Example
CHARACTERISTICS OF PASSIVE ACCOUNTS
1. Reflect the sources of formation of economic assets.
2. They are in the liability side of the balance sheet.
3. Initial balance is in the credit of these accounts, reflects the availability of sources at the beginning of the reporting period (Snach).
The balance of a passive account is always in credit and is either greater than or equal to zero.
4. An increase in sources of economic funds is reflected in the credit of these accounts, called credit turnover(KO).
5. A decrease in sources is reflected in the debit of these accounts, called debit turnover(BEFORE).
1. Final balance is in credit of these accounts, reflects the availability of the balance of sources at the end of the reporting period, calculated as follows:
EXAMPLE of a passive account.
Let's consider passive account 70 "Settlements with personnel for wages." We will assume that the initial balance is 200,000 (accrued but not paid wages). Let's assume that the following operations occur:
1. The salary of the company’s employees was accrued in the amount of 300,000 rubles. The account increases (since the company has a debt to employees until salaries are paid), the increase in the passive account occurs on the loan.
2. From the accrued salary, income tax from individuals is withheld in the amount of 50,700 rubles. The account decreases (by debit).
3. Alimony of 6,000 rubles was withheld from accrued wages. The account decreases by debit.
4. The debt of one of the employees to the enterprise of 10,000 rubles is withheld from the accrued salary. The account decreases (by debit).
5. Salaries were issued to the employees of the enterprise upon the due date - 200,000 rubles. The account decreases (by debit).
EXERCISE: open an account, enter transaction amounts and calculate the final balance.
SOLUTION:
We open an account and enter the initial balance, then we post the transaction amounts: the amounts that decrease the account are placed in the debit of the account (according to the passive account scheme), and the amounts that increase the account are placed in the credit of the account (according to the characteristics of the passive account). Let us remind you that each amount is preceded by the serial number of the operation to which this amount relates. We calculate the final balance:
With con = 200,000 + 300,000 – 266,700 = 233,300 rub.
At the beginning of the month, the company owes the bank for a loan in the amount of 180,000 rubles. During the month the following business transactions were carried out:
1. Part of the loan has been repaid - 60,000 rubles;
2. The loan debt has been fully repaid - 120,000 rubles;
3. At the end of the month, another loan was received - 100,000 rubles.
Create passive account 66 “settlements on short-term loans”, calculate turnover and balance
In addition to active and passive accounts, there are also active-passive accounts, which come in two types:
1) with a one-sided balance (debit or credit);
2) with a bilateral balance (debit and credit at the same time)
ACTIVE-PASSIVE ACCOUNTS- these are accounts that simultaneously reflect both the organization’s property and the sources of its formation; these are accounts that can have both a debit and a credit balance at the same time.
Active-passive accounts are intended for current accounting of the presence and changes in both economic assets and the sources of their formation.
There are two types of active-passive accounts:
· with a one-sided balance (the nature of the balance may change);
· with a bilateral balance (expanded balance, i.e. debit and credit at the same time).
Active-passive accounts can be divided into:
v settlement accounts;
v financial performance accounts.
Active-passive accounting scheme
Account name
where C to act, C to pass – final balance of active and passive accounts, respectively, cu;
S n act, S n pass – the initial balance of active and passive accounts, respectively, cu;
about on D t act, about on D t pass – turnover on the debit of active and passive accounts, respectively, c.u.;
about on K t act, about on K t pass – turnover on the credit of active and passive accounts, respectively, c.u.
In addition to active and passive accounts, accounting practice uses active-passive accounts, which may have a debit or credit balance, or a debit and credit balance at the same time, since these accounts reflect both the composition of funds and the sources of their formation.
The scheme of active-passive account is presented in Figure 4.3.
There are two types of active-passive accounts:
· active-passive accounts for which one balance is displayed: either by debit or by credit of the account. This balance is called rolled up. For example, in account 99 “Profit or loss” both profits and losses are reflected, but at the end of the month the final financial result is displayed - profit (if the balance is credit) or loss (if the balance is debit).
· active-passive accounts, for which two balances are displayed, both debit and credit of the account. If there are two balances on an account, then this balance is called expanded. For example, account 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors” could replace two accounts “Settlements with debtors” - an active account and “Settlements with creditors” - a passive account. The need to take into account these calculations on one account is explained by the constant change in mutual settlements (a debtor can become a creditor, and vice versa). Therefore, it is not practical to split this account into two separate ones.
