We talk about life in Crimea, displaying the main and important events, certainly interesting to every resident and guest of the peninsula. Crimean news regularly publishes information about the population, prices and tariffs, educational and social issues, health and environmental issues. For you reviews of holidays and festivals, competitions and social events, materials on the work of non-governmental organizations in Crimea.
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Business in Crimea today is certainly of interest to the reader. Having reunited with Russia, the peninsula attracted a powerful wave of investment, which in turn caused rapid growth in the construction industry and trade, restoration of industry and agriculture, and revival in the real estate market. Long-lost positions in winemaking and industrial fishing are once again occupying coordinating positions in the economy.
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Agriculture Crimea is based on the production of grain and livestock industries, horticulture, vegetable growing, viticulture, as well as the cultivation of essential and oilseeds (rose, lavender, sage).
Agricultural lands occupy about 65% of the territory of Crimea. They are dominated by arable land (more than 63%) and pastures (22.9%). However, it is worth noting that in recent years the area of farmland has decreased due to extensive construction, erosion and soil salinization.
The leading industry in terms of volume and profitability of products produced in Crimea is crop production. The lion's share is occupied by the cultivation of grains (more than 45% of the sown area). However, this was not always the case: grain for Crimea became the main crop only from the middleXIX century. Until this moment, sheep farming was in the lead. But in XIX century were built railways, and grain became one of the main exported goods of Russia.
In addition to grain, corn is grown in Crimea as a fodder crop, millet and rice, as well as industrial crops, mainly oilseeds (sunflower, soybeans and rapeseed).
The production of essential oil crops – roses, lavender and sage – is of great value in Crimea. The total production of lavender and rose oils in Crimea exceeds half of the total production of these products in the CIS. Silk production is also a profitable industry.
Horticulture is also developed in Crimea (apples, pears, plums, cherries, cherries and peaches). Strawberries are grown everywhere. The annual volume of fruit and berries harvested exceeds 300 thousand tons.
The oldest industry in Crimea is viticulture. Crimea is famous technical varieties grapes, which are used to produce high quality wines, cognacs and juices. Crimea was the main region of Ukraine for grape production. Production volumes reach 300 thousand tons of grapes per year.
ANIMAL HUSBANDRY.
For more than 20 years, Crimean livestock and poultry farmers have not received any subsidies from the Kyiv authorities. The result is sad.
State breeding plant named after. Frunze (the largest supplier of breeding products for egg-laying chickens), the oldest enterprise on the Crimean peninsula. Its history began back in 1929. Despite its state status, in recent years it was completely self-supporting, that is, did not receive money from the budget. The company's managers abandoned the kickback system that operated on the territory of Ukraine and refused budget funding so as not to pay money to officials.
The quality of the egg itself and high turnover allowed us to work without a loss. 11,000 eggs come out of the lines per day. Every third chicken in Ukraine comes from these places. But local poultry farmers have never encountered the Russian market, and today, they say, it is necessary to completely and urgently rebuild. If a border is established and there are customs, then the Ukrainian markets will not be competitive and it will be possible to switch to countries that are more developed in this industry, for example Hungary or Poland, where similar business more developed.
In order to enter developed markets, you need to update logistical base, they say on the farm. And the current cells have to be constantly repaired, and it is very difficult to be competitive under such conditions. The most a big problem in poultry farming this moment- old equipment. Eat good shots, there are good birds, but the cages have been in use for 20-30 years and the equipment needs to be replaced.
Today farmers hope for a change in the situation. By entering the Russian legal field, Crimean agricultural producers will greatly benefit. Subsidy measures will be taken and direct support measures will be included.
Here on the farm there is also a dairy farm for 300 milking heads, which is tiny by Russian standards, but gigantic by Crimean standards. It is one of the few on the peninsula. There are no large cowsheds in the region at all. 94% of Crimean milk is the product of private farms. But the farm is not able to fully satisfy domestic demand. In the early 90s of the last century, cows in the region produced almost 900,000 tons of milk. Since then, the livestock population has decreased every year. Now it is 65,000 heads. Today Crimea produces less than 300,000 tons of milk per year. The remaining 500,000 tons required were traditionally imported here from Ukraine.
Why is there a constant reduction in the number of livestock in Crimea? Because there are no subsidies. And the whole world subsidizes cattle breeding. Plus difficulties with food. The issue of milk production needs to be resolved as soon as possible. Problem number 1 is where to get food. There is practically no own food supply here. In previous years, livestock farmers brought feed from neighboring Ukraine. All this resulted in additional costs and the farm was unprofitable. And it’s great luck that the farm at least survived in these conditions. They survived due to poultry farming and their own breeding work.
The Russian Ministry of Agriculture is today analyzing the state of the agricultural market in the region and developing programs for the development of poultry farming and livestock farming in the Republic of Crimea, which have been declared a priority. They promise to use all the support schemes that exist in Russia. The task in Crimea is to follow the path of industrial development of poultry and livestock farming.
The Crimean region, due to the high level of development of agriculture and its national importance, is an important base for supplying our country with food products. At the same time, Crimean agriculture widely supplies various branches of the food and flavoring industry with raw materials.
The Crimean region is one of the most agriculturally developed regions of the Soviet Union. The area occupied by arable land accounts for more than half of all land in Crimea. Their structure is as follows:
(percentage based on 1950 data)
Entire area - 100%
including:
arable area - 51.7
hayfields - 1.1
pastures and pastures - 25.4
vineyards - 0.5
gardens - 0.8
forests - 8.8
bushes - 8.8
other lands - 2.9
The most arable land is in the steppe part of Crimea (87.2%); in the foothills and mountain areas there are much fewer of them (21.8%).
Over the years Soviet power, as a result of the victory of the collective farm system, extensive mechanization of production and the use of advanced agricultural technology in agriculture, the area under crops increased significantly and the yield of agricultural crops increased.
From 1913 to 1940, grain yields doubled, grape yields more than tripled, fruit yields more than doubled, etc. The irrigated area more than doubled. Reservoirs have been created on the Alma, Kache, Biyuk-Karasu and other rivers, collecting the spring flow of these rivers. Reservoirs made it possible to irrigate significant areas of land occupied by gardens, vegetable gardens and industrial crops. A reservoir was built on the Kerch Peninsula (Leninskoye), collecting rain and melt water. Many artesian wells have been drilled in the Steppe Crimea.
Currently, the largest reservoir in the foothills of Crimea is being built near Simferopol, in the Salgir valley.
The Simferopol reservoir will not only provide water to the city, but will also make it possible to irrigate the lands of adjacent areas. A main canal will depart from the reservoir, which will branch into three outlet canals. The canals irrigate about 10 thousand hectares of land in the Simferopol and Oktyabrsky districts. This will make it possible to create a large fruit and vegetable and dairy and livestock farming base near Simferopol.
The bed of the Salgir, which was often exposed in the summer, will fill with water. The banks of the river will be lined with stone. Gardens and parks will appear on the embankments. The construction of the Staro-Krymsky reservoir is being completed. It will provide water for irrigation of 870 hectares of land and supply water to 12 settlements.
