, India and others.
A presidential republic is characterized by the fact that the head of state is the president, who has the powers of head of state and head of government. The government in such a republic is appointed by the president himself and is not responsible to parliament. Such republics are the USA, the Russian Federation and others.
In some countries there is a mixed form of government, i.e. combining the features of a presidential republic, where the head of state is elected by the population and appoints the government; and a parliamentary republic, where the government is responsible to parliament, early dissolution of parliament by the president is possible. Such countries with a mixed form of republican government include, for example, France, Finland and others.
There is a form of state external manifestation organization of territorial and class-political power, which includes three elements: territorial structure, form of government and political regime. The territorial structure of the state reflects the connection between central and local government bodies, the relationship of individual parts of the state among themselves and with the state as a whole. On this basis, two main forms are distinguished - a unitary and federal state, as well as a transitional form - a confederation.
A unitary state is a simple, unified state that does not include other state entities with the rights of its members. In such states there is a unified system of supreme bodies and a unified system of legislation. Most states in the world (more than 85%) are unitary. These include states such as Spain, China, Italy and others.
A federal state is a complex, union state, the parts of which are state entities and have a certain political independence and other signs of statehood. Unlike a unitary state, a federation has two systems of supreme authorities - federal bodies and the corresponding authorities of members (subjects) of the federation. Along with federal legislation, there is also legislation of the constituent entities of the federation. 24 states are federal in nature. Among them are the largest countries by territory - the USA, Russia, Canada, India, Brazil, Argentina, Australia, as well as Mexico, Pakistan, Nigeria, Switzerland, UAE, Belgium, etc. Constituting only 3% of the total number of countries on our planet, federal states cover a total of approximately a third of the population and half of the globe's territory.
A confederation is a temporary union of states formed to achieve political, military, economic and other goals. This is a less durable association of states compared to a federation and has existed for a relatively short time. Confederations either disintegrate or transform into federal states. The Confederation does not have sovereignty, because there is no common territory for the united subjects, a unified system of legislation, and no common citizenship. Confederations existed in the USA (1776 - 1787), Switzerland (until 1848), Germany (1815 -1867) and some other countries. Within the framework of the confederation, union bodies can be created, but only on those problems for the sake of which they united and only of a coordinating nature. Subjects of the confederation have the right to freely secede from the union.
Thus, the union of several states into a confederation (as opposed to a federation) does not lead to the formation of a new state.
There is also a classification of states by type, carried out mainly from the perspective of two approaches: formational and civilizational. Within the first, the main criterion is socio-economic characteristics (socio-economic formation). In accordance with this, the following types of state are distinguished: slave, feudal, bourgeois, socialist. Within the second approach, the main criteria are cultural, religious, national, psychological and other characteristics. Depending on them, the following civilizations are distinguished: Egyptian, Chinese, Western, Byzantine
1. The concept of the state and its nature.
1.1. Factors determining the emergence of the state.
1.2. Signs of the state.
1.3. Functions of the state.
2. Forms of government and territorial structure of the state.
2.1. Forms of government. Monarchies. Republic.
2.2. State-territorial structure. Unitary state. Federal State. Confederation.
1. The central institution of the political system is the state, since the main content of politics is concentrated in its activities. The term “state” is used in two meanings. In a broad sense, a state is a country, society, people, located on a certain territory and represented by the highest authority. Niccolò Machiavelli introduced into literary circulation the special term “stato” to designate the state, regardless of its specific forms as a special political organization society. In its narrow, proper meaning, the term “state” is an organization that has supreme power over a certain territory.
1.1. The state appears as a result of the decomposition of the tribal system, the gradual separation from society of a layer of leaders and their associates and concentration among them management functions and social privileges under the influence of a number of the following factors:
1) development of the social division of labor, allocation of managerial labor in order to increase its efficiency in a special industry;
2) the emergence of private property, classes and exploitation (Marxist approach);
3) the conquest of some peoples by others (F. Oppenheimer, L. Gumplowicz);
4) demographic factors (growth in population, population density, transition of peoples from nomadic to sedentary lifestyles, ban on incest);
5) psychological factors (the state is considered as a fruit of the human mind, ripened under the influence of certain needs and emotions);
6) anthropological factors ( state uniform organization is rooted in the very social nature person);
7) geographical factors (natural boundaries, landscape, waterways);
8) environmental factors (climatic conditions, soil fertility);
9) external factors(threat of attack, war, experience of other countries).
Numerous studies of the state have shown that it arises and develops under the influence of a number of factors, among which it is hardly possible to single out any one as determining.