Figure 4.3 - Active-passive account scheme
Active, passive and active-passive accounts are usually called balance sheet accounts, since there is close relationship between accounts and balance:
· accounts in accounting are opened on the basis of opening balance data;
· the opening balance in the asset of the account is recorded on the left side, and in the liability of the account - on the right side, that is, where they are reflected in the balance sheet;
· closing balances serve as the initial data for drawing up a balance sheet at the beginning of the next reporting date;
· disclosure of the content of balance sheet indicators is revealed only with the use of data on turnover reflected in the relevant accounts.
During the operation of an enterprise, many different economic processes occur: raw materials and supplies are received, products are produced and sold, wages are calculated and paid, etc. In order to correctly reflect numerous business transactions in accounting, they are grouped according to homogeneous business characteristics. Accounting accounts are used for this grouping. The list of all accounts changing in accounting is given in the standard chart of accounts.
Depending on what funds are recorded in the accounting accounts, they are divided into:
Active accounts
Active accounting accounts keep records of the enterprise's assets (presence, receipt and disposal of business assets).
Active account scheme
| Debit | Credit |
| Initial balance- balance of economic assets at the beginning of the reporting period | |
| Turnover by debit- the amount of business transactions causing an increase in the enterprise’s economic assets during the reporting period | Loan turnover- the amount of business transactions causing a decrease in the enterprise’s economic assets during the reporting period |
| Final balance- balance of business assets at the end of the reporting period |
The ending balance is calculated using the following formula:
Sk = Sn + Od - Ok
Active accounts have the following features:
- the opening balance is always a debit balance and shows the availability of funds at the beginning of the reporting period;
- debit turnover reflects the receipt of funds;
- loan turnover reflects a decrease in funds;
- the final balance is always a debit balance and shows the balance at the end of the reporting period;
- Active accounts reflect the presence and movement of business assets and property of the enterprise.
The main active accounts include:
- 01 Fixed assets;
- 04 Intangible assets;
- 10 Materials;
- 20 Main production;
- 43 Finished products;
- 50 Cashier;
- 51 Current accounts;
- 52 Currency accounts;
- 58 Financial investments;
Passive accounts
Passive accounting accounts keep records of the sources of economic assets.
Passive account scheme
| Debit | Credit |
| Initial balance | |
| Turnover by debit- the amount of business transactions causing a decrease in the sources of formation of economic funds during the reporting period | Loan turnover- the amount of business transactions causing an increase in the sources of formation of economic funds during the reporting period |
| Closing balance- balance of sources of economic assets at the end of the reporting period |
The final balance is calculated using the following formula:
Sk = Sn + Ok - Od
Passive accounts have the following features:
- The opening balance is always a credit balance and shows the amount of capital or the presence of liabilities of the enterprise at the beginning of the reporting period;
- Debit turnover shows a decrease in the capital or liabilities of the enterprise;
- The final balance is always a credit balance and shows the amount of capital or the presence of liabilities of the enterprise at the end of the reporting period;
- On passive accounts, records are kept of the sources of formation of the enterprise’s economic assets, i.e. capital or liabilities.
The main passive accounts include:
- 60 Settlements with suppliers and contractors;
- 66 Calculations for short-term loans and borrowings;
- 67 Calculations for long-term loans and borrowings;
- 68 Calculations for taxes and fees;
- 69 Calculations for social insurance and security;
- 70 Settlements with personnel for wages;
- 80 Authorized capital;
- 82 Reserve capital;
- 83 Additional capital;
- 99 Profits and losses.
Active-passive accounts
Designed for simultaneous accounting of both property and the sources of its formation.
Active-passive account scheme
| Debit | Credit |
| Initial balance- balance of property at the beginning of the reporting period | Initial balance- balance of sources of economic assets at the beginning of the reporting period |
| Turnover by debit- transactions can be displayed either to increase property or to reduce balances | Loan turnover- operations can be displayed either to reduce property or to increase sources |
| Closing balance- balance of property at the end of the reporting period | Closing balance- balance of sources at the end of the reporting period |
The main active-passive accounts include:
- 71 Settlements with accountable persons;
- 75 Settlements with founders;
- 76 Settlements with various debtors and creditors;
- 99 Profits and losses.