It is planned to build on collective and state farms of the Crimean region a large number of ponds and reservoirs. In addition, the Belogorsk, Bakhchisaray and Alm dams and certain reservoirs will be built upon, as a result of which their capacity will increase significantly. The reservoirs can be used for breeding fish and waterfowl.
Lands irrigated by groundwater, now number about 13 thousand hectares in Crimea. The resources of artesian waters make it possible to increase their area by several tens of thousands of hectares. In many places in the Steppe Crimea, new artesian wells are now being drilled - wells that can be equipped to mechanically lift water with pumps driven by electrical energy or wind engines. Local runoff water is also increasingly being used. As a result, the area of irrigated land on Crimean collective and state farms will increase significantly.
Thanks to the concerns of the party and government, collective farms, state farms and MTS of Crimea in the post-war period were again armed with the most advanced technology.
In recent years, the fleet of agricultural machines here has increased two and a half times, and diesel tractors several times.
Machines for processing vineyards and orchards, square-cluster seeders, bulldozers, and scrapers are widely used. Agricultural work on sowing grain crops, raising fallow and plowing, planting and peeling stubble has been fully mechanized. Grain harvesting is mechanized by 98.5 percent, tobacco planting by 75 percent. Work on planting and processing potatoes and especially vegetables is less mechanized. Labor in agriculture has become more productive.
Despite the successes of advanced collective and state farms, the enormous potential of large-scale socialist agriculture is still insufficiently used in the Crimean region. In many collective farms and regions of Crimea, harvests of grain, industrial crops, vegetables, fruits and grapes remain low; livestock productivity is poor, the production of grain fodder and succulent feed is lagging behind.
In the resolution of the September Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee and in subsequent decisions of the party and government, a detailed program was given for the development of all sectors of agriculture. In Crimea, significant work has already been done to implement the measures planned by the party and the government. The immediate task is to put into practice the resolution of the Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee, held in February-March 1954, to force in every possible way the development of grain farming, which is the basis of all agricultural production.
The further development of all other branches of agriculture depends on success in the development of grain farming. At the same time, in the next 2-3 years it is necessary to significantly increase the yield of industrial crops, expand their sown areas, fully increase the productivity of gardens and vineyards, and expand the area of fruit and nut plantations.
The resolution of the Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee, adopted on March 2, 1954, also provides for measures to strengthen the feed base of livestock farming and improve the operation of machine and tractor stations. Fulfillment of this task is of great importance for the Crimean region - a large grain-producing and historically established fruit-growing region.
In the further development of agriculture and increasing its productivity, machine and tractor stations should play a major and decisive role. With the help of MTS, comprehensive mechanization of agricultural work will be carried out; achievements of science and advanced technology will be introduced into production, labor-intensive processes in the production of grain and industrial crops, potatoes and vegetables will be mechanized.
The successful operation of MTS largely depends on the availability of qualified machine operators.
In strengthening the material and technical base of Crimean agriculture, the electrification of MTS, collective and state farms will play a major role. Thanks to the use of electric energy in large MTS, it will be possible to use electric tractors, electric combines, electric threshers and a number of other complex machines for preparing arable land, harvesting and processing various crops, and mechanizing labor-intensive processes in livestock farming: water supply, feed preparation, electric milking of cows, electric shearing of sheep. For example, it has been practically proven that thanks to the use of electric shearing of sheep, labor productivity increases by 3-4 times, wool losses are reduced, its quality increases, and wool shearing increases by 10-15 percent.
Further mechanization of agriculture in the Crimean region will contribute to the development of all sectors of field farming and livestock farming.
In agriculture of Crimea great importance have grain farming, as well as viticulture, gardening, cultivation of tobacco, essential oils and other crops.
Vegetable growing, which is not only of consumer importance, but also provides raw materials for the canning industry, is developed, but not yet to an insufficient extent. In order to create a sustainable food supply in the post-war period, the planting of fodder crops was significantly expanded.
The structure of the region's sown areas (according to 1951 data) is visible from the following table.
The high share of grain crops in the sown area of Crimea (71.2%) shows that grain farming is the most important branch of field farming here.
Grain farming. The soil and climatic conditions of the steppe part of Crimea are especially favorable for the cultivation of winter wheat (Krymka and Voroshilovskaya varieties), which contains a lot of gluten and produces the best varieties of flour. The early ripening of breads, as well as their high quality, give Crimea special meaning among the grain-producing regions of the Soviet Union.
Winter wheat crops are located mainly in the steppe regions (northwestern, central, southeastern and on the Kerch Peninsula) and account for about half of the total sown area of these regions (see cartogram on page 80).
By 1952, the collective and state farms of Crimea for the main food crop - winter wheat - exceeded the pre-war level of sown area (106% compared to 1940). The resolution of the September Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee noted that “Regions such as Ukraine, the North Caucasus, and Crimea that were important for supplying the country with food, which suffered greatly during the war, quickly restored agriculture and significantly expanded grain production, especially winter wheat. Many collective and state farms harvest wheat at 150-200 poods or more per hectare.”
During the years of Soviet power, the yield of Crimean wheat, despite the lack of moisture, significantly exceeded the pre-revolutionary level, but droughts and hot winds still cause enormous damage to field cultivation. Further expansion of shelterbelt forest belts by collective farms and expansion of irrigated areas in the steppe and foothill regions of Crimea through greater use of local water resources will contribute to obtaining higher and more sustainable harvests.
As a result of widespread mechanization of agricultural work and the use of the latest agricultural techniques, many collective farms in the region have achieved great success in increasing the yield of grain crops.
In the next two to three years, the average wheat yield in the region will have to be increased to no less than 21 centners per hectare in the steppe regions and no less than 18 centners per hectare in the foothills. The yield of grain and feed crops - corn, barley and oats - will increase. The area under corn crops will be increased to 20 thousand hectares.
Crimea has all the conditions to fulfill the task set by the party - a sharp increase in the production of wheat and other grain crops.
Viticulture. Crimea is one of the most important wine-growing regions of our country.
In recent years, new varieties of Soviet grape selection, very valuable in their qualities, have been introduced.
The eastern part of the southern coast (the eastern half of the Alushta administrative district, the Sudak administrative district and the suburban area of Feodosia). The vineyards here are located in valleys descending to the sea. Cultivated grape varieties serve as material for strong and partly dessert wines, as well as for fresh consumption.
Balaklava district. Mostly table varieties are common in this area. In recent years, champagne grape varieties have been introduced.
The Piedgorny district (parts of Belogorsky, Bakhchisarai, Staro-Krymsky and other administrative districts) differs more continental climate. Grapes are grown here for table wines and fresh consumption.
Steppe region. The central steppe group of administrative districts stands out especially in terms of the level of development of viticulture. As in the Piedmont region, the grape varieties grown are intended for the production of table wines and for fresh consumption. In the steppe regions, viticulture is combined with field farming.
The vineyards are most densely located on the southern and southeastern coasts of Crimea, in the administrative regions: Alushta, in the rural area of Yalta, Sudak, Balaklava and in a number of places in the foothills. The area under vineyards here occupies from 1 to 2 thousand hectares or more in each administrative region. (See cartogram on page 83.)