1.2. Main features of the state:
· separation of public authorities from society and the allocation of a layer of professional managers;
· sovereignty, that is, supreme power in a certain territory. The highest power, the decisions of which are binding on everyone, is possessed only by the state;
· territory that is delineated by the borders of the state. The laws and powers of the state apply to all people living in a given territory;
· monopoly on the legal use of force and physical coercion. The range of state coercion is from restriction of freedom to the physical destruction of a person (since 1999, the death penalty has been prohibited in Ukraine);
· exclusive right to issue laws and norms binding on the entire population;
· the right to collect taxes and fees from the population.
The above characteristics of the state distinguish it from other organizations and numerous associations.
1.3. Functions of the state. Most general classification functions of the state is their division into internal and external.
Internal:
· consolidation of society based on the common interests of citizens;
· adoption, improvement, implementation of laws mandatory for all;
· necessary regulation of the economy and economic activities of society;
· protection and strengthening of the existing political system;
· provision general order, public safety, maintaining citizen discipline;
regulation social relations, ensuring social security of citizens;
· spiritual-ideological, educational activities, formation of political consciousness of citizens.
· protection of state interests in the international arena, ensuring the country's defense;
· development of mutually beneficial cooperation with other countries and international organizations;
· participation in the decision global problems humanity, in integration processes and peacekeeping actions.
2. The structure of the state is characterized by its forms. They embody the organization of supreme power, the structure and order of relationships between the highest state bodies, officials, and citizens.
The forms of the state traditionally distinguish between forms of government and forms of territorial structure.
2.1. Forms of government.
According to the method of organizing power and its source, states are divided into monarchies and republics.
Monarchy. The source of power is one person. The head of state receives his post by inheritance, regardless of voters and representative bodies of government. There are several types of monarchical form of government:
1) absolute monarchy – omnipotence of the head of state (Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Oman);
2) constitutional monarchy - the powers of the monarch are limited by the constitution and parliament. 2 varieties:
· dualistic monarchy, in which the monarch is vested primarily with executive power and only partially with legislative power (Jordan, Morocco);
· parliamentary monarchy, in which the monarch, although considered the head of state, actually has representative functions and only partially executive power.
The vast majority of modern democratic monarchies are parliamentary monarchies. The government in them is formed by a parliamentary majority and is accountable to parliament, not to the monarch. For example, Great Britain, Sweden, Denmark, Spain, etc. Modern parliamentary monarchies, paying tribute to political tradition and thereby supporting the respect of citizens for the state, actually differ little from republics - the second main form of government.
Republic. The source of power is the popular majority; the highest bodies of the state are elected by citizens. In the modern world, there are 3 main types of republics: parliamentary, presidential and mixed.
Home distinctive feature parliamentary republic is the formation of a government on a parliamentary basis and the responsibility of the government to parliament. Parliament performs a number of functions in relation to the government: forms the government, issues laws, votes (approves) the state budget, exercises control over the government. If necessary, parliament can express a vote of no confidence in the government. Although the head of government (prime minister or chancellor) is not officially the head of state, in reality he is the first person in the country's political hierarchy. The President actually occupies a more modest place in this hierarchy.
Main hallmark presidential republic is that the president simultaneously acts as both the head of state and the head of government, leads the internal and foreign policy and is the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces (USA). The president is elected by the people. He himself appoints cabinet ministers who are responsible to him and not to parliament. In a presidential republic, the government is stable, there is a strict separation of powers, the parliament cannot pass a vote of no confidence in the government, and the president does not have the right to dissolve parliament. Impeachment of the president is possible, but this procedure is significantly more difficult.
Mixed Republic seeks to combine strong presidential power with effective parliamentary control over government activities. Her main characteristic– double responsibility of the government to the president and to the parliament (France, Austria, Ukraine). The President and Parliament are elected independently of each other. Parliament cannot remove the president, who, in turn, has the right to dissolve parliament, but with prerequisite announcement of the date of early parliamentary elections. The President has the right of suspensive veto over parliamentary decisions. The head of state presides over government meetings, approves its decisions and thereby controls its activities (France).
2.2. The form of government is understood as the territorial and political organization of the state, including the political and legal status of its components and principles of relations between central and regional authorities.
The territorial organization of the state characterizes the relationship between the whole and parts, central and regional authorities. There are two main forms of territorial structure of the state: unitary and federal.
Unitary the form of territorial structure is a single politically homogeneous organization consisting of administrative-territorial units that do not have their own statehood. A unitary state has a single constitution and citizenship. All government bodies, including judicial bodies, form one system and operate on the basis of uniform legal norms (France, Hungary, Italy, Ukraine). Depending on the political regime, unitary states can be centralized, decentralized, or relatively decentralized.