If the enterprise is owed by other organizations or individuals, then these debtors are called debtors, and their debt to the enterprise is called receivable.
If an enterprise uses borrowed or attracted funds, then it has accounts payable to other organizations or individuals who are creditors to it.
The company owes creditors, and debtors owe the company itself.
Classification of accounting accounts
This is the combination of accounts into groups based on the principle of homogeneity of economic content, the indicators of property, liabilities and business transactions reflected in them.
Accounts are classified:
- By structure(Active, Passive, Active-passive);
- By economic content distinguish between accounts of property and sources of its formation, as well as by business transactions in the areas of supply, production and sales;
- By purpose:
- Inventory- for accounting of the organization's property, always active. Accounting is carried out in monetary and natural measures;
- Cash- for accounting of funds, always active. Accounting is carried out only in monetary terms;
- Current accounts- designed to account for all types of calculations. Accounting is carried out in monetary terms. Almost all are active-passive;
- Regulatory- clarify the assessment of certain types of property. Accounting is carried out in monetary terms. Always passive;
- Collective and distribution- are intended to account for indirect costs that require preliminary distribution. Always active;
- Reporting and distribution- designed to distribute costs between reporting periods;
- Costing- designed for accounting and control of costs and for determining costs;
- Operationally efficient- are intended to identify the result of economic activity. Active-passive. Accounting is carried out in monetary terms;
- Financially efficient- are intended to account for accumulation and losses as a financial result. Active-passive accounts;
- Stock accounts- are intended for accounting and control over the capital of an enterprise. Always passive.
Accounting accounts can also be divided into two groups:
- Balance accounts- these are all balance sheet accounts combined into one system, having correspondence with each other and ensuring accounting of all financial and economic activities of the organization;
- Off-balance sheet accounts- these are accounts whose balances are not included in the balance sheet, but are shown behind its total, i.e. behind the balance. Accounting for them is carried out without using the double entry method. Entries are made in special statements according to the columns Income and Expense. In the chart of accounts, they are numbered in three accounts from 001 to 011. They are intended for accounting for property that is not the property of the organization.
Double entry of business transactions in accounting accounts
Double entry- this is an entry as a result of which each business transaction is reflected in the accounting accounts twice, in the debit of one account and in the credit of another, interconnected account for the same amount. The double entry method determines the existence of such concepts as correspondence of accounts and accounting entries.
Account correspondence is the relationship between accounts that occurs under the double entry method.
Accounting entry- this is the registration of correspondence of accounts, when simultaneously an entry is made on the debit and credit of accounts for the amount of a business transaction to be registered.
Accounting entries are distinguished:
- simple, i.e. An entry is made as a debit to one account and a credit to another.
- complex, i.e. the amount is distributed across the debit of several accounts and reflected in the credit of one account. Or one account is debited and several accounts are credited.
D51 K50 - correspondence of accounts;
D51 K50 2000 - registration of accounting entries.
Synthetic and analytical accounts
In accounting, 3 types of accounts are used to obtain information. According to the degree of detail they are divided into synthetic, analytical and sub-accounts.
Synthetic accounts(1st order accounts) contain generalized indicators about the property, liabilities and business operations of the organization for economically homogeneous groups in monetary terms.
Analytical accounts(3rd order accounts) - detail the content of synthetic accounts, reflecting data on certain types of property, liabilities and business transactions, expressed in natural, labor and monetary measures.
Subaccounts(2nd order accounts) - are intermediate accounts between synthetic and analytical and are intended for additional grouping of analytical accounts within a given synthetic account. Accounting is usually carried out in monetary terms.
Accounting uses synthetic and analytical accounting
Synthetic accounting - This is an accounting of generalized accounting data on types of property, liabilities and business transactions according to certain economic characteristics, which is maintained on synthetic accounting accounts.
Analytical accounting - This is accounting that is maintained in personal and other analytical accounting accounts, grouping detailed information about property, liabilities and business transactions within each synthetic account.