The winegrowing industry of Crimea is characterized by high marketability, and this contributes to the widespread development of winemaking here.
Winemaking is concentrated mainly in the areas of Yalta, Alushta, Sudak, as well as in Simferopol and Feodosia. The wineries of the Southern Coast of Crimea are located in the vineyard zone and receive raw materials, with some exceptions, from a territory with a radius of up to 10-15 kilometers.
The Simferopol winery processes raw materials obtained mainly from the foothills and steppe regions.
The predominant amount of wine products is produced by the Massandra plant, near Yalta, which unites all the wineries of the Southern Coast. During the long pre-revolutionary period of the existence of “Massandra” in Crimea, the first steps were taken towards the specialization of South Coast winemaking, and the main types of wines were developed. However, a steep rise in winemaking in Crimea was achieved only during the years of socialist construction. Viticulture and winemaking have become especially widespread since 1936, when the production of Soviet champagne was organized and the raw material base for the production of high-quality wines was expanded. The creation of a large grape and winemaking plant "Massandra" on the basis of the old plant was of great importance. He united whole line wine-growing state farms of Yalta, Alushta, Gurzuf, Sevastopol, Sudak and some steppe regions, as well as wineries on the southern coast. Vineyard state farms - Livadiysky, Gurzufsky, Sudaksky, Alushtinsky, Tavrida, Kastel, named after. Sofia Perovskaya and them. Profinterna are essentially branches of the Massandra plant. They pre-process the grapes and then send wine materials to Massandra for further processing.
The plant is equipped with the latest winemaking technology. Production waste is rationally used to produce wine alcohol, tartaric acid and other valuable products. There are large cellars, a distillery and distillation plant, cooperage workshops and a number of ancillary enterprises (power plant, repair shop, etc.).
The largest of the old Massandra cellars, cellar-factory No. 1, consists of fan-shaped diverging tunnels located at a considerable depth and lying in that part of the soil where a temperature of 10-12° is constantly provided (necessary for aging wines). In front of the connecting gallery there are rooms with large dishes - bottles - for the production of blends.
For a long time, the Massandra wine cellar-factory satisfied the needs of Crimean winemaking. However, the increase in wine production during the five-year plans made it necessary to expand the old plant and build new ones. In this regard, even in the pre-war years, a decision was made to build a larger plant. Such a plant was built after the war. This is one of the largest wineries in the country; it has huge wine cellars.
During the years of the pre-war five-year plans, well-known new Soviet brands of high-quality wines were created: dessert pinot gris, Livadia Muscat, white Muscat Castel, pink Muscat Alupka, Red Stone Muscat and others. Some of them were named after the places where the corresponding grape varieties were bred: Livadia muscat, Kastel, Alupka, etc.
Instead of 24 brands of wines produced before the Great Patriotic War, now the Massandra plant alone produces 44 brands, including 7 brands of white muscat, 5 pink, 2 black, etc.
Collection wines are stored in the Massandra cellars: old wines from the cellars of Vorontsov and Golitsyn, sherry 1848, saperavi 1888, old muscats, tokay.
Cahors, Madeira and other old French, Spanish wines, the best varieties of wines of Soviet brands.
The wines created by the All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Winemaking and Viticulture - "Magarach" - are very famous. In recent years, this institute has developed the technology of new varieties of wines that are being introduced into production: Soviet sherry, dessert wines such as Tokay, Solnechnaya Dolina (white and red), sweet sparkling wine from white Muscat and others.
The most important task for the development of viticulture is to increase grape yields, expand grape plantations, and promote them to the steppe regions of Crimea. The cultivation of grapes in the steppe regions gave good results on yield, product quality; The accessibility of plantations for mechanized processing is of great importance. In the coming years, it is necessary to reconstruct the existing plantings and eliminate the thinning of the vineyards. In connection with the increase in the production of champagne wines, hundreds of hectares of new plantations of champagne grape varieties will be planted.
Gardening. During the pre-war five-year plans, Crimean gardening received significant development. The area occupied by gardens almost doubled in just 10 years, from 1929 to 1939. Now the gardens (according to 1952 data) occupy 14.3 thousand hectares. Of these, state farms account for 4.0 thousand hectares, and collective farms account for 10.2 thousand hectares. IN total area of garden plantings, pome fruits account for 69%, and stone fruits and nut-bearing plants account for 31%. Horticulture is located mainly in the well-irrigated foothill zone of Crimea. More than half of all gardens in the region are concentrated here. There are especially many gardens in the Bakhchisarai, Simferopol, Belogorsk and Kuibyshev regions. During the years of socialist reconstruction of agriculture, Crimean horticulture, as well as viticulture, has advanced to the steppe regions, where previously it was very poorly developed. The Nizhnegorsky district, located in the steppe zone, is now one of the leading regions of Crimea for the development of horticulture. (See cartogram.)
The gardens of Crimea are dominated by apple and pear trees, which are distinguished by their high taste qualities.
The leading horticultural state and collective farms of the Crimea receive large harvests of fruit. However general level gardening in Crimea is still not high enough.
In the coming years, there will be further development of Crimean gardening. During 1950-1955 collective farms will plant new gardens on an area of 4,200 hectares, and state farms on an area of more than 1,400 hectares. Horticultural collective and state farms are provided with seedlings from Crimean fruit nurseries. Great help The development of horticulture in Crimea is supported by research institutions: Nikitsky Botanical Garden, Crimean Zonal Fruit and Berry Experimental Station, Department of Fruit Growing of the Crimean Agricultural Institute and others. The Nikitsky Botanical Garden created new varieties of peaches, figs, olives, almonds, plums, cherries, apricots, and cherry plums, and the Crimean Zonal Experimental Station created new varieties of apple trees.
In 1937, in order to introduce new fruit crops, a Pomological (fruit) nursery of the All-Union Institute of Plant Growing VASKhNIL was created near Bakhchisarai.
The pomological nursery is an experimental garden, a kind of fruit-growing museum, which contains the best varieties of fruit crops in the world. There are about two thousand varieties of pome, stone fruit, nut, etc. This collection is continuously replenished with varieties newly bred by Soviet selection, which are then introduced into agricultural production. The Bakhchisarai Pomological Nursery supplies state and collective farms with seedlings of fruit crops, and also sends cuttings and pollen for breeding work to research institutions and nurseries of the Soviet Union.
For breeding purposes, the Pomological Nursery uses local varieties of apples, pears, plums, cherries, apricots and other fruits. Work is being carried out here on the agrobiological study of fruit crops, and on the basis of this, the most valuable varieties are identified for introduction into horticulture in our southern fruit-growing zone.
In Crimea, apple trees, pears, cherries, plums are mainly grown, i.e. the same composition garden crops, as in the more northern regions of our country. Meanwhile, Crimea, due to its soil and climatic conditions, also has the opportunity to grow very valuable species of southern heat-loving fruits. In this regard, it is advisable to significantly increase the proportion of the most valuable southern crops in the varietal composition of orchards - quince, stone fruits (plums, cherries, etc.), nuts (hazelnuts, walnut, pecan, pistachio, almond), oriental persimmon, Caucasian persimmon, fig and others.
