Pulp and paper industry. Components of the pulp and paper industry sub-sector

Introduction

Currently, the pulp and paper industry is one of the leading in Russia and directly affects the country's economy. This is, first of all, due to the fact that Russia, and especially its Asian part, has huge inexhaustible forest resources.

Over the past few years, the Russian pulp and paper industry has made a huge leap forward. This happened due to the fact that the leaders of pulp and paper enterprises began to pursue the right policy and attract both foreign and domestic investors.

Goal of the work is to

1. characterize the pulp and paper industry in Russia.

2. show the problems of the Russian pulp and paper industry

3. compare the Russian pulp and paper industry with other countries

4. show the state of the pulp and paper industry in the Asian part of Russia, and the prospects for its development

5. characterize the pulp and paper industry of the Komi Republic using the example of the Syktyvkar timber industry complex

FOREST RESOURCES

Forest resources are a renewable type of resource, which allows not only to regulate their use, but also to reproduce them. However, the long period of forest growth (50-150 years) is practically incommensurate with the duration of ordinary production cycles. Therefore, when assessing forest resources, not only the rate of their annual growth is taken into account, but also the amount of the accumulated stock. Half of Russia's forest reserves are located in the West Siberian and East Siberian regions. Approximately 1/5 of the reserve comes from the Far East. Of the European regions of the country, the largest reserves are in the Northern (about 10%) and Ural (about 4.4-5%) regions. The Republic of Komi and Karelia, the Arkhangelsk and Vologda regions, where spruce and pine predominate, stand out in terms of forest quality. Very valuable forests with broad-leaved and rare species are located in southern regions Primorsky Krai and Sakhalin Island.

Characterized by a discrepancy between the main areas of forest resources and areas of timber harvesting, processing, and production pulp and paper , furniture industry areas

FORESTRY INDUSTRY

Industries related to the procurement, processing and processing of wood raw materials are combined into a group with common name– forest industry, it is also called the forestry complex.

The timber industry is the oldest in Russia. It identifies about 20 industries, sub-sectors and productions. The most significant include logging, woodworking, pulp and paper and forest chemical industries.

The importance of the forest industry in the Russian economy is determined by the colossal reserves of wood, the wide territorial distribution of forest resources and the fact that at present there is practically no sector of the national economy where wood or its derivatives are not used. If at the beginning of the 20th century 2-2.5 thousand types of products were harvested from wood, then at the end of the 20th century the industry’s products totaled over 20 thousand different products.

Logging.

The logging industry is an industry that involves harvesting, hauling, primary processing and partial processing of large timber and logging waste. It includes the following productions:

Logging, consisting of a complex of logging operations and timber removal;

Forest clearing, which includes work on the extraction of resin and the preparation of stump tar;

Timber rafting, including primary (mainly along small rivers) and transit (mainly along large rivers and reservoirs), including work on rafting wood, initially rolling it onto the water and forming boards;

Timber transshipment operations associated with the transfer of forest products from one type of transport to another.

In addition, the logging industry includes production of low-value wood and waste: sawmilling, sleeper sawing, production of industrial chips, container boards and other products.

Location of logging sites in Russia.

The location of logging sites in Russia is determined by the availability of timber and raw materials. labor resources, location of enterprises and wood consumers, historical course of economic development of the territory, conditions of transport development, etc. However, the main role is played by the raw material factor.

This industry in Russia is characterized by a discrepancy between forest resources and the main areas of the logging industry. Thus, 75% of the total timber reserves are located in Siberia and the Far East, but the share of these areas in timber harvesting does not exceed 40%, although in recent years the richest resources of the Asian part of Russia have been developed at a high rate. During the 90s, the share of the European part of the country in the total volume of timber exports decreased from 64.4 to 61%, and the share of the eastern zone increased from 35.6 to 39%. In 1995, timber exports in Russia amounted to 174 million cubic meters. m of commercial timber compared to 499.3 million cubic meters. in USA.

PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY

Pulp and paper industry – the most complex branch of the forestry complex associated with machining and chemical wood processing. It includes the production of pulp, paper, cardboard and products made from them. This industry is different:

o High material intensity: to obtain 1 ton of cellulose, an average of 5-6 cubic meters is required. wood;

o High water capacity: 1 ton of cellulose consumes an average of 350 cubic meters. water;

o Significant energy intensity: 1 ton of products requires an average of 2000 kW/h;

Consequently, pulp and paper enterprises focus on forest resources near large water sources. They are mainly located in the European part of the country

The first place in paper production belongs to the northern economic region, in which Karelia (Kondopoga and Serzhsky pulp and paper mills) especially stands out. The Solombala Pulp and Paper Mill is located in the Arkhangelsk region. Large pulp and paper mills are located in Kotlas, Novodvinsk, Syktyvkar.

Second place goes to Ural economic region. Production is almost entirely concentrated in the Perm region: Krasnokamsk, Solikamsk, Perm, etc. Sverdlovsk region Pulp and paper mills are located in Turinsk and Novaya Lyala.

In third place is the Volgo-Vyatsky district. The largest enterprises operate in the Nizhny Novgorod region (Pravdinsky Balakhninsky PPM), in the Republic of Mari El (Mari PPM in Volzhsk).

The pulp and paper industry is also developed in the Northwestern economic region, mainly in the Leningrad region (the cities of Syask and Svetogorsk), in Eastern Siberia(Bratsk, Ust-Ilimsk, Krasnoyarsk, Selenga, Baikal pulp and paper mills). In the Far East, production is concentrated in the cities of Korsakov, Kholmsk, Uglegorsk, Amursk, etc.

Paper production historically arose in the Central Economic Region close to raw material consumers. Currently it is most developed:

In the Northern economic region, especially in the Republic of Karelia, which accounts for 20% of Russia's total production, in the Komi Republic, whose share is 12%;

In the Ural economic region, mainly in the Perm region, which accounts for 15.1% of Russia's total production;

In the Volga-Vyatka economic region, primarily in the Nizhny Novgorod region, which produces 8.6% of the country’s total paper;

The highest indicators for cardboard production are characterized by:

Northern economic region, mainly the Arkhangelsk region, producing 21.4% of all cardboard in Russia;

Northwestern economic region, primarily Leningrad region - 7.8% of total production;

East Siberian economic region, in which the Irkutsk region stands out, giving 7.3%, and the Krasnoyarsk Territory - 4.8%;

Far Eastern economic region, especially Khabarovsk Territory, which produces 4.6% of the country's total cardboard;

Central economic region, including the Moscow region, giving 2.0%.

In the structure of the forestry complex, 12% of the value falls on cellulose, 8% on paper, cardboard and products made from them.

A modern touch industry was the creation of forestry complexes (LPCs), which are a territorial combination of logging and various forest industry productions. The following stand out: Bratsk, Ust-Ilimsk, Yenisei, Asinovsky LPK - in Siberia; Amur Forestry Complex – in the Far East; Arkhangelsk and Syktyvkar forestry complex - in the Northern economic region.

Timber industry complexes are especially promising for areas that have rich forest resources, but are characterized by a lack of labor resources, a weak degree of development, and harsh climatic conditions. This is mainly Siberia and the Far East.

ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATE OF THE RUSSIAN PPI. INVESTMENT CLIMATE AND FUTURE PROSPECTS

Today, production activities in the industry are carried out at 165 pulp and paper and 15 wood chemical enterprises. Despite the fact that Russia has the largest forest resources in the world (81.9 billion m3), and the pulp and paper industry could become the engine of the Russian economy, technical condition industry and its specific gravity in the national economy leaves much to be desired. Thus, the available production capacity in the pulp and paper industry is used only by 35-50% (Fig. 1). The depreciation of the active part of fixed assets is 60-70%.