Relationship between synthetic and analytical accounts
- The opening balance for all analytical accounts opened according to the synthetic account data is equal to the opening balance of the synthetic account to which they are opened;
- The turnover of all analytical accounts opened using the synthetic account data must be equal to the turnover of the synthetic account;
- The final balance for all analytical accounts opened for this synthetic account is equal to the final balance of the synthetic account.
In the course of its activities, each organization must keep constant and continuous records of ongoing business transactions, changes in the volume of its own funds and property, and sources of funds. The most convenient and fairly simple way of maintaining such records is accounting accounts. All accounts, regardless of type, have their own specific number, name and the same structure, which is a two-sided table, the left side of which is called debit, and the right side is called credit. Each account has a balance at the beginning and end of the accounting period and turnover: debit and credit.
All accounts can be divided according to their economic meaning into active and passive accounting accounts. Differences in the purpose of debit, credit and balance are a distinctive characteristic of active and passive accounting accounts. Active accounting accounts are responsible for the state of the enterprise's property and its external debts. We can say that active accounting accounts keep records of the movement of the company's assets. Passive accounting accounts are designed to account for the sources of the formation of property and the organization’s obligations to third-party partners, employees, the state and even the owner of the company.
The main difference between active accounts and passive ones is the following:
- They always have a debit opening balance, showing the availability of funds at the beginning of the reporting period;
- The debit turnover of active accounting accounts is an increase in funds, and the credit turnover is a decrease;
- The ending balance of active accounting accounts must also always be debit; it shows funds at the end of the reporting period and is calculated by adding the opening balance with the debit turnover minus the credit turnover.
The second group of accounts are passive accounting accounts. In contrast to active ledger accounts, they:
- They always have a credit opening balance, which shows the amount of capital or liabilities of the organization at the beginning of the reporting period;
- The debit turnover of passive accounting accounts reflects a decrease in capital or liabilities, and the credit turnover reflects their increase;
- The ending balance must be a credit balance; it provides information about the amount of capital of the enterprise and its liabilities at the end of the reporting period and is defined as the sum of the opening balance and credit turnover, reduced by the amount of debit turnover.
In addition to active and passive accounting accounts, there are also those that take into account both property and the sources of its formation, and those that change the final balance, i.e. at different reporting periods they may have either a debit or a credit balance. These accounts are primarily used for simultaneous settlements with various creditors and debtors and are called active-passive accounting accounts. Debit turnover in active-passive accounting accounts reflects an increase in accounts receivable or a decrease in accounts payable, and credit turnover, in turn, shows an increase in accounts payable or a decrease in accounts receivable.
The list of active and passive accounts is regulated by the Ministry of Finance in the Chart of Accounts for accounting of financial and economic activities of organizations. The current Chart of Accounts has been used since 2001 according to Order of the Ministry of Finance No. 94n dated October 31, 2000. Based on this Chart of Accounts, the list of active accounts is located, as a rule, in sections I-V; they have numbers from 01 to 59. Typical examples of active accounting accounts are, for example, 01 “Fixed assets”, 10 “Materials”, 50 “Cash of the organization” . Passive accounting accounts are numbered from 80 to 99 and are mostly found in sections VII and VIII. Section VI contains active-passive accounts with numbers from 60 to 79, which, based on the situation of who has obligations (debts) to whom, can be both active and passive.
The main active accounts include:
01 – “Fixed assets”, used to account for the presence and movement of fixed assets of an enterprise that are in operation, in reserve, on conservation, in lease, in trust management;
04 – “Intangible assets”, intended to account for the presence and changes in the organization’s intangible assets, as well as its expenses for the organization for research, development and technological work;
10 – “Materials”, used to account for the availability and changes in volumes of materials, raw materials, fuel, spare parts, inventory and auxiliary tools and accessories, containers, etc.;
20 – “Main production”, which serves to account for production costs, products (works, services) that are necessary for the creation and functioning of the organization;
41 – “Goods”, used to account for inventory items purchased as goods for sale (for trade and public catering organizations);
43 – “Finished products”, used to account for volumes and movements of finished products (for enterprises engaged in industrial, agricultural and other production activities);
50 – “Cash desk of the organization”, intended for recording amounts and movement of funds in the cash registers of the organization;
51 – “Current accounts”, which serves to record the availability and movement of funds (in rubles) on the organization’s current accounts opened with credit institutions.