Crimean fruits are widely consumed locally, especially in resort towns and villages, and are also exported fresh to many areas of the Soviet Union. However, the seasonality of fruit collection makes it necessary to preserve them.
Fruits are processed at canning factories in Simferopol and Dzhankoy. Along with the fruits of cultivated gardens, wild fruits and berries, which Crimea is so rich in, can serve as raw materials for the fruit canning industry. In the forests of Kuibyshevsky, Zuysky, Staro-Krymsky, Bakhchisarai, Simferopol and other districts of the region, several thousand tons of wild fruits and berries (pears, plums, apples, dogwoods, hazelnuts, rose hips, etc.) ripen annually. New juice-extract workshops can be created at canning factories to produce high-vitamin juices, especially from dogwood and rose hips.
Vegetable growing. Significant cultivated areas in the foothills and some steppe regions of Crimea are occupied vegetable crops. Crimean tomatoes, zucchini and peppers are famous in our country. They also serve as raw materials for the canning industry.
The experience of advanced collective and state farms shows that in the Northern Crimea, with the right agricultural technology, high yields of vegetables can be grown.
The September Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee indicated that the main task in the production of potatoes and vegetables is to significantly increase the yield of these crops based on the widespread introduction of mechanization and the use of advanced agricultural techniques for their cultivation. “The task is,” says the resolution of the September Plenum, “to bring in the next two to three years the production of potatoes and vegetables to such a scale that would fully satisfy not only the needs of the population of cities, industrial centers, and the processing industry, but also the needs of livestock in potatoes."
In Crimea there are favorable conditions for the further development of vegetable growing. Potatoes here can produce two harvests a year, and some vegetables even three harvests. The ongoing new construction of reservoirs in the foothills and on the Kerch Peninsula will facilitate the creation of large suburban potato and vegetable bases on irrigated lands to supply the industrial centers of the region. The development of vegetable growing is also necessary to provide resorts with vegetables. In the coming years, the area under cultivation of potatoes and vegetables will be significantly increased. The square-cluster method of planting potatoes and vegetable crops is being widely introduced.
Essential oil crops. Essential oil crops are grown in Crimea - rose, lavender, sage and others. These flowers owe their wonderful fragrance to the insignificant doses of essential oils they contain.
Essential oils are widely used as raw materials for the perfume industry, soap making, distillery, confectionery, canning, etc. Essential oil roses are especially valuable. Expensive rose oil is extracted from their flowers.
Before the revolution, we did not have our own industrial rose plantations and rose oil was imported from abroad. Now essential oil roses for industrial purposes are grown in Crimea and other regions of southern Ukraine, the Caucasus and Central Asia. Crimea is one of the most important areas in the USSR for the production of essential oils. It provides 70-80% of all union rose oil production.
The development of essential oil production in Crimea began only during the period of socialist construction. The dynamics of growth of sown areas over the years of the five-year plans is illustrated by the following data (as a percentage compared to 1940):
During the Great Patriotic War, essential oil production was stopped and resumed only in 1945. Already in 1949, the sown area reached the pre-war level.
In Crimea, among the essential oil roses bred for industrial purposes, the most widespread are the red Crimean rose (in the foothill and steppe regions) and the pink (Damascus) rose (in the southern coastal regions). Recently, the most productive and winter-hardy variety of essential oil rose “Novinka”, obtained as a result of hybridization, has been introduced.
Essential oil crops are distributed unevenly across the regions of the region: the crops of roses, lavender and clary sage are concentrated mainly in the Zuysky, Simferopol, Bakhchisarai regions and, to a lesser extent, in the Nizhnegorsky and Sovetsky regions. In the Alushta and Sudak regions there are crops of roses and lavender, but no sage. In the Belogorsk region, on the contrary, there are sage crops, but no roses or lavender.
Essential oil crops are grown mainly in the indicated administrative districts of the region. Factories for the production of essential oils are also located in these areas. The most significant of them are Simferopol, Bakhchisarai and Zuysky.
State farms-factories of essential oil crops produce rose, lavender and sage oils.
The production of rose oil increased more than threefold in 1951 compared to 1940. The number of essential oil plants has increased, their equipment with new equipment has improved, new production methods have been mastered, and labor productivity has increased.
In the coming years, a significant expansion of essential oil production is planned in Crimea. Crops of Crimean rose, sage, lavender and other essential oil crops are increasing. Violet, tuberose, jasmine are being planted on the South Coast and geranium is being planted in the foothill areas.
Some factories of the Alushta essential oil plant propose to organize the production of essential oils from cistus, a wild plant common on the South Coast. Successfully carried out experimental work for the production of essential oil from certain types of violets, white acacia, and iris rhizomes.
In the Nikitsky Botanical Garden, breeding work is underway to introduce cistus into culture. This plant contains in its leaves a resin used in the perfume industry as a fixative (fixer) for the smell of perfume. The natural conditions of the southern coast of Crimea are especially favorable for breeding cistus. Essential oil subtropical crops such as rosemary and some bulbous plants - lily, hyacinth, narcissus, as well as medicinal crops can also be widely introduced here.
Tobacco growing. Tobacco growing plays a role in Crimean agriculture important role. Tobacco plantations are located mainly on the southern coast of Crimea and in the foothills of the region (see cartogram). Yellow cigarette tobaccos are cultivated. The natural conditions of the South Coast make it possible to grow high-quality varieties here - dubek and others. Due to its aroma and taste, dubek is considered the best type of tobacco in the USSR and is used as an admixture to other varieties to refine them.
The consolidation of collective farms created favorable conditions for expanding tobacco plantations and increasing tobacco yields: mechanization can be used more widely and rationally when planting seedlings and cultivating the soil between rows, making the construction of well-equipped tobacco drying rooms easier, etc.
There are artificial tobacco fermentation factories in Simferopol and Yalta. The foothill and steppe parts provide raw materials for the Simferopol factory. The southern coast, which contains about half of the area occupied by tobacco in the region, provides raw materials for the factory in Yalta and other tobacco enterprises in Crimea.
The products of the tobacco industry of Crimea make up a significant share of the products of the tobacco industry of the USSR, especially for the highest grades of tobacco.
In the coming years, the task of the Crimean tobacco industry is not only to quantitatively increase production, but also to improve the quality and expand the range of products.
Subtropical crops. The southern coast of Crimea, due to its climatic conditions, is especially favorable for growing agricultural crops of the dry subtropics: olives, figs, persimmons, pomegranates, pistachios, almonds and others. They were bred here in very limited quantities “in the pre-revolutionary period. During the five-year plans, plantings of these crops increased significantly.
Far beyond the region, Crimean tobacco enjoys well-deserved fame. The photo shows tobacco picking on the collective farm named after. Kalinina.
As experience has shown, it is also possible to cultivate citrus crops on the southern coast of Crimea. In the spring of 1949, lemons and tangerines were planted on the South Coast. The plantings were located mainly in the parks of southern coastal health resorts, as well as on collective and state farms. In 1952, the first citrus harvest was obtained. For example, in the Alushta region (“Working Corner”) and in the parks of Yalta health resorts, several thousand lemons of the “Novogruzinsky” variety were harvested from plants in trenches (in Crimea, only trench cultivation of citrus fruits is possible so far).