Figure 1. Capacities for the production of pulp, paper and cardboard in Russia and the production of these products in 1999:

At the same time, 70-90% of the technological equipment at the enterprises was purchased in other countries and has not been updated for the last 15 years. About 80% cooking units continuous operation have been in operation for over 25 years, and half of the batch digesters have been in operation for over 45 years. 40% of the installed fleet of paper and board machines has been in operation for over 20 years. And only 10% of the main technological equipment corresponds to the modern level. The peculiarity of the Russian pulp and paper industry, its main problem, is the deterioration of fixed assets, which is clearly visible in Fig 2-3

Figure 2. Distribution of paper machine capacity at CIS enterprises depending on cutting width, thousand tons.

Figure 3. Distribution of capacity of cardboard machines at CIS enterprises depending on cutting width, thousand tons:

Hopes for the rise of the pulp and paper industry with the beginning of perestroika did not materialize. Russia previously occupied 4th place in the world in the production of paper and cardboard, but has moved to 18th.

After 10 years, Russian industry experienced the unfavorable impact of such general economic factors as the aggravation of the payment crisis in the country, which increased the barterization of the market; imperfect tax and customs policies, lower prices for exported products, competition from imported goods. It was only in the last year that the decline in production in the industry stopped and some stability emerged.

It is gratifying to note that the increase in the efficiency of the industry began even before the notorious August 17, 1998, so if the profitability of pulp and paper production in 1997 was (-2%), and in 9 months. 1998 (+5.4%). Costs per 1 ruble of commercial products decreased from 108.3 kopecks. in 1997 to 94.9 kopecks. in 9 months 1998 (Fig. 4)

What happened in Russia on August 17, 1998? In the context of declining world oil prices, the Asian crisis, and serious internal political disagreements, the budget deficit that arose in Russia was eliminated due to external debt, including through the volume of attractiveness of GKOs (the yield on GKOs increased from 20 to 70-90%). In addition, there was an outflow of funds from the production sector to financial markets and a subsequent decline in production. Artificially maintaining the ruble exchange rate led to a decrease in enterprise profits, which, in turn, significantly reduced tax payments to the budget.

As a result, the devaluation of the ruble sharply increased (from 6.4 to 17-20 rubles per 1 US dollar), a number of the largest Russian banks went bankrupt, and the financial and payment system was disrupted. Due to banks' delay in transferring funds, enterprises experienced a significant loss of working capital.

In the conditions of the financial crisis of the Russian economy after August 17, 1998, export-oriented enterprises received the prerequisites for increasing revenue in ruble terms. And prices for pulp and paper products for the domestic market have become lower than similar imported goods.

In December 1998, thanks to the increased exchange rate of the US dollar, after the restoration of the financial structure, there was a slight revival in the production activities of enterprises, which led to an increase in product exports and an increase in its efficiency (in December 1998, the production of commercial pulp increased by 4%, paper - by 21.3, cardboard - by 21.5%).

At the same time, there was a decrease (by more than 1.5 times) in the import of paper products and an increase in demand for domestic cardboard containers, boxed and woven cardboard, paper bags, notebooks, toilet paper and sanitary products, which allowed manufacturers of these products to improve their financial performance . As you can see, after August 17, there is an increase in production.

There is a lot of talk that all industrial growth is due to devaluation. However, it only created the conditions for reviving production, and this factor would not have worked so quickly if the preconditions for industrial growth had not been created since 1997.

In 1999, production volumes continued to grow and their profitability increased. During the first half of 1999, the production volumes of pulp by cooking increased by 22%, commercial pulp by 20%, paper by 11%, offset paper by 26%, and cardboard by 49%.

Production of pulp, paper and cardboard increased in 1999 at most enterprises in the industry. Compared to the first half of 1998, the volume of commercial output increased significantly at the Ust-Ilimsk Timber Processing Plant, Arkhangelsk, Kotlas and Solombalsky Pulp and Paper Mills, Bratsk and Syktyvkar Timber Processing Plants, OJSC Volga and other enterprises.

Exports of industry products also increased: for 7 months of 1999, they exceeded the level of the same period in 1998 by 12%.

The industry's production profitability is increasing. If in 1998 it was (+12.9%), then in the first quarter. 199g. – (43.7%) (Figure 3). Costs per 1 ruble of commercial products decreased from 101.1 kopecks. in the first quarter 1998 up to 77.2 kopecks in the first quarter of 1999 (Figure 4) .