Federal state - a union state consisting of relatively independent entities, equal subjects of the federation that have their own constitutions (union republics, states, cantons, lands, etc.). It is built on the basis of the distribution of functions between its subjects and the center, fixed in the union constitution, which can be changed with the consent of all subjects of the federation. The federation is characterized by the presence of dual citizenship and, as a rule, a bicameral parliament, one of the chambers of which represents the interests of the constituent entities of the federation, and the other represents national interests.
A special kind a union of states is a confederation. Confederation is a union of independent states created to achieve specific goals (for example, for joint defense, solving economic, transport, energy and other problems). Members may voluntarily leave the confederation by terminating the confederal treaty. This is a rarely encountered form of organization of a political community (for example, the European Union, the CIS).
Questions and tasks for the topic:
1. What are the essential differences between the state and other political institutions: political parties, movements, etc.?
2. Expand the content of the concept of “sovereignty”.
3. What functions is the state called upon to perform?
4. What is meant by the structure of the state?
5. How does a federation differ from a unitary state?
6. What was the USSR - a federation or a unitary state? Give reasons for your answer.
STATE - CENTRAL INSTITUTE
POLITICAL SYSTEM
The difference between the state and other political institutions
- Highest concentration of power
- sovereignty within certain territorial boundaries
- ability to exercise coercion
- monopoly on lawmaking
- monopoly on tax collection
- the main control center of the political system
Functions of the state
external
National defense
Collaboration with others
countries
internal
1.Protection of the constitutional order
2.Development and implementation of general
for country politics
economic, social, spiritual
and other areas of society
functioning of the state. Characterizes the composition of the highest bodies of state
authorities, the procedure for their formation, organization and order
interactions between each other and the population.
1.supreme power
belongs
one person
1. source of power - the people
2. supreme power
carried out
representative
bodies elected to
definite
term by the people. Signs:
1.Headed by the Monarch.
2.Power is inherited.
3.Not responsible for his actions.
4. There is no separation of powers.
5.Single-handedly represents his state.
6.Uses the Title.
7.Receives significant support from the treasury. The monarch enjoys everything
full power, independent of other bodies
authorities.
The monarch rules by, or
with the obligatory assistance of bodies or authorities of existing
regardless of the monarch. -Unity of legislative
Head of State - Head of the Executive Branch
government appointed from
(appointed and controlled by the consent of parliament, it can
is approved by parliament.
dissolve.
-With the loss of parliamentary
The President is the symbol of the nation.
majority government
resigns.
Flaws:
Flaws:
- instability of government, - conflicts between branches
authorities.
-threat of tyranny of the majority Complete political unity.
The constituent parts of the state are not
have their own legislation, have equal
rights
Union of a number of states. They retain the highest authorities,
its legislation, tax system etc.
State-legal associations of sovereign states.
They have their own constitutions, they act on their own budgets
on the international stage. POLITICAL REGIME
A set of methods, forms and methods
exercise of political power
10.
Complete the taskExtract from the text the features of a totalitarian political regime
A totalitarian regime means complete state control over
the entire life of society and over the life of every person. For him
characterized by the official state ideology,
obligatory for all citizens and not allowing the existence
other ideologies. The only mass political party
has a monopoly on power. The party leader is endowed
supernatural traits, a cult of the leader’s personality is created.
Security forces carry out total policing
control over the entire society. The ruling party controls
media, carries out strict censorship.
The economy is usually centralized. This is how he describes it
distinctive features of the totalitarian regime I.A. Ilyin
“Ordinary legal consciousness proceeds from the premise: everything
what is not prohibited is permitted. The totalitarian regime inspires absolutely
other: everything not prescribed is prohibited. Regular state
says: you have a sphere of private interest, you are free in it.
The totalitarian state declares: there is only the state
interest and you are bound by it.”
11.
TOTALITARIAN POLITICAL REGIME1. Official state ideology, mandatory for
of all citizens and not allowing the existence of others
ideologies.
2.The only mass political party has
monopoly on power.
3. Leader’s cult of personality
4. Total police control over the entire society.
5. The ruling party controls the media
information, carries out strict censorship.
6.The economy is centralized.
12.
Complete the taskExtract from the text the features of an authoritarian political regime
An authoritarian political regime is characteristic of
political system, the power in which has signs
dictatorship of one person or group of persons (oligarchic group, military junta, etc.). This power is beyond the control of citizens. She can rule with
laws that it adopts at its own discretion.
The main thing is to rely on strength. However, as a rule,
an authoritarian regime does not resort to terror. The most important
a feature of an authoritarian regime is the monopolization of politics
in the absence of total control over society. This
means that political opposition is not allowed,
however, the economy, culture, religion can develop without
state intervention. Thus, it is preserved
certain freedom of activity in various fields,
but politics is the exclusive function of power.
13.