Eucalyptus was planted on the southern coast of Crimea. Eucalyptus can withstand temperatures only up to 12-13° below zero. This still makes it difficult to plant in more northern areas. Currently, Soviet breeders are developing frost-resistant and drought-resistant varieties of eucalyptus; some of them tolerate temperatures down to 15° below zero.
Teasel culture. The natural conditions of the Crimean peninsula are favorable for the cultivation of the heat-loving culture teasel; it produces a pileated cone used in textile production to obtain lint on fabrics.
For many years, France was the main supplier of pile cone to the world market. In our country, before the revolution, teasel was grown only in small areas in Bessarabia and Crimea, and Russia was forced to import teasel cone from abroad.
Cultivation of teasel for industrial purposes in the Soviet Union (Crimea and Kazakhstan) began in 1925. As a result of a significant increase in acreage and increased productivity, by the end of the Third Five-Year Plan our country had completely provided its industry with lint cone, freed from the need to import it.
Teasel is cultivated mainly in the foothills of the region (Bakhchisaraysky, Belogorsky, Zuysky, Simferopol and Staro-Krymsky), as well as in the steppe regions (Nizhnegorsky, Sovetsky and Kirovsky). Crimean collective farmers became masters of high yields, removing up to 3 or more centners of lint cone per hectare. In the near future, the planting of this highly profitable crop in Crimea will be expanded.
Livestock. In pre-revolutionary times, pasture farming (mainly sheep breeding) predominated in Crimea. During the years of socialist construction after the collectivization of agriculture great attention was given to the development of highly productive public livestock farming.
During the Nazi occupation, the region's livestock farming suffered enormous damage. After the expulsion of the Nazi invaders, agricultural workers in the Crimean region were given the task of not only achieving the pre-war level in the development of livestock farming, but also surpassing it.
As a result of the implementation of the first post-war five-year plan and the three-year plan for the development of public livestock farming, collective farmers and state farm workers in the Crimean region achieved success in both increasing the number of livestock and increasing its productivity.
Compared to the pre-war level, the number of cattle increased by 23%, and pigs by 62.1%. However, the number of sheep and goats has not yet reached the level of 1941.
Among other regions of the Soviet Union, Crimea now stands out for its high breed of livestock. Livestock farming is especially widely developed in the steppe regions of the region, which are better provided with feed resources. Here, dairy and meat livestock farming, sheep breeding (semi-fine wool and Karakul) and pig breeding play an important role. In a number of areas, horse breeding and poultry farming, beekeeping and sericulture are developed. The foothill areas are dominated by a variety of highly commercial livestock sectors; Sheep breeding no longer plays such a big role in them as in the steppe. On the southern coast, conditions for the development of livestock farming are less favorable.
By applying advanced methods of livestock husbandry and strengthening the food supply, collective farms and state farms in the region have improved the qualitative composition of the herd. In many collective farms of the Azov, Dzhankoy, Evpatoria, Simferopol, Bakhchisarai and other regions of the region, breeding farms of cattle, horse breeding, pig breeding, sheep breeding, and poultry farms are organized. Highly productive red-steppe cattle are bred in the steppe and foothill areas of the region. Work to further improve the quality of the red-steppe breed is being carried out on pedigree collective farms in the area of activity of the Crimean State Breeding Nursery of Cattle (in the Dzhankoy, Azov and Krasnogvardeisky districts) and on state farms.
The Crimean livestock industry faces the task of increasing the number and productivity of livestock in the coming years. For these purposes, by the end of 1954, the number of cows on collective farms in the region will be increased to 55 thousand. In a number of districts of the region: Primorsky, Evpatoriya, Dzhankoy, Kirov, Saki, Krasnogvardeysky, Staro-Krymsky, Simferopol, Bakhchisarai and Balaklava, the number of cows in the herd is expected increase to 60 and in other areas of the region to 50 percent.
Considerable attention is paid to the raising of pigs - Large White and Ukrainian Steppe White, which are distinguished by their high productivity and fertility. In addition to breeding these breeds, interbreeding and fattening of crossbred pigs are used very effectively.
Extensive pastures, as well as a mild climate, which makes it possible to graze livestock almost throughout the year, favor the development of sheep breeding in Crimea.
Of the two main breeds - Tsygai and Karakul - the main role belongs to Tsygai (semi-fine-wool) sheep, characterized by high productivity, good fertility and high quality wool. In addition, Tsygai sheep are hardy, capable of rapid fattening and at the same time unpretentious in feed. The wool of Tsygay sheep is widely used: for the production of cloth, worsted fabrics, knitwear, etc. Beautiful, durable furs are made from Tsygay sheepskins.
In 1951, in the collective farms of the Crimea, sheep of an improved breed accounted for 85%, of which 62% were Tsygai and 23% Karakul. Breeding pedigree sheep gives collective farms high incomes. Agricultural cooperatives received especially large income from Tsygai sheep in 1951: them. Stalin of the Azov region, “Country of Soviets” of the Pervomaisky region, “Lenin’s Path” of the Dzhankoy region and a number of others.
Leading sheep breeders on collective farms in the Novoselovsky, Azov, Sovetsky and other districts annually strive to obtain and preserve 130-140 lambs from every 100 ewes.
Thanks to the improvement of sheep breeding in recent years, the live weight of sheep and wool shearing have increased in Crimea. Every year the production of fine and semi-fine wool, used for the production of high-quality fabrics, increases. To expand the raw material base of light industry in the next 2-3 years on the collective farms of Crimea, wool shearing per fine-fleece sheep should be brought to 5.2-5.8 kg, for a semi-fine-fleece sheep - up to 4.2-4.8 kg. In the steppe regions, in particular in the Sivash region, fine-wool sheep of the Askanian breed are being introduced.
The work of the All-Union Research Institute of Hybridization and Acclimatization of Animals named after A. M.F. Ivanov in Askania-Nova (“Chapli”), which has an exemplary experimental farm for raising highly productive breeds of pedigree cattle. The Institute has bred a very valuable “Askanian fine-fleece” breed of sheep and raised selected breeding Merino rams.
The Crimean State Integrated Agricultural Station, which has two strongholds in Northern Crimea, is engaged in the breeding and improvement of fine-wool sheep. The Institute in Askania-Nova provides assistance to this station.
The experience of Askania-Nova shows what enormous opportunities there are for the development of fine-fleece sheep breeding in the southern steppes of Ukraine, including in Crimea.
When fulfilling the main task set by the party and the government for livestock farming - to increase the number of livestock while significantly increasing its productivity - it is necessary to take into account the geographical conditions for the development of livestock farming in different regions of the country. This position was reflected in the instructions of the September Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee: “When setting tasks, comprehensively take into account the economic and natural conditions of individual regions, collective farms and state farms, which are favorable to the development of some types of livestock and not favorable to the development of other types.”
The favorable conditions of the northern Steppe Crimea for the development of highly productive sheep breeding should be used to the maximum.
For a steep rise in sheep breeding in the Crimea - increasing the number of livestock and increasing wool productivity - strengthening the food supply, conditions for feeding and keeping animals, in particular: the widespread introduction of a penned grazing system to achieve better fattening of sheep and lambs and best use pastures, pasture equipment and water supply improvement.