Figure 4. Dynamics of profitability of pulp and paper production in Russia in 1997,1998, and the first quarter of 1999 (%)

Economic data last months 1999 says that the Russian economy is growing not due to foreign trade, but due to production focused on the domestic market. There is an increase in Gross Domestic Product, which means an increase in the need for paper products.

The data presented indicate that the industry is working better, but far from being at full capacity, and simultaneously with the rise in production, urgent intensive technical re-equipment of enterprises, reconstruction and modernization of equipment and technologies are required.

Due to the growth in production volumes, export deliveries and increased profitability in the industry, favorable conditions are being created for the solution of these products through own funds enterprises, attracting long-term loans, including investments from foreign companies.

Wherein the main objective solving the problem at this stage is to increase the competitiveness of products, environmental safety, both production and products.

The situation cannot be improved without a clear understanding of the future, the capabilities of the economic system, and the objective limits to growth.

The necessary economic developments that make it possible to increase the pace of development of the industry are set out in the Federal Program for the Development of the Forestry Industry, approved by the Government of Russia, which includes pulp and paper industry. This document provides for the implementation within 10 years of a set of measures to ensure the industry’s recovery from the crisis, stabilization and subsequent development of the production of all types of forest and paper products to better meet the needs of the national economy, population and increase the export potential of Russia.

Financing of work according to the Federal program is provided mainly from the own funds of enterprises (44%) and private investments, funds from investment trades and cash auctions, foreign investments (36%).

A number of enterprises: Svetogorsk, Solikamsk, Kondopoga, Arkhangelsk Pulp and Paper Mill, Syktyvkar Timber Processing Plant are consistently and systematically implementing a technical re-equipment program, and of course the products of these enterprises will be at the proper level.

Further development of the Russian pulp and paper industry is possible due to the most important sources of economic growth:

Internal reserves of the national economy (capacity developed up to 50%);

The colossal capacity of the Russian market;

Intellectual potential of science;

Natural resources and profitable geographical location in the Eurasian space.

It must be taken into account that Russia has the largest restored forest resources, which are currently not used effectively. Figure 6 shows the opportunities available to the industry. Using natural resources like the most important sources economic growth, we must move away from flawed ideas about the role of Russia as a raw material appendage of developed countries, and economic effect from natural resource use should be used to expand production.

What needs to be done to fully use the already mentioned sources of economic growth?

Firstly, ensure the efficient use of existing capacities, the creation of new capacities, the creation of new production facilities for the production of competitive products. To do this, it is necessary to create attractive conditions to attract foreign and domestic investors. We are talking about creating laws that protect property and investments in Russia.

Second direction– make wider use of domestic scientific and technical potential, for which it is necessary to increase the amount of R&D funding.

Very important, Thirdly, orient customs tariff policy towards the growth of domestic production and increased competitiveness. In particular, during the period of intensive technical re-equipment of enterprises in the industry, we are working on the abolition of export duties on products, import duties and VAT on technological equipment, spare parts and materials not produced in Russia.

Fourth, it is necessary to improve tax policy and reduce the tax burden. Thus, the abolition of profit tax for reconstructed enterprises with the subsequent establishment of this tax in the amount of 20% is being worked out, the abolition of VAT on the turnover of timber used within integrated structures at enterprises in the industry is being prepared, draft laws are being prepared to protect investment funds and current assets, to attract foreign investment secured by liquid assets, to exclude, when determining taxable profit, the costs of reconstructing enterprises for priority investment and innovation projects, etc.

Imperfections have a very strong impact on the economy as a whole and, in particular, on the work of the pulp and paper industry. Russian legislation. Largely as a result of this, enterprises lost their working capital. The lack of state regulation of the economy has led to sharp price imbalances; tax policy and practice have turned into an instrument of destruction domestic producers and folding tax base states, there was an outflow financial capital into the shadow economy and abroad, government support for exports and protection from imports is weak.