Main passive accounting accounts
The main passive accounts include:
66 - “Calculations for short-term loans and borrowings”, used to account for the status of short-term (for a period of no more than 12 months) loans and borrowings received by the organization;
67 - “Calculations for long-term loans and borrowings”, intended to account for the status of long-term (more than 12 months) loans and borrowings received by the organization;
70 - “Settlements with personnel for wages”, used to record information on wages to employees, as well as on the payment of income on shares and other securities of a given enterprise;
80 – “Authorized capital”, which serves to record information about the amount and movement of the authorized capital (share capital, authorized capital) of the organization;
86 – “Reserve capital”, intended to account for the state and movement of reserve capital;
87 – “Additional capital”, used to record information about the organization’s additional capital.
Among the active-passive accounts are:
60 - "Settlements with suppliers and contractors";
68 - "Calculations for taxes and fees"; Designed to summarize information on settlements with budgets for taxes and fees paid by the organization, and taxes with the organization's employees.
69 - “Calculations for social insurance and security”;
75 - "Settlements with founders";
76 - "Settlements with various debtors and creditors."
These accounts may contain both a debit and a credit balance at the same time, but on account 99 - “Profits and losses”, which gives a conclusion about the final financial result of the enterprise’s activities in the reporting year, there is always only a one-sided balance. It allows you to make an unambiguous conclusion whether the company ended the year with a profit (credit balance) or suffered losses (debit balance).
As we see, in the process of any economic activity, all the company’s funds are in constant motion, which must be strictly monitored, recorded and documented. Accounting accounts are a way of such a visual and clear reflection of the impact of any business transaction on changes in accounting objects. Their management is a complex mechanism that requires care and extreme precision, because the most insignificant mistake can lead to disruption of the entire system. Therefore, such “jewelry” processes must be performed by professionals, guaranteeing accuracy, quality and deadlines!
Accounting accounts are simpler and less labor-intensive for current accounting than, for example, the balance sheet of an enterprise. They have a fairly simple structure and consist of the following elements - name and account number, as well as debit and credit sides.
From an economic point of view, a distinction is made between active and active accounts. Their division is based on the purpose of debit, credit and balance.
Active account
Active accounts are designed to record the status and changes in the company's funds in the context of the types of their formation. They are responsible for its property and debts; active accounts reflect the movement of the enterprise’s assets. Active accounts include information about company funds that are in bank accounts, warehouses, etc.
On them, the initial (reflects funds at the beginning of the period) and ending balance, as well as an increase in funds is recorded in the debit of the account, a decrease in household assets - in the credit of the account.
Key active accounts include:
Fixed assets (account 01) - this account records the movement of the company's fixed assets;
Intangible assets (04) - the account is used to account for the movement of intangible assets, as well as investments in R&D;
Materials (10) - used to take into account changes in the volume of materials, raw materials, fuel, semi-finished products, etc.;
Main production (20) - serves to account for production costs;
Goods (41) - used to account for valuables acquired as goods for resale or processing;
Finished products (43) - used to account for the volume of finished products;
The organization's cash register (50) and current accounts (51) - takes into account, respectively, the movement of the company's money in the cash register and on the current account.
The difference between active accounts and passive accounts is that they have a debit opening balance and an ending balance. Another difference is that debit turnover means an increase in funds, and credit turnover means a decrease.
Passive account
Passive accounts keep records of the sources of formation and movement of funds of the enterprise. They display transactions that change the amount of assets and the composition of debts of the enterprise. They are designed to take into account the company's obligations to partners, employees or the state.
In passive accounts, the beginning, ending balance, and increase in funds are recorded against the loan. A decrease in household assets is shown as a debit. The main passive accounts include:
Calculations for short-term (66) and long-term loans and borrowings (67) - are used to take into account the state of short-term (up to a year) and long-term (more than a year) borrowings;
Payroll calculations (70) - used to record information on the payment of salaries, as well as income from shares;
Authorized (80), reserve (86) and additional capital (87) - serves to record information on the movement of all types of capital of the company.
There are also active-passive accounts that reflect the company’s property and the sources of its formation. Active-passive accounts include accounts that take into account the company’s settlements with suppliers, founders, contractors, tax deductions, insurance and pension costs.