Much attention is paid to the development of poultry farming in Crimea. In the steppe regions of the region, highly productive chickens are bred, mainly of the “Soviet White Leghorn” breed. A cross between the white Leghorn and other breeds is common. In recent years, the leading collective and state farms of Crimea have achieved outstanding success in increasing the productivity of poultry farming - this highly profitable branch of livestock farming. The egg production of chickens has increased significantly thanks to careful and skillful care of them. Geese, ducks, and turkeys are successfully bred. The North Caucasian bronze turkey is widely introduced into the steppe regions. Many collective farms have Pekin ducks and Kholmogory geese. Incubators have become widespread, the number of which has doubled compared to the pre-war period. In 1954-1955 on the collective farms of Crimea, the number of laying hens should be increased to 200 heads for every 100 hectares of grain crops.
For the further development of livestock farming in Crimea, it is necessary to create a strong feed base, correct use natural hayfields and pastures. In order to provide livestock with succulent feed in the summer, it is necessary to expand crops and obtain high and sustainable yields of grain feed, silage crops and root crops.
The directives of the 19th Party Congress on the fifth five-year plan provide for an increase in the procurement of tuber crops in our country by 3-4 times and silage by 2 times. Transferring livestock to stabling and increasing its productivity are directly dependent on proper organization food base.
A number of measures are planned in Crimea to improve the food supply. So, in the period 1954-1955. Each collective farm and state farm must receive yields of silage crops of 100 centners, root crops of 170 centners and melons of at least 200 centners per hectare. It is expected that at least 5 tons of silage should be prepared annually for each cow. Widespread introduction of summer stall-camp housing for cows is planned.
The development of livestock farming in Crimea, especially meat and dairy production, is an important condition growth of the region's meat and dairy industry. The growth of this branch of production is caused by the great demand for its products in the cities and numerous resorts of Crimea. The largest meat processing plant is located in Simferopol. The choice of Simferopol for the construction of a meat processing plant was due to the convenient location of the city between the main livestock raising area - the steppe part of Crimea, and one of the main consumers of its products - the resorts of the Southern Coast.
The dairy industry has developed significantly. The dairy plant in Simferopol processes milk from Simferopol, Zuevsky, Bakhchisarai and partly other districts of the region. A large dairy plant is being built in Yalta.
Sericulture began to play a prominent role in Crimean agriculture. Sericulture achieved especially significant growth during the pre-war five-year plans. Thus, the harvesting of cocoons in the period from 1930 to 1940 increased 6 times.
During the first post-war five-year plan, sericulture began to recover quickly. Already in 1950, the total volume of harvesting silkworm cocoons in the Crimea and the operational area occupied by mulberries more than doubled compared to 1940.
More than 100 collective farms are now engaged in sericulture in Crimea. Mulberry sericulture is most developed in the northeastern, steppe part of Crimea. The largest area of mulberry plantations is occupied in the Sovetsky, Nizhnegorsky, Kirovsky and Krasnogvardeysky districts. Sericulture has also received significant development in the Dzhankoy region. Oak silkworms are bred in foothill areas.
Grapes are a drought-resistant plant; it grows well even on soils poor in water and nutrients: rocky, pebble soils and sand. In arid areas, grapes receive the necessary moisture from the deep layers of the soil with the help of a well-developed root system, penetrating to a depth of 15-18 meters.
See the collection "For Abundance", page 195.
The plow operates using a winch with a traction force of up to 3 tons. The plow's productivity is about half a hectare per working day.
A clear example of how productivity and gross grape harvest can be increased as a result of the application of socialist labor methods and proper care behind the vineyards, are the achievements of the leader of the viticultural state farm "Koktebel" of the Sudak region of the Hero of Socialist Labor M.A. Bryntseva and other leading agricultural workers of Yalta, Sudak and Alushta.
From fine roots and eucalyptus leaves, essential oils are extracted for the production of high-quality varnishes, wood alcohol, acetic acid, acetone tanning and other very valuable products. Essential oils have a subtle aromatic scent and are used in perfumery. These trees ozone well, purify the air, and improve the health of the surrounding area. Preparations made from eucalyptus leaves are used in medicine.
Teasel, a large-stemmed herbaceous plant, develops successfully in areas where the annual sum of temperatures is 000°. It can withstand only short-term temperature drops to -10-15°. Teasel also places certain demands on soil moisture: the amount of annual precipitation for teasel cultivation should not be less than 450-500 mm. In dry years, soil irrigation is necessary to replenish missing moisture. However, teasel does not tolerate too much high humidity soil. In addition to Crimea and others southern regions Ukraine, teasel can be cultivated in the North Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Central Asia and Southern Kazakhstan, where soil and climatic conditions are favorable for the development of this valuable crop.
Some rams already produce over 8 kg of high-quality wool, and the live weight of record-breaking rams exceeds 100 kilograms.
The live weight of fine-wool sheep ranges from 105 to 150 kg, wool shearing from 15.5 to 21.2 kg, with a wool length from 7.5 to 14 centimeters. Merino rams have a live weight of 145 kg on average; the wool shearing from these rams averaged 16.3 kg. In some cases, the wool shearing of breeding rams reaches 22.4 kg, and the live weight is 174.5 kilograms (P. Pershin. Development of prospects for the development of collective farms. “Economy Issues”, 1951, No. 4, p. 26).
On measures for the further development of agriculture of the USSR. Resolution of the Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee, adopted on September 7, 1953 based on the report of Comrade. Khrushcheva N.S., M., 1953, p. 16.
Chickens of the Soviet White Leghorn breed produce up to 140-170 eggs per year in Crimea.
Introduction
Favorable climatic conditions, long sunny periods, the abundance of free agricultural land and their geographical diversity significantly influence the formation of certain prospects for agricultural enterprises of the Republic of Crimea. Entry of the region into the Russian Federation became the main impetus for revising the work of the agricultural complex, and the identified problems entailed the need to take urgent cardinal decisions to eliminate them. An outdated material base, lack of support for agricultural producers from state executive bodies, and development of agricultural land have led the most promising sector of the region's economy to a deplorable state.
The revival of the Republic of Crimea as one of the main agricultural producers in Russia, increasing capacity for the production of meat products, and the development of viticulture and vegetable growing is one of the main directions of the country’s policy of import substitution. The set goal of growing the level of the Republic’s economy, reducing its subsidy dependence, increasing investment attractiveness, can be realized in the shortest possible time, subject to interaction between the state and its subjects, support for small businesses, and the formation of a unified system of public-private partnerships.
Research methods
The assessment of the state and prospects for the development of the agricultural sector of the Republic of Crimea is based on the application of economic and mathematical methods of analysis, assessment and systematization of statistical information, synthesis and observation.
Discussion results
According to the Crimean Department of Statistics, agriculture is specialized in grain and livestock farming, viticulture, horticulture, vegetable growing, as well as the cultivation of essential oil crops (lavender, roses, sage). The volumes of gross production of livestock and crop products are balanced, thanks to which this industry provides 17% of the region's gross regional product.