Currently carried out at all levels big job on the preparation and adoption of the necessary laws. The disunity of enterprises did not allow solving common issues in legislation and in current moments. A number of business leaders, realizing the need to join forces to work together, established Russian Association organizations and enterprises of the pulp and paper industry "RAO Bumprom".

The RAO Bumprom Association was created to coordinate the development of common positions and interests of its members in all spheres of the economy, as well as to protect their rights and interests in government institutions, courts, international organizations. For this purpose, the Association entered into a cooperation agreement with the Ministry of Economy of Russia, the Guild of Periodicals, the Unicom / MS Consulting Group company, and established the necessary contact in State Duma to participate in the preparation of laws in which the industry is interested.

Currently, economic proposals prepared jointly with the founders of the Association have been submitted to the State Duma and the Government of the Russian Federation, aimed at creating a favorable tax and customs climate in the industry, stabilizing the work of enterprises, as well as taking urgent measures to provide publishing houses with newsprint.

From the above it is clear that in the Russian pulp and paper industry modern stage Certain prerequisites have matured and been created for the implementation of intensive technical re-equipment of enterprises, updating equipment and technologies with the aim, first of all, of increasing the competitiveness of products, the environmental safety of production and products, and more efficient use of production capacities.

There is enough work for everyone to solve this big problem, including Russian and foreign investors.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY OF SIBERIA AND THE FAR EAST

Siberia and the Far East have great potential. They account for 78% of the forest area of Russia. Mainly conifers: spruce, fir, aspen, larch.

However, the efficiency of use of forest resources and export potential in Siberia is extremely low. One of the reasons for this situation is the lagging behind in the creation and development of chemical wood processing enterprises, the level of use of deciduous wood remains insufficient, the level of use of logging and wood processing waste, and secondary forest raw materials is low.

In the regions of Siberia and Far East illegal logging, violations in the field of entrepreneurial activity related to forest resources. There are large losses of wood raw materials during logging and during transportation and primary processing of wood in lower warehouses, which amounts to up to 30% of the volume of harvested wood. For comparison, in Finland and Sweden they export mainly wood products subjected to deep chemical processing (60 and 70%, respectively). The volume of harvesting in these countries is more than 2 times less than in Russia, and foreign exchange earnings from exports to 2.5 times more. Finland, with 0.5% of the planet's forest resources, provides 25% of the world's exports of pulp and paper products, while Russia, with 21% of the world's forest reserves, provides less than 1% of the exports of these products. The existing forest resources potential of Russia makes it possible to harvest more than 500 million m3 of wood without harming the environment, but only 18% of it is used. In particular, in the Irkutsk region the volume of timber removal from 1989 to 2000. decreased from 37.8 million to actually 16.0 million m 3, production of commercial pulp - from 1230 thousand to 1036 thousand tons. It should also be noted that over the past 10 years, the production of main types of forest and paper products has decreased by 2-4 times.

According to export estimates, per capita consumption of paper and cardboard decreased from 35-36 kg to 13-14 kg. In the Siberian region this figure is up to 10 kg. For comparison, in Japan this figure is in the range of 200-322 kg, in China - 30, in South Korea - 150 kg.

One of the major disadvantages of the pulp and paper industry in the Asian region of Russia is its focus mainly on the production of commercial pulp. The only enterprise in Siberia producing newsprint and printing paper is Krasnoyarsk Pulp and Paper Mill, but its equipment and technology are morally and physically outdated. Also available in the containerboard production region (Brotherly LPK, Selenginsky Central Control Commission), also require significant funds to update them.

Another significant problems of the industry are in the Khabarovsk and Primorsky Territories, on the island of Sakhalin, which have significant unused timber reserves. Industrial timber is mainly transported there for export. Pulpwood and its waste remain in cutting areas, polluting environment. Wood losses amount to millions of cubic meters. Previously operating enterprises: Amur Central Control Commission and factories on the island. Sakhalin, almost stopped.

There is no production in the region of high-quality printing papers, coated paper and cardboard (primarily coated), paper for office equipment, sanitary and hygienic purposes, etc.