AUTHORITARIAN POLITICAL REGIME1.Dictatorship of one person or group of persons
(oligarchic group, military junta, etc.).
2. Power is not under the control of citizens.
3. Relies on force, but does not resort to terror.
4. Monopolization of politics in the absence
total control over society.
5. A certain freedom of activity is maintained in
various fields
14.
Complete the taskExtract from the text the features of a democratic political regime
A democratic political regime is based on a system of principles
and values, among which the first place is occupied by the principle
democracy. Democracy is realized primarily through the principle
majority. This means that there are mechanisms for identifying will
majority, chief among them – elections and referendums. However
a political regime is not democratic if, along with
the majority principle does not implement another principle: the right
minorities to the opposition. This means that that part of society
which does not support the authorities can create their own organizations,
have your own press, criticize government policies, propose
alternative policy option. The people have the right and
the opportunity to influence the development of political decisions through participation
in election campaigns, appeals to government bodies,
participation in rallies, demonstrations, pickets. Another integral
A feature of democracy is parliamentarism. This means state
power in which a significant role belongs to the people
representation (parliament). Characteristic of democracy
political pluralism, which presupposes diversity and
free competition in the struggle for the power of political ideas,
views, programs, political organizations, media.
15.
DEMOCRATIC POLITICAL REGIME1. Democracy, which is realized through the principle
majority.
2. The right of minorities to opposition.
3.Parliamentarism.
4. Political pluralism
5. Glasnost
6. Prevalence in the minds of the majority of citizens of democratic
values
7. Presence of the rule of law
16.
Concepts:A) conservative parties
B) left parties
B) opposition parties
d) right-wing parties
D) reactionary parties
e) revolutionary parties
G) reformist parties
h) centrist parties
Depending on the degree of participation in the implementation of political
The party authorities are divided into ruling and ... (1). By the nature of the goals and
relation to the existing socio-political system
batches are divided into several types. Those parties that stand for
radical and violent transformation of the existing
social system are called……(2). For gradual changes
existing orders are ....(3). Parties in favor of
preserving the foundations of the previous system or for such transformations,
that adapt the system to changing realities without
special shocks are called ... (4). Parties in favor of
restoration of old, outdated social structures
are called...(5). Communist, socialist, social democratic and other parties that advocate the interests of
workers, socialization of production, creation of foundations
socialist society are called...(6). Parties defending the inviolability of private property, the fundamentals
bourgeois order, strong state power are called...
(7). Parties that try to reconcile extreme interests in politics are .....(8) parties.
The concept and characteristics of a political institution. Political institution as an ideal model of a system of political relations and how organizational structures, reproduced in collective political practice in accordance with the stereotypes and matrices of the model structure. Features of the state as a political organization. The state as the central institution of the political system. Concepts of origin, nature and social purpose states. Main features and types of state. Stages of development of a modern constitutional state. Internal and external functions of the state.
Forms of government and government. Forms of government: confederation, unitary state, federation. Forms of government: republic and monarchy. Presidential republic (using the example of the USA): political status, rights and responsibilities of the president, main powers of parliament. Semi-presidential republic (using the example of France). Parliamentary republic: the position of the president in the system of supreme authorities, the order of formation, party composition and powers of the government, features of the relationship between parliament and government (using the example of Germany). Absolute and constitutional monarchy.
Legal and social state: values and principles. Origins of the concept of the rule of law. Social environment, the mechanism of functioning and development of the rule of law. The essence and main features of the social state. The relationship between the rule of law and civil society.
Government departments Russian Federation. Features of the formation of state power in Russia. Legislative power system. The State Duma and the Federation Council: election procedure, party composition, main powers. The Institute of Presidential Power in Russia: Traditions, Experience, Innovations. Legal status, powers and role of the president in the exercise of government power. The President and the Federal Assembly. Features of the relationship between the government and parliament. Judicial system in Russia. Federalism in Russia: problems and trends.
Topic 11. Political parties, party systems, socio-political movements
Political party: definition, types of role in the mechanism of political power. The concept of a political party. The main differences between a political party and other political institutions. Signs and types of political parties. Genesis and process of formation of modern political parties. Main trends in the evolution of parties. Functions of the party in the mechanism of political power. Methods and forms of party influence on political life.
The essence and types of party systems. The concept of “type of party system”. One-party, two-party and multi-party systems. Alternative and non-alternative party systems. Party associations, movements and blocs. The opposition and its role in political life. Party systems of countries Western Europe, USA and China.
Socio-political movements. Signs of socio-political movements. Typology of socio-political movements. Relationships between socio-political movements and parties.
The formation of a multi-party system in Russia. Social base and typology of Russian political parties. general characteristics party system in Russia. Trends in the development of a multi-party system in modern Russia.