The volume of agricultural production of all agricultural producers in the Republic of Crimea in 2015 in actual prices amounted to 61.8 billion rubles, allowing the region to take 30th place in the ranking of subjects of the Federation. The index of agricultural production in the Republic of Crimea for January – November 2016 amounted to 101.2% (in actual prices 67.9 million rubles).
At the end of 2016, 1205 peasant farms were registered in Crimea farms. The number of small enterprises engaged in agricultural production in Crimea amounted to 75.3% of all agricultural enterprises in the republic.
The share of Crimea in the all-Russian value of agricultural products produced is at the level of 1.2%. In actual per capita prices, the region produced agricultural products worth 32.5 thousand rubles. (average in the Russian Federation - 34.4 thousand rubles). In the country as a whole, the republic ranks 42nd in this indicator.
To a greater extent, the region's agriculture is specialized in the production of crop products, less livestock products. In the structure of Crimea’s agriculture in 2016, crop production accounted for 61.2%, and livestock production accounted for 38.8%.
The bulk of the sown area in Crimea is used for grain crops (65% in 2016), including wheat - 36%, barley - 24%, leguminous crops - 3%. 29% of the area is used for industrial crops, including 15% for sunflower. The rest is potatoes and vegetables - melons(4%), fodder crops (3%).
Despite a number of favorable conditions for the development of crop production, in the last 10 years the total area of farmland has decreased significantly. Agrarian specialists believe that the main reasons lie in the allocation of land for construction, losses from land erosion, and soil salinization.
As statistics show, agricultural production in general has decreased by 7.8% in recent years. Thus, there was a decrease in livestock production by 18.6%, the reason for which was the difficulties encountered in the delivery of young animals, hatching eggs and high-quality feed supplies to agricultural enterprises. The volume of crop production decreased by 8.4% due to a lack of water for irrigation, as well as a decrease in acreage for vegetables and potatoes in households by 30.8%. Abnormal frosts in 2015-2016 had an impact on the gross grape harvest, which decreased by 16.9%.
Despite a number of problems, positive results were obtained by Crimean farmers in terms of industrial crops grown. This area is developing intensively; there is an annual increase in the yield of sunflower seeds, wheat, and barley.
Table 1 - Gross harvest of selected agricultural crops in all categories of farms for the period 2015-2016.
|
Culture |
Growth,% |
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|
Sunflower for grain, thousand tons |
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|
Wheat gross harvest, thousand tons |
|||
|
Barley gross harvest, thousand tons |
|||
|
Potato |
|||
|
Fruits, thousand tons |
|||
|
Vegetables in total |
|||
As farmers note, after reunification with Russia, the grain harvest in Crimea exceeded all expected limits. If in 2013 only 607 thousand tons of grain were collected, then in 2014 the harvesting campaign ended with an indicator of 1.1 million tons, and in 2015 - 1.4 million. In 2016, the total volume of gross grain harvest in the region almost reached 1.5 million tons.
The situation is similar in the livestock complex. In 2016, the volume of livestock production amounted to 24.7 billion rubles or 36.4% of the total agricultural production. As of January 1, 2017, the number of farm animals in Crimea was: cattle - 116 thousand heads, which is 4.9% more than a year earlier, sheep and goats - more than 225 thousand heads (+7.3%), pigs - more than 146 thousand heads (-8.9%), birds of all types 7.3 million heads (-21.4%).
As of January 1, 2017, the number of cattle on household farms is 94.1 thousand. (81.1% of the total cattle population), which is 0.9% lower than the level at the beginning of 2016, incl. the number of cows decreased by 1.4% and amounted to 52.3 thousand heads. (83.8% of the total cow population). The number of pigs increased by 16.4% (the share in the total livestock population as of 01/01/2017 was 46.3%), sheep and goats increased by 2.4% (83.4%), poultry - by 6.0% (59 .0%). There is a decrease in production volumes of slaughtered meat by 4.9%, poultry meat by 6.3%, and a slight increase of milk yield by 2.3%.
As noted by the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the decrease in the number of pigs is associated with the emergence of African swine fever in Crimea in 2016, which led to the death and liquidation of a significant number of animals. And the decline in poultry numbers is mainly due to the fact that one of the largest enterprises The Republic switched to a new production technology, as well as with interruptions in the supply of feed for birds from the Russian mainland.
Table 2 - Production of livestock products in all categories of farms
|
Products |
Growth,% |
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|
Livestock and poultry for slaughter (live weight), thousand tons |
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|
Milk, thousand tons |
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Eggs, million pieces |
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Despite the fall in meat production and the decline in the number of pigs and poultry, the Republic of Crimea entered the top twenty best regions Russia in wool production (15th place), honey collection (18th place), in the top thirty in the production of livestock and poultry for slaughter (24th place), in the number of sheep and goats (24th place) and egg production (29th place).
In order to support agriculture in the region, a number of government programs have begun to operate. Since 2015, 29 Agreements on the implementation of investment projects have been signed between the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Crimea and investors, the volume of investments for which will amount to more than 13.6 billion rubles, the planned number of jobs created in the future will be 2644 and up to 741 seasonal jobs. The republic notes a number of companies that in 2016 conducted active investment activities in the agro-industrial complex of the Republic of Crimea. Among them it is necessary to highlight the following:
— Zhemchuzhina LLC, Agrofirm Chernomorets JSC, Farmer LTD LLC (Bakhchisarai district);
— LLC “SO Kurskoe”, LLC “SO Topolevka”, LLC “SO Bogatoye” (Belogorsky district);
— LLC “Fruits of Old Crimea” ( Kirovsky district);
— JSC “Friendship of Peoples Nova”, JSC “Crimean Fruit Company” (Krasnogvardeisky district);
— JSC State Farm Vesna (Nizhnegorsky district);
— Crimea-Farming LLC, K(F)H “Chisty Kamen” (Pervomaisky district);
— LLC TPK "Infocar", LLC "Soibin", LLC "KrymAgroTsekh" (Razdolnensky district);
— Legend of Crimea LLC, Crimean Vineyards LLC, Crimean Fruit Company JSC (Saki district);
— LLC “Yarosvit-Agro”, LLC “Antey”, LLC “Our Crimea”, LLC “Region Climate Group”, JSC “Partizan”, LLC “Veles - Crimea”, LLC “Yuzhnaya” (Simferopol region);
— Healing Source LLC (Black Sea region)
In April 2017, the Crimean government entered into an investment agreement with the Kryminveststroy company (Feodosia), which plans to build a complex for the production and processing of meat and milk in Crimea worth 18 billion rubles. The complex will be located in several regions of the peninsula: Leninsky, Kirovsky, Saki districts, as well as in Feodosia. Construction will begin in the third quarter of 2017, with completion planned for 2020-2021.
The construction of a pig-breeding farm of JSC Yuzhnaya has been launched, Simferopol district. The investment project involves financing the construction of a livestock farm designed for 3.2 thousand sows.
State support also affected the region's horticultural complex. In 2015, we began to implement the Project to plant 700 hectares of an apple orchard and build a storage facility with a 25 thousand ton capacity on the territory of Fruits of Old Crimea LLC in the Kirovsky district.