In this regard, in recent years there has been a negative growth trend in imports of some types of paper and cardboard (except newsprint). Despite some positive developments recently, the Siberian pulp and paper industry has serious problems:

· Flaw financial resources and defense equipment;

· Outdated technologies and equipment, high wear and tear of fixed assets (70% or more);

· Limited range of products;

· Poor information availability;

For these reasons, the scientific potential of the industry and design, orders for machine-building plants for technical re-equipment and replacement of equipment.

Big problems experienced by forestry enterprises in connection with the redistribution of property. Credit debt is growing, which in turn leads to social tension. This especially applies to logging enterprises. In general, salaries in the forestry sector are significantly lower than the average level in industry.

Strategic directions for reforming the timber industry complex of Siberia and the Far East

The main goals (guidelines) of the strategy for the development of the timber industry complex in the first decade of the 21st century, taking into account the general objectives of the country’s economy, are as follows:

· Achieving by Siberia its rightful leading place in the production of competitive forest and paper products in the global forestry sector;

· Ensuring highly profitable production and a stable financial position of all sectors of the timber industry. Focus on self-financing and ensuring current and one-time costs for the development of production at the expense of own funds;

· Improving the structure of timber production in the direction of increasing the share of deep chemical and chemical-mechanical processing of all harvested wood biomass, including wood waste;

· Increasing the production of a wide range of competitive products for the needs of the population, industry, construction, Agriculture, printing and other areas;

· Focus on exporting products of deep chemical and chemical-mechanical processing of wood;

· Reducing the impact of industrial activities on the environment to an environmentally safe level;

· Development of market relations and mechanisms with the active role of state regulation of the economy.

At the first stage of development of the timber industry complex, it is necessary to ensure that existing enterprises in the industry emerge from the crisis, technically update and stabilize their work, and increase economic efficiency.

At the second stage, work should be further developed to increase the share of deeper chemical and chemical-mechanical processing of raw materials, expand the range of manufactured products, and build new forestry enterprises for the integrated use of raw materials.

Directions of development existing enterprises PPI of Siberia and the Far East

The main pulp and paper enterprises in the Asian part of Russia are located in Eastern Siberia. This - Bratsk and Ust-Ilimsk timber processing complexes, Baikal pulp and paper mill(Irkutsk region), Seleginsky Central Control Commission(The Republic of Buryatia), Krasnoyarsk Pulp and Paper Mill(Krasnoyarsk region).

These enterprises are located in areas with a long period of logging with excess of the calculated logging allowance for coniferous species, with the selection of mainly sawlogs, which led to the depletion of timber resources in easily accessible logging areas.

The main problems here are the urgent improvement of the production structure of existing enterprises for the rational and comprehensive development of the remaining composition of the operational forest fund.

To do this, at existing enterprises it is necessary to create workshops (lines) for the use of low-grade and deciduous wood. At the same time, it is necessary to strengthen the work on forest reproduction.

In general, the technical level of pulp and paper enterprises does not meet modern requirements; the quality of products in a number of indicators is inferior to similar products produced in foreign countries with developed industry. Capital investments are required for technical re-equipment and development of existing pulp and paper enterprises.

The real way to solve these issues in the current conditions is to attract investment.

Prospects for the construction of new enterprises

At the second stage, the implementation of strategic directions for the development of the timber industry complex involves the construction of new integrated production facilities for the complex and deep processing of wood raw materials.

Such enterprises in Siberia include Asinovsky Pulp and Paper Mill in the Tomsk region with the production of cellulose and packaging types of paper - 440 thousand tons.

A particularly large network of new pulp and paper enterprises was previously envisaged in the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the Irkutsk Region. Area Lesosibirsk(Krasnoyarsk Territory) over the past decades has remained one of the priority areas for the location of a large timber industry complex - Yenisei Pulp and Paper Mill. Its capacity was planned to be up to 800 thousand tons/year of pulp and paper products.

Another large enterprise in the Lower Angara region was planned Kodinsky LPK with the production of 500 thousand tons/year of bleached cellulose from high-quality coniferous wood.

It is also advisable to create new forestry complexes in the north of the Irkutsk region in areas gravitating towards the BAM. Reserves of wood raw materials of over 750 million m3 are concentrated here and it is possible to build new pulp and paper enterprises (Kirensky Pulp and Paper Mill, Kazachinsky Pulp and Paper Mill, Chunsky Pulp and Paper Plant)

Undoubtedly, these large enterprises should be considered as part of a comprehensive development scheme for this region, since infrastructure development requires large expenditures.

Conclusion.

The regions of Siberia and the Far East have huge reserves of renewable forest resources, which are currently not used fully and efficiently.

In countries with developed timber and pulp and paper industries (Finland, Sweden, Canada, USA), the return per unit of wood is 4-6 times higher than in Russia due to its complex and deep chemical processing.

The development of forestry enterprises in Siberia and the Far East is of great national economic importance for the revival of the economy and improvement social sphere Russia and, first of all, the regions themselves.

The forestry complex is closely connected with related industries: printing, chemical, light, food, construction, railway transport, etc.

According to experts. One workplace in the pulp and paper industry provides up to 10 jobs in related industries.

An increase in the export of timber and paper products will significantly replenish the country's foreign exchange resources and occupy one of the leading places in total foreign exchange earnings.

PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY OF THE KOMI REPUBLIC

The timber industry complex is the second most important in the economy of the Komi Republic. It is represented by forestry, logging, woodworking enterprises pulp and paper and hydrolysis industries. In 1995, the timber industry complex accounted for 21% of the republic’s commercial output, of which 59% pulp and paper and hydrolysis production.

Development in the Komi Republic pulp and paper and hydrolysis industry began in the 60s of the twentieth century.

Construction began in 1967 SYKTYVKA FORESTRY COMPLEX - one of largest enterprises similar profile in Russia

Currently the Group "Syktyvkar Timber Industry Complex" (SLPK) is one of the largest vertically integrated producers of paper and pulp in Russia with a total production capacity of more than 700 thousand tons of pulp and paper products per year. SLPK specializes in the production of office and offset papers, cardboard for packaging food products, and also produces newsprint, top-liner and kraft liner board, plywood, chipboard, tissue paper and wallpaper. In addition, SYLPK produces electricity, sells round wood, provides transport and other services.

The group controls a number of logging enterprises in the Komi Republic, the volume of logging exceeds 3 million m 3 of wood per year.

SYLPK has its own thermal power plant, running on natural gas and combustible secondary energy resources. It can generate up to 436 megawatts of electricity and 3,200 tons of steam per hour. The thermal power plant provides the production of electricity and heat up to 200% of the plant's needs, which makes it possible to realize excess heat for the needs of the city of Syktyvkar. The group operates three paper machines and a board machine with a total capacity of more than 700,000 tons/year: BM1 with a capacity of 144,000 tons/year, BM4 with a capacity of 240,000 tons/year, and BM5 with a capacity of 180,000 tons/year, a board machine with a capacity of 170,000 tons/year and one machine on production sanitary and hygienic paper with a capacity of 15,000 tons/year. The production process is characterized by flexible changeover capabilities. Each machine can produce different types of products, meeting the needs (needs) of different customers.

Over the past five years, SYMPK has been consistently increasing production volumes due to a combination of the release of new, more profitable products and extensive modernization of equipment. The Group's management forecasts continued growth in production from 555,000 to 700,000 tons/year, based on the planned production of office paper in A4, A3 and sheet paper, taking into account growing demand within Russia and further expansion of exports to qualified markets in Europe and America.

The number of workers and service personnel of the Syktyvkar Timber Industry Complex Group is 16,521 people. The parent company has 5,356 people

The company's policy in the field of environmental protection and social security is directly related to the objectives of the company's sustainable development. Ensuring environmental, social and economic requirements is the Group’s main task on the path to prosperity.

Conclusion

So, summing up the work done, we can say with confidence that the Russian pulp and paper industry is gaining momentum. Pulp and paper enterprises are on the path to prosperity and are already competing on equal terms with foreign manufacturers of pulp and paper products. This did not happen by chance, since Russia

has the largest renewable forest reserves in the world. Enterprises began to pursue more correct policies than before, and the attraction of both foreign and domestic investors had a positive impact on the development of the country's pulp and paper industry. The Government of the Russian Federation also played an important role. The state is interested in the development of pulp and paper industry, because this industry brings big income into the budget, and the programs developed by the government stimulate its development.

Bibliography

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6. "Komi Republic": Encyclopedia. T. 1. - Syktyvkar: Komi book publishing house, 1997

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Introduction

Goal of the work is to

1. characterize the pulp and paper industry in Russia.

2. show the problems of the Russian pulp and paper industry

3. compare the Russian pulp and paper industry with other countries

4. show the state of the pulp and paper industry in the Asian part of Russia, and the prospects for its development

5. characterize the pulp and paper industry of the Komi Republic using the example of the Syktyvkar timber industry complex

FOREST RESOURCES

Forest resources are a renewable type of resource, which allows not only to regulate their use, but also to reproduce them. However, the long period of forest growth (50-150 years) is practically incommensurate with the duration of conventional production cycles. Therefore, when assessing forest resources, not only the rate of their annual growth is taken into account, but also the amount of the accumulated stock. Half of Russia's forest reserves are located in the West Siberian and East Siberian regions. Approximately 1/5 of the reserve comes from the Far East. Of the European regions of the country, the largest reserves are in the Northern (about 10%) and Ural (about 4.4-5%) regions. The Republic of Komi and Karelia, the Arkhangelsk and Vologda regions, where spruce and pine predominate, stand out in terms of forest quality. Very valuable forests with broad-leaved and rare species are located in the southern regions of Primorsky Krai and on Sakhalin Island.

Characterized by a discrepancy between the main areas of forest resources and areas of timber harvesting, processing, and production pulp and paper , furniture industry areas

FORESTRY INDUSTRY

Industries related to the procurement, processing and processing of wood raw materials are united in a group with a common name - the forest industry, it is also called the forestry complex.

Logging.

The logging industry is an industry for the procurement, removal, primary processing and partial processing of large timber and logging waste. It includes the following productions:

Logging, consisting of a complex of logging operations and timber removal;

Forest clearing, which includes work on the extraction of resin and the preparation of stump tar;

Timber transshipment operations associated with the transfer of forest products from one type of transport to another.

In addition, the logging industry includes production of low-value wood and waste: sawmilling, sleeper sawing, production of industrial chips, container boards and other products.

Location of logging sites in Russia.

The location of logging on Russian territory is determined by the availability of timber and labor resources, the location of enterprises and wood consumers, the historical course of economic development of the territory, conditions of transport development, etc. However, the main role is played by the raw material factor.

PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY

Pulp and paper industry – the most complex branch of the forestry complex associated with mechanical processing and chemical processing of wood. It includes the production of pulp, paper, cardboard and products made from them. This industry is different:

o High material intensity: to obtain 1 ton of cellulose, an average of 5-6 cubic meters is required. wood;

o High water capacity: 1 ton of cellulose consumes an average of 350 cubic meters. water;

o Significant energy intensity: 1 ton of products requires an average of 2000 kW/h;

Consequently, pulp and paper enterprises focus on forest resources near large water sources. They are mainly located in the European part of the country

The second place is occupied by the Ural economic region. Production is almost entirely concentrated in the Perm region: Krasnokamsk, Solikamsk, Perm, etc. In the Sverdlovsk region, pulp and paper mills are located in Turinsk and Novaya Lyala.

In third place is the Volgo-Vyatsky district. The largest enterprises operate in the Nizhny Novgorod region (Pravdinsky Balakhninsky PPM), in the Republic of Mari El (Mari PPM in Volzhsk).

The pulp and paper industry is also developed in the Northwestern economic region, mainly in the Leningrad region (the cities of Syassk and Svetogorsk), in Eastern Siberia (Bratsk, Ust-Ilimsk, Krasnoyarsk, Selenginsk, Baikal pulp and paper mills). In the Far East, production is concentrated in the cities of Korsakov, Kholmsk, Uglegorsk, Amursk, etc.