Departmental targeted programs:
— “Economically significant regional program in the field of crop production,” the amount of subsidies for which amounted to 2238.9 rubles/ha;
- “Economically significant regional program in the field of livestock farming”, the amount of subsidies for which in 2015-2016 amounted to 1,100 million rubles.
— subprogram “Development of small businesses”, according to which 148.1 million rubles were allocated in 2015-2016. to support beginning farmers and 76.5 million rubles. for the development of family livestock farms based on peasant farms.
State support for small businesses in the agro-industrial complex on the territory of the Republic of Crimea is carried out in accordance with the “State program for the development of agriculture and regulation of markets for agricultural products, raw materials and food of the Republic of Crimea for 2015-2017”, approved by the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Crimea dated October 29, 2014 year No. 423. The state program includes the Subprogram “Development of small forms of farming in the agro-industrial complex of the Republic of Crimea.” As part of the implementation of this Subprogram, the following activities are envisaged:
— support for beginning farmers (including the provision of grants to beginning farmers for the creation and development of peasant (farm) farming, one-time assistance for their home improvement);
— development of family livestock farms (providing grants to heads of peasant (farm) farms for the development of family livestock farms);
- partial reimbursement interest rate for long-term, medium-term and short-term loans taken by small businesses;
— reimbursement of part of the costs of peasant (farm) farms, including individual entrepreneurs, when registering ownership of land plots from agricultural lands.
Changes also affected the viticulture complex of the Republic. Vineyards were planted in 2016 on an area of 459 hectares, which is 190 hectares more than the same figure for 2015. Largest quantity vineyards were planted in the Saki region - 188 hectares.
In 2015 alone, the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Crimea signed 3 Agreements on the implementation of investment projects aimed at developing winemaking and viticulture in the Republic:
— development of winemaking based on the property of the Republic of Crimea, investment project to expand the territory of vineyards and modernize the winemaking enterprise Crimean Loza LLC (Koktebel town);
— planting new vineyards at Horizon Service LLC (Opolznevoe village, South Coast);
— creation of a modern winemaking enterprise with full
production cycle on the basis of Agrovector-Crimea LLC, planting new vineyards in the Simferopol region.
The material base of the agro-industrial complex is also developing in Crimea. The renewal of the machine and tractor fleet of the Republic of Crimea in 2016 amounted to about 741 units. technology. Two projects are currently being implemented in the Razdolnensky district. The investor company Crimea-Farming is building a complex for keeping dairy cows of up to 400 heads, and the project includes the construction of a dairy farm on an area of 6 thousand hectares.
At the Crimean Chicken LLC enterprise, a new number of broiler chickens was purchased, the increase amounted to 62.6 thousand, and 6 new poultry houses were put into operation. In addition, a plant for processing crop products and producing compound feed is being built in the area; equipment for a mill is currently being installed at the enterprise, with an approximate cost of 13 million rubles. In total, about 25 million rubles were invested in the project, 10 of which were spent on restoring the farm building. In total, it is planned to open 25 jobs at the new facility.
The Republic of Crimea, despite the sanctions, remains an important participant international trade. However, Crimean exports are characterized by certain features: Most products are initially supplied to the mainland of the Russian Federation and only after that are sold abroad.
In the structure of exports, the sale of food products and agricultural raw materials ranks third after engineering and chemical industries. Mostly we're talking about about grain and fish. Crimea sells wheat and barley to the countries of the Middle East, and fish to Belarus and Ukraine. The total volume of exports of food products and agricultural raw materials in 2016 amounted to 10,305.1 thousand US dollars.
Among the export opportunities of Crimea, experts note the wine industry. Starting this year, PJSC Massandra began supplies to Belarus and China. The plant’s plans include expansion into Southeast Asia.
conclusions
In general, Crimea has enormous agricultural potential. Effective use grants and subsidies, competent investment management and the active creation of new enterprises will allow the region to quickly become one of the most successful regions of Russia in the agricultural sector. Development state support V this sector economy in the near future will provide an opportunity not only to increase the investment attractiveness of agriculture, but also to increase the number of profitable, efficiently operating enterprises.
Crimean agriculture is specialized in grain and livestock farming, viticulture, horticulture, vegetable growing, as well as the cultivation of essential oil crops (lavender, roses, sage). The volumes of gross production of livestock and crop production are balanced. The structure of agricultural land, which occupies 63% of the territory of Crimea, is dominated by arable land (63.3% of the total area of farmland). This is followed by pastures (22.9%), perennial plantings (8.7%) and hayfields (0.1%).
The republic is characterized by high agricultural development of the territory. Farmland accounts for about 70% of the area of Crimea. Arable land predominates, the proportion of perennial plantings is large, and their area increases sharply due to the foothill and mountainous parts of Crimea.
However, over the past 10 years, the total area of farmland has been decreasing. The reasons lie in the allocation of land for construction, losses from land erosion, and soil salinization.
The main source of water supply for agriculture is the North Crimean Canal, through which 2.2 cubic meters are supplied to Crimea annually. km of Dnieper water. At the beginning of the 90s, 380 thousand hectares of farmland on the peninsula were irrigated, which accounted for about 19% of their total area, and they produced up to 30% of crop production.
In terms of the cost of products produced and profitability, crop production stands out among the branches of agriculture. The leading position here is occupied by grain growing (46% of sown areas). In Crimea, grain became the main crop only in the mid-19th century, displacing sheep farming, when railroads were built on the peninsula and grain became one of the main export goods of southern Russia.
The republic also cultivates corn, which is used as a feed crop. Millet and rice are grown from cereal crops in the steppe part of Crimea.
Industrial crops in Crimea are represented mainly by various oilseeds, the main of which is sunflower. About 50% of the republic's sown areas are occupied by it. Other oilseed crops grown in Crimea include soybeans and rapeseed. However, the most valuable are the essential oil crops produced in the republic - rose, sage, lavender. These crops are grown and undergo primary processing at five state farm factories. About 8 thousand hectares are occupied by essential oil crops in Crimea. Essential oil enterprises in Simferopol, Bakhchisaray, as well as Sudak, Sovetsky and Belogorsky districts produce over half of the rose and lavender oils produced in the CIS.
Horticulture in Crimea is represented by the production of pome (apples, pears) and stone fruit (plums, cherries, cherries, peaches) crops. Strawberries are grown everywhere in the republic. The average annual harvest of fruits and berries in Crimea is about 300 thousand tons with a yield of about 70 c/ha.
The oldest industry in Crimea is viticulture. Moreover, Crimea is famous for its technical grape varieties, which are used to produce high-quality wines, cognacs and juices. The Republic is the main region of Ukraine for grape production. The sugar content in berries ranges from 15 to 25%. In some farms, grape yield reaches 80 c/ha (with an average of 50 c/ha). The republic produces about 300 thousand tons of grapes per year.
In addition to the main sectors of livestock farming (which is generally unprofitable in Crimea), additional ones are also being developed. Recently, fishing has become increasingly important. In the steppe part there is breeding of carp and silver carp, in the mountain part - trout. Sericulture is a highly profitable and traditional industry for the steppe Crimea.
Information taken from the site http://www.crimea